WARWICK FORM & STYLE GUIDE · 2013. 2. 25. · • Include subtitles but separate them from the main title with a colon. • Italicize the complete title (and subtitle). • In the

WARWICK

FORM & STYLE GUIDE Based on

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed.

and

other related sources

A collaborative effort between

the Warwick High School Library Media Specialists

and the Warwick High School Language Arts Faculty

Warwick High School

Lititz, PA

Revised March 2010

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3 DEFINITIONS 4

COMPONENTS OF A BOOK CITATION 5

ABBREVIATIONS 6

WORKS CITED FORMATS AND EXAMPLES

Books 7 Government Documents 9 Pamphlets 10 Reprinted Works 10 Reference 12 Non-print Sources 15

Periodicals 16

Audiovisual Materials 18

Web sites 19

Databases 22

WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY 26

NOTE CARDS 28

PARENTHETICAL/ IN-TEXT CITATIONS AND EXAMPLES 31

IN-TEXT CITATIONS - UNUSUAL SOURCES 32

MANUSCRIPT FORMAT 37

SAMPLE MANUSCRIPT 39

WORKS CONSULTED 40

3

INTRODUCTION

Purpose: This form and style guide provides a basic format for writing (especially researched writing) in the Warwick School District. This guide standardizes citations, works cited lists, note cards, and paper format. The Warwick Form and Style Guide provides a framework for teachers to use in conjunction with their research paper assignments. Basis: The Warwick Form and Style Guide follows the guidelines of the Modern Language Association (MLA), publisher of one of the three major style manuals. Students who learn this style will easily adapt to other styles they may be asked to follow in the future, such as styles published by the American Psychological Association (APA) or the University of Chicago Press (Chicago). For additional information on MLA style, consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, REF 808.027 MLA, in the WHS library. Contact one of the librarians for access to the MLA Handbook complementary web site, which has additional examples and tutorials.

Most examples contained within this document are based on materials available in the WHS Library that are frequently used by our students. This handbook is available in its entirety on the WHS Library web site. Students will be expected to use this handbook or the actual MLA Handbook 7th ed. throughout high school.

Students and teachers are also encouraged to use the NoodleTools online subscription that is available at both the middle school and the high school. NoodleBib is a comprehensive bibliography composer that supports MLA, APA and Chicago styles. Registration is quick and easy. See your librarian for instructions.

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IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Direct Quotation - taking the exact words from another source Explanation: Direct quotations require the use of quotation marks (except in block quotations) and should only be used when the power of the original words cannot be matched by a paraphrase. Direct quotations should be used sparingly. They must be followed by a source citation, which is placed after the quotation marks but inside the punctuation.

Paraphrase - stating the meaning of a passage in different words

Explanation: Do not use quotation marks when paraphrasing because paraphrases do not use another author’s exact words. Paraphrases are most often used to include statistics, research, and main ideas from another source. Paraphrasing is not merely changing a few words; it involves summarizing in the researcher’s words. Paraphrasing must be followed by a source citation.

Plagiarism - using someone else’s work and claiming it as your own

Explanation: Plagiarism can be done purposefully or accidentally; regardless of how it is done, plagiarism is wrong and must be avoided. Anytime the thoughts of another are used without a source citation, it is plagiarism. Plagiarism is unlawful and can result in a failing grade.

Source Citation - in-text reference to the source of a paraphrase or a direct quotation, also called a parenthetical citation.

Explanation: Whenever using a paraphrase, direct quotation, statistics or information that is not common knowledge writers must follow the material with an in-text citation. If the author’s name is not mentioned in the text, the in-text citation is enclosed in parentheses and includes the author’s last name followed by the page number. If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, the in-text citation need only include the page number.

Works Cited Page - an alphabetical list of all sources cited in the paper.

Explanation: Works Cited pages were formerly called bibliographies. Only sources actually cited within the paper should be listed in the Works Cited. If a teacher asks students to include all sources visited during research in addition to those cited, the list should be titled Works Consulted. Entries should be in alphabetical order but should not be numbered. Start each entry at the left margin and indent all remaining lines in that entry one half inch by using the tab key. Double-space the entire list. Do not add additional spaces between citations.

Works Consulted Page - a page that alphabetically lists all sources visited during research in addition to those cited (not required unless an instructor specifically requests it).

5

Nine Possible Components of a Book Citation

(The following components of a book entry are listed in the order in which they are normally arranged. When these components follow a period, they should be capitalized. Not every book will have each component.) 1. Author’s Name

• If a book contains multiple authors, list the names in the order listed on the title page. • Invert the first author’s name (Baker, Allison). • Invert only the first author’s name (Baker, Allison, and Susan Peel). • If there is no author, use the editor, translator, or compiler in the author’s place. (Good,

Samuel, ed.). • If there is a different author for each part of the book, begin with the author of the part

used. 2. Title of the Part of the Book (if applicable)

• If there is a different author for each part of the book, include the title of the part cited in quotation marks (“The Tell-Tale Heart”).

3. Title of the Book • Include subtitles but separate them from the main title with a colon. • Italicize the complete title (and subtitle). • In the case of titles within titles such as Critical Views of Great Expectations, the MLA

preferred method is to distinguish the title within the title by using neither italics nor quotation marks.

4. Editor, Translator, or Compiler (in addition to author) • Precede names with appropriate title: Ed., Trans., Comp. (Ed. Alan Smothers).

5. Edition • Do not note a first edition, but do note subsequent editions.

6. Volume Number • When using only one volume, cite the volume number. (Vol. 2) • When using two or more volumes, cite all volumes (3 vols.)

7 Name of the Series • Do not italicize or enclose in quotation marks the title of a series (Hardy Boys Series).

8 Publication Information (Place: Publisher, Date) • Use the first city and omit the state if city is well known. • Use publisher abbreviations as listed in MLA. • Omit articles (A, An, The), business abbreviations (Co., Corp., Inc.), and descriptive

words (House, Publishers, Press) except when citing a university press. • Use most recent date (Chicago: Viking, 1998). • Use abbreviations to denote missing information (See page 6.).

9 Page Numbers • Use page numbers only when citing a part of the book. • Use n. pag. as the abbreviation if page numbers are not given.

6

Some Important Abbreviations

ch., chs. chapter, chapters comp. compiler, compiled by ed. editor, edition, edited by et al. and others - use with books that have more than three authors illus. illustrated by, illustrator, illustration n.d. no date of publication n.p. no place of publication; no publisher n. pag. no pagination pref. preface, preface by pub. published by, publisher, publication rpt. reprint, reprinted, reprint by sic thus in the source - use in square brackets [] as an editorial in a quotation (Sic may

indicate that the error is correctly copied from the original quotation even though it is not the current, accepted spelling.)

UP University Press (used in documentation) vers. version vol. vols. volume, volumes

See the MLA Handbook for complete abbreviation lists including times, geographical names, publishers, proofreading marks, books of the Bible, works of Shakespeare and Chaucer, and other famous literary works.

Note: While abbreviations are acceptable on note cards and Works Cited lists, in most cases abbreviations should not be used in the text of a paper. Abbreviations are acceptable in parentheses, tables, and documentation.

7

Works Cited Formats and Examples

Books: Book by one author

Format:

Author’s last name, first name. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Date of

publication. Print.

Example:

Reid, Robin. Ray Bradbury: A Critical Companion. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000.

Print.

Book by two or three authors

Format:

Author’s last name, first name, and second author’s first name last name. Title of book.

Place of publication: Publisher, Date of publication. Print.

Examples:

Brinton, Crane, John B. Christopher, and Robert Lee Wolff. Modern Civilization.

Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1973. Print.

Jakobson, Roman, and Linda R. Waugh. The Sound Shape of Language. Bloomington:

Indiana UP, 1979. Print.

Book by four or more authors

Format:

First author’s last name, first name, et al. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher,

Date of publication. Print.

Example:

Shriner, Ralph, et al. The Systemic Identification of Organic Compounds. Hoboken, NJ:

Wiley, 2004. Print.

8

Book by an editor

Format: (use ed. for one editor, eds. for two or more editors)

Editor’s last name, first name, ed. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Date of

publication. Print.

Example:

Thomas, Benjamin P., ed. Three Years with Grant. New York: Knopf, 1956. Print.

Work in an edited collection or anthology

Format:

Author of work. “Title of work.” Title of collection. Ed. Editor’s first name last name.

Place of publication: Publisher, Date of publication. page(s) of work. Print.

Example:

Sandburg, Carl. “Chicago.” The Treasury of American Poetry. Ed. Nancy Sullivan. New

York: Dorset Press, 1978. 362. Print.

Book by a corporate author

Format:

Corporate author. Title of book. Edition (if given). Place of publication: Publisher, Date

of publication. Print.

Example:

National Geographic Society. Emerald Realm: Earth’s Precious Rain Forests.

Washington: National Geographic Society, 1990. Print.

Multivolume (using two or more volumes in a multivolume set)

Format:

Author’s last name, first name. Title of work, Number of vols. Place of publication:

Publisher, Date of publication. Print.

{Note: Multivolume sets with separate volume titles, see p. 14.}

Example:Miller, Perry and Thomas H. Johnson. The Puritans. 2 vols. New York: Harper,

1963. Print. (Example continues on next page)

9

* If using only one volume, cite as follows:

Miller, Perry and Thomas H. Johnson. The Puritans. Vol. 1. New York: Harper, 1963.

Print.

Books in a series

Format:

Author or editor’s last name, first name. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher,

Date of publication. Print. Series name Series number (if given).

Example:

Bloom, Harold, ed. Classic Crime and Suspense Writers. New York: Chelsea, 1995.

Print. Writers of English.

Government Documents

Example:Congressional proceedings

United States. Cong. House Committee on the Judiciary. Immigration and Nationality Act

with Amendments and Notes on Related Laws. 7th ed. Washington: GPO, 1980.

Print.

Example: Decision in a court case

Stevens v. National Broadcasting Co. 148 USPQ 755. CA Super. Ct. 1966. Print.

Book without stated publication information or pagination

If a book omits the publisher, place or date of publication, or pagination, supply missing

information, if you can, using brackets to show that it did not come from the book.

Otherwise, provide the proper abbreviation to show omission. Note that n.p. indicates no

place OR no publisher depending on where it appears.

Example:

…New York: Big City U. [1993].

IF, NO PLACE OF PUBLICATION GIVEN: N.p.: Big City U, 1993.

IF, NO PUBLISHER: New York: n.p., 1993.

IF, NO DATE: New York: Big City U, n.d.

IF, NO PAGINATION: New York: Big City U, 1993. N. pag.

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Introduction, preface, foreword

Format:

Last name of author of part, first name. Name of part being cited. Title of book. By author

of book. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication. Page(s) of part. Print.

Example:

Bloom, Harold. Introduction. The Tales of Poe. By Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Chelsea,

1987. 1-15. Print.

{If the writer of the piece is also the author of the complete work, use only the last name after “By”}

Pamphlets – treat as you would a book - include whatever details are available

Format:

Corporate author. Title of pamphlet. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Print.

Example:

Institute for Career Research. A Career as a Clinical and Counseling Psychologist.

Chicago: Institute For Career Research, 2005. Print.

Reprinted works The format you select depends on two factors; how much of the original was reprinted AND if

the title of the reprint is the same as the original or different.

Use Format #1 (original source cited first) if the article is reprinted in its entirety AND the title is

the same as when the article was originally published.

Use Format #2 (current source cited first) if the article is reprinted under a different title OR if

only an excerpt is reprinted.

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Format 1 – complete original is reprinted, same title

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of article.” Title of original publication. Original

date of publication: Page numbers. Rpt. in Title of publication. Ed. First and last

name(s). Place of publication: Publisher, Date of publication. Pages. Print.

Example 1:

Whitehead, Barbara Dafoe. “Dan Quayle Was Right.” The Atlantic Monthly April 1993:

n. pag. Rpt. in Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Family and

Personal Relationships. Ed. Gloria W. Bird and Michael J. Sporakowski. Guilford,

Ct.: Dushkin, 1997. 26-40. Print.

Format 2 – reprint is an excerpt of original and/or has a different title

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of article or part in reprinted publication.” Title

of reprinted publication. Editor. Place of reprinted publication: Publisher of

reprint, Year of reprinted publication. Page numbers in reprinted publication. Rpt.

of “Title of article in original publication.” Title of original publication. Editor.

Place of publication: Publisher of original, Year of original publication. Page

numbers in original publication. Print.

Example 2:

Quinn, Patrick F. “Patrick F. Quinn on the Relationship Between Reader, Narrator, and

Roderick Usher.” Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Harold Bloom. Broomall, PA: Chelsea

House, 1999. 38-39. Print. Bloom’s Major Short Story Writers. Excerpt from

“That Spectre in My Path.” The French Face of Edgar Poe. Carbondale, IL:

Southern Illinois UP, 1951. 238-240.

Note: Reference books that use reprints or excerpts are:

Modern American Literature, Contemporary Literary Criticism, Novels for Students, and

similar titles. Some representative series are: Bloom’s Major Novelists, Bloom’s Major Short

Story Writers, Bloom’s Modern Critical Views, and Opposing Viewpoints.

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Reference, General: Encyclopedia, signed article

Format:

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of article.” Title of encyclopedia. Year. Print.

Example:

Jenkins, Reese V. “Edison, Thomas Alva.” The World Book Encyclopedia. 2002. Print.

Encyclopedia, unsigned article

Format:

“Title of article.” Title of encyclopedia. Year. Print.

Example:

“Pelicans.” The New Book of Knowledge. 2004. Print.

Atlas

Format:

“Title of map or article.” Title of atlas. Place of publication: Publisher, Date of

publication. Print.

Example:

“Northeast United States.” National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World.

Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2002. Print.

Dictionary

Format:

“Title of entry.” Title of dictionary. Place of publication: Publisher, Date of publication.

Print.

Example:

“Hackney.” Def. 3. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. 2004. Print.

Almanac

Format:

“Title of entry.” Title of almanac. Date of publication. Page(s). Print.

Example

“Blogs from Soldiers and Their Families: Voices of Service to America.” World Almanac

and Book of Facts. 2007. 10. Print.

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Multivolume reference with author

Format:

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of article.” Title of reference set. Editor. Vol. #.

Place of publication: Publisher, Date of publication. Page(s). Print.

Examples:

Campion, Edmund J. “Edgar Lee Masters.” Magill’s Survey of American Literature. Ed.

Frank Magill. Vol. 4. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1991. 1302-09. Print.

Ford, Worthington Chauncey. “Adams, Charles Francis.” Dictionary of American

Biography. Ed. Allen Johnson. Vol 1. New York: Scribner’s, 1928. Print.

Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. “Kennedy, John Fitzgerald.” Dictionary of American

Biography. Ed. John A. Garraty. Supp. 7. New York: Scribner’s, 1981. Print.

Smythe, D., Jr. “Ernest Hemingway.” American Writers. Ed. Susan Anton. Vol. 4. New

York: Macmillan, 1988. 123-27. Print.

Other works that follow this format: Beacham’s Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction, Beacham’s

Guide to Literature for Young Adults, British Writers, and Critical Survey of Short Fiction; also,

the signed criticism written specifically for Novels for Students, Short Stories for Students, and

Poetry for Students.

Multivolume reference without author

Format:

“Title of article.” Title of reference set. Editor. Vol. #. Place of publication: Publisher,

Date of publication. Page(s). Print.

Examples:

“The Lottery.” Novels for Students. Ed. Kathleen Wilson. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1997.

139-45. Print.

“Bradbury, Ray.” Contemporary Authors. Ed. James M. Etaridge and Barbara Kopala.

Vol. 1-4. Detroit: Gale, 1957. 108-10. Print.

“Cree.” The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mankind. Ed. Richard Carlisle. Vol. 4. New

York: Marshall Cavendish, 1990. Print

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Single reference book without author

Format:

“Title of Article.” Title of book. Editor (if given). Edition. Place of publication:

Publisher, Date of publication. Print.

Example:

“Foster, Stephen Collins.” Who Was Who in America. Historical Volume 1607-1896.

Rev. ed. Chicago: Marquis Who’s Who, 1967. Print.

Current Biography (although published annually, it is cited most like a single reference book without an author

Example:

“Gates, William H.” Current Biography Yearbook 1991. Ed. Charles Mority. New York:

Wilson, 1992. Print.

Multivolume sets with separate volume titles

Format:

“Title of article.” Title of volume. Place of publication: Publisher, Date of publication.

Vol. # followed by the word “of” Title of reference set. Total number of volumes.

Page number(s). Print.

Example:

“Germany.” Europe. Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1991. Vol. 3 of Lands and Peoples. 6 vols.

217-83. Print.

Another work that follows this format: Great Writers of the English Language.

15

Non-print Sources Interview

Format:

Name of the person interviewed. Type of interview. Date.

Example:

Matthews, Dave. Telephone interview. 22 July 2007.

Lecture

Format:

Last name, First name. “Title of Lecture.” Place of Lecture. Date.

Example:

Mr. Rosenberger. “Wagon Trains West.” Warwick High School. 6 Nov. 2003.

Performance Example:

The River. Chor. Alvin Ailey. Dance Theater of Harlem. New York State Theater, New

York. 15 Mar. 1994. Performance.

Microform

An article obtained from a microfiche format.

Format:

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of article.” Name of periodical Date: Page(s). Microform.

Title of microfiche source. Volume number (date in parenthesis): Fiche number, Grid.

Example:

Dunne, Dominick. “Forever Jackie.” Vanity Fair July 1994: 58+. Microform. Infotrac: Magazine

Index Plus (Nov. 1995): fiche 74D, grids 1921-29.

Works of Art Example:

Rembrandt van Ryn. Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer. 1653. Oil on canvas.

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

{If photograph of work, cite as follows.}

Cassatt, Mary. Mother and Child. Wichita Art Museum, Wichita. American Painting:

1560-1913. By John Pearce. New York: McGraw, 1964. Slide 22. Print.

16

Periodicals An article from a weekly, biweekly, monthly or bimonthly magazine

Format:

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of the article.” Title of the magazine Date: Page(s).

Print.

Example:

Budiansky, Stephen. “Searching for Hallowed Ground.” U.S. News and World Report

17 Apr. 1995: 80+. Print.

{Note: Use beginning page number followed by + if pages are not consecutive. If consecutive, give first and last pages separated by a dash.}

Scholarly journal with continuous pagination

Format:

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of article.” Journal title Volume number (Year of

publication): Pages. Print.

Example:

Cleman, John. “Irresistible Impulses: Edgar Allan Poe and the Insanity Defense.”

American Literature 63 (1991): 623-40. Print.

{Note: If not continuous pagination, include the issue number after the volume number. Example: 14.2 signifies volume 14 issue 2.}

An article from a newspaper

Format:

Author’s last name, first name [if no author, title of article comes first]. “Title of article.”

Title of newspaper Date of issue, Edition: Page(s). Print.

Example:

“Teamster Local in Lancaster Searched by Federal Agents.” Philadelphia Inquirer 1 Feb.

1984: B2. Print.

{Note A: When citing a newspaper, give the name as it appears on the masthead (Omit A, An, The). Add city of local publications in brackets if not part of title. Do not underline. Example: …Star Ledger [Newark]…} {Note B: If section designation is not part of pagination, as in example above B2, use a comma after the date (or edition, if given) with the abbreviation sec. Example: …New York Times 17 May 1987, late ed., sec. 2:14. …

17

Editorial

Format:

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of editorial.” Editorial. Title of source Date of

publication: Page(s). Print.

Example:

Zuckerman, Mortimer B. “Getting Beyond Race.” Editorial. U.S. News and World Report

5 Nov. 2007: 80. Print.

Letter to the editor

Same as editorial using the designation, Letter, after the author.

Review

Format:

Reviewer’s last name, first name. “Title of review.” (if given) Rev. of Title of work

reviewed, the word by followed by the author of the work reviewed. Title of

periodical Date: Page(s). Print. (If the work is not by an author use appropriate

abbreviation such as ed. or dir. instead of by.)

Example:

Gary, Paul. “Something Terrible Happened.” Rev. of Beloved, by Toni Morrison. Time

21 Dec. 1987: 75. Print.

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Audiovisual Materials

Slides

Example:

Typical North American Landforms. Carolina Biological, 1982. Slide program.

Film on Videocassette or DVD

Format:

Title of the film. Director. Perfomers (optional). Year of original release. Distributor.

Release date. Medium (videocassette or DVD).

Example:

It’s a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel

Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell. 1946. Republic, 1988. Videocassette.

Sound recording

Example:

Should Juvenile Offenders Be Punished? Greenhaven, 1997. Audiocassette.

Television program

Example:

America Tonight. CBS. WHP. Harrisburg, PA. 29 June 1994. Television.

Encyclopedia on CD-ROM

Example:

Jenkins, Reese V. “Edison, Thomas Alva.” The World Book 2002 Encyclopedia. 2002.

CD-ROM.

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Online Resources

Did you find the information using Google, WebPath Express, Yahoo or another search engine? You are using a Web site or online journal. Did you link to sources from the WHS Library home page, the Web Grades Resources tab, or the Lititz Library online resources? Your information came from a subscription database. Some databases link you to Web sites, so pay attention to where you end up when searching for information! Web sites Information was first available in print and those details are provided

In general, begin by citing the print source, and then complete the citation with the name of the Web site, medium (Web), the date accessed, and the shortened URL. Article from a journal/periodical that first appeared in print.

Format:

Author, “Title of article.” Title of Journal. Issue (Date): Pages. Name of Web site. Web. Date

accessed. .

Example:

Sheesley, Rebecca, et. al. “Assessment of Diesel Particulate Matter Exposure in the

Workplace: Freight Terminals.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring 10 (2008): 305-

14. RSC: Advancing the Chemical Sciences. Web. 05 Jan. 2009. >.

Encyclopedia – print version is cited

Format:

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of Article.” Encyclopedia.

Publisher, Copyright year. Name of Web site. Web. Date accessed. .

Example: (no author’s name was listed)

“Moravian Church.” Columbia Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press, 2007.

Infoplease. Web. 21 Jan. 2009. .

20

Online Book

Note: State the original publication facts if listed in the source.

Format

Author’s last name, first name. Title of work. Original publication information, if

given. Name of Web site. Web. Date of access. .

Example:

Bierce, Ambrose. Tales of Soldiers and Civilians. New York: Lovell Coryell, 1891.

Google Book Search. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. .

Web sites – original content There are eight potential components of a complete citation. Few Web sites will contain all this information. Cite what you can, in this order. Author. “Title of article or page.” Name of Web site (if different from page).

Publisher or sponsor of site or N.p. if not available, Copyright or n.d. if not

available. Web. Date accessed. Shortened URL.

An entire Web site

Example: (no author listed)

Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purdue University, 1995-2009. Web. 25 Jan. 2010.

< http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl>.

A page or section of a Web site

Example: (no author listed)

“Theodore Roosevelt.” Presidents. The White House, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2006.

.

Personal Web site

Example:

Szyld, Daniel B. Home page. Department of Mathematics. Temple University, 12 March

2010. Web. 29 March 2010. .

21

Government publication on the Web

Example:

United States. Dept. of Justice. Natl. Inst. of Justice. Prosecuting Gangs: A National

Assessment. By Claire Johnson, Barbara Webster, and Edward Connors. Feb. 1995.

Web. 29 June 1998. < http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/pgang.txt>.

Newspaper on the Web (NOT accessed through a database)

Example:

Markoff, John. “The Voice on the Phone Is Not Human, but It’s Helpful.” New York

Times on the Web. New York Times, 21 June 1998. Web. 25 June 1998.

.

E-mail

Format:

Last name, first name of the writer. “Title of message from subject line.” Description of

message. Date. E-mail.

Example:

Danford, Tom. “Monday Greetings.” Message to Terry Craig. 29 Mar 2006. E-mail.

Online images

Format:

Artist (if available.) Description or Title of Image. Date of image. Online Image. Title of

Larger Site. Web. Date of access. .

Example:

Rover Tracks on Mars. Sept. 2004. Online image. NASA Images. Web. 17 Feb. 2009.

.

22

Subscription Databases When you use information from subscription databases, check at the end of the article for a citation. These citations are usually well done, but should be reviewed to add or delete details so the citation matches the sample in this Warwick Style Guide for the same type of source. Follow two basic guidelines: if details are given about an original print source, cite it first followed by the database name, Web, date of access, and URL. If there is no information about a print source, simply cite what is given in the standard format. Reference Source – original Web content

Ex: Online encyclopedia World Book, New Book of Knowledge, Encyclopedia Americana

(No print source given)

Format: Author’s name (if given). “Title of Article.” Name of Source. Publisher, Year. Web. Date

accessed . Example: (no author listed) "Roaring Twenties." World Book Student. World Book, 2010. Web. 2 March 2010. .

Reference Book – (print source listed)

Format:

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of Article.” Title of Book. Publisher, Year. Database.

Web. Dated accessed .

Example: (no author listed) “Russian Revolution.” Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia 3rd ed. 1987. Student Edition. Web.

29 Mar 2006. .

Article from a journal/periodical

State the original publication information for the article, followed by the name of the database, Web, date accessed, and URL. If there is no original print source listed, simply list the information that is given. Format #1: original source identified

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine Date:

page numbers. Name of Database. Web. Date of access. .

23

Format #2: no original source is given

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Database. Publisher, Year. Web. Date of

access .

The following examples are from subscription databases frequently used by WHS students:

ABC-CLIO Social Studies Databases (author not listed)

"Tet Offensive." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 1 Mar. 2010.

.

Access Science – Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online

Wang, Chen. "Stem cells." AccessScience. McGraw-Hill. Web. 01 March 2010

< http://www.accessscience.com>.

AP Images in POWER Library

Format:

Photograher’s Last name, First Name (if given). “Title of Photograph” (found under Object

Name). Date photograph was taken (found under Creation Date). AP Multimedia

Archive. Date of access. .

Example:

Humphrey, Mark."School Library Coffeehouses.” 17 Oct. 2007. AP Images. Web. 01 March

2010 .

Bloom’s Literary Reference Online

Heuston, Sean. “The Road Not Taken." The Facts On File Companion to American Poetry. Ed.

Burt Kimmelman and Temple Cone. Vol. 2. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007.

Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Web. 01 March 2010. .

24

Career Cruising

“ Librarian.” CareerCruising. Anaca Technologies, Inc. Web. 19 Feb. 2009

.

Consumer Health Complete in POWER Library

Berriman, Mark. “Vegetarianism—A User’s Guide.” Natural Health and Vegetarian Life

Summer 2006/2007: 20-22. Consumer Health Complete. Web. 01 March 2010.

.

Contemporary Authors in POWER Library

“John (Ernst) Steinbeck.” Contemporary Authors Online. Gale. Web. 10 Apr. 2005

.

Culturegrams

"Iran." CultureGrams World Edition. ProQuest, 2008. Web. 21 Jan 2009

.

Gale Databases

Literature Resource Center

Lincoln, Kenneth. "Quarreling Frost, Northeast of Eden." Southwest Review. 93.1 (Winter 2008):

p93. Literature Resource Center. Web. 21 Jan. 2009 .

Student Edition (formerly Infotrac) periodical database:

Charles, Dan. "Fields of Dreams: Can Farmers and Environmentalists Ever Be Friends? Dan

Charles Gets Back to Nature." New Scientist 05 Jan 2002: 25 +. Student Edition. Web. 20

Jan. 2009 .

25

Student Resource Center Gold, article from a periodical:

Hershberger, Emily R. "Create in Me a Green Heart ... Resources for a Sustainable Life."

Sojourners Magazine. May 2005: 39+. Student Resource Center - Gold. Web. 20 Jan.

2009 .

Student Resource Center Gold – reference book article:

Adams, Mary Alice. "Angelou, Maya (1928-)." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Suzanne

M. Bourgoin. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Student Resource Center - Gold.

Web. 20 Jan. 2009 .

Gale Virtual Reference Library (ebooks):

Barillas, Christopher V.G. "Designer Drugs." Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for

Students. Eds. Stacey L. Blachford and Kristine Krapp. Detroit: Gale, 2003. 104-113.

Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 Jan. 2009 .

Student Resource Center Health Module:

Centers for Disease Control. Some Facts About Chlamydia. N.p.: Centers for Disease Control,

1998. Student Resource Center - Health Module. Web. 21 Jan. 2009

.

SIRS Discoverer in POWER Library

Cooper, Jane. "Teenage Parenting Revisited." Teenage Newsletter June 1999: 4+. SIRS

Discoverer. Web. 5 Aug. 2000 .

SIRS Researcher

Rich, Nan. "Letting Gays Adopt Opens More Loving Homes to Foster Kids." Sun-Sentinel (Ft.

Lauderdale, FL) 28 Jul 2009: A. 12. SIRS Researcher. Web. 10 March 2010.

26

FIC BRA (WHS)

Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Ballentine, 1953. Print.

10

WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY A working bibliography is a collection of as many print and computer-generated sources

as are available for the topic. This collection may be kept on 3x5 index cards or in a word

document. Only the sources actually used will be listed in the Works Cited of the final paper.

I. Procedure A. Make a separate listing for each source.

B. Include the following information on each card:

1. The call number or type of material if there is no call number

2. A working bibliography card number, circled

3. Full bibliographical information

4. The library/location of source

5. Important page numbers to help find information quickly when

taking notes (Optional)

II. Bibliography cards. There are basically four kinds of sources: books, periodicals,

databases and Web sites. If you are doing handwritten cards, the italicized titles in these

samples must be underlined instead.

A. Books

Working bibliography number 1

Call number

Location of Source

Source

Page number

27

Periodical (Ephrata) 2

Purdy, Candy. “It Only Takes a

Second.” Current Health April

1994: 19‐20. Print.

Database 3 (Online - WHS)

Keogh, Pamela Clarke. “First Among First Ladies.” Town and Country April 2001: 72. Student Edition. Web. 21 Jan. 2009 .

Web site (online) 4

“Green Building Research.” U.S. Green Building Council. U.S. Green Building Council, 2012. Web. 14 March 2010. .

B. Periodicals Working bibliography number 2

Type of material

Location of source

Source

C. Database Working bibliography number 3

Type of material

Location of source

Source

D. Web site Working bibliography number 4

Type of material

Location of source

Source

III. Revision of the working bibliography

1. New cards must be made as new sources are found. Continue to number the new

cards from the last number used.

2. Eventually some cards might be removed (but not destroyed) because the sources

are found to be of no use to the topic.

28

The Joads’ Expectations 3 195 The Joads head to California with high hopes, but once there they discover that for them “California is not a Promised Land but a man-blighted Eden.”

NOTE CARDS Note taking is an ongoing process from the first investigation of the topic to the

assembling of notes prior to the writing of the final draft.

I. Procedure

A. Always create a bibliography card for a source before taking notes. This information will be needed for the Works Cited list. (See examples of bibliography cards.)

B. Use a separate index card for each note for the purpose of organizing notes later.

C. Limit each card to a single idea or topic.

D. Avoid plagiarism by using the following guidelines:

1. Never use the words of another source as if they are your own. 2. Take notes in phrases, not sentences. 3. Use quotation marks for any information copied directly from source. 4. When paraphrasing, remember to give credit whenever the main thought

and structure of another source is retained, regardless of your changes.

E. Include full information on each note card:

1. The author's last name or the source number (circled) in the upper right corner (if no author, or if two books have the same author, add book title or a shortened form of a lengthy title)

2. A topic label (slug) in the upper left corner. 3. A note (limit to one idea). 4. The page number(s) of the book from which the information came.

Topic label Author or (slug) Source # Page No.

Note

29

II. Types of note cards

A. Paraphrase Note Card – A student should use this type of note card most of the time, putting the content of the passage into his own words. 1. STEPS TO FOLLOW

a. Identify the author's purpose and/or main idea. b. Write the idea in your own words. Restate author’s idea using new

phrasing. c. Read note card to be sure it reflects the author's idea.

2. SAMPLE PARAPHRASE NOTE CARD

B. Direct Quotation Note Card- Use a direct quotation note when the author has phrased something particularly well, when the words express a meaning as no other words could, or when an authority has concisely stated an opinion relevant to your topic.

1. STEPS TO FOLLOW a. Copy the quotation exactly, keeping words, spelling, capitalization,

and punctuation the same. (See Special Situations page) b. Make sure that the section of the work quoted does not need the

surrounding material to keep the same meaning. c. Be sure to note who is responsible for the quotation. If the source

quotes a passage from another source, note the original source on the note card.

2. SAMPLE DIRECT QUOTATION NOTE CARD

The Right to Die 4

153

Two-thirds of health costs occur during the last few months of

Americans' lives.

The right to health care should not be denied, but unnecessary heroic intervention defeats the purpose of health care

Crane’s Character Maggie Snell

225

"...and the world of Maggie is sinful without realizing its sin, ignorant without the possibility of knowledge, devoid of hope without dreaming there can be salvation."

30

III. Special Situations

a. To note an incorrect spelling in the source, write the incorrect spelling as it is found,

followed by [sic].

Example: Shaw admitted, "Nothing can extinguish my interest in Shakespeare" [sic].

b. To provide information not included in the passage, write the information in brackets.

Example: "These writers [Dickens and Chaucer] are superior in their rendering of

characters."

c. To omit words or phrases not relevant to a topic, use an ellipsis, which is three alternating

dots and spaces. If the omission comes at the end of the sentence, add a fourth dot to

indicate the period at the end of the sentence.

Example: (original) "The costs, which were higher than the advertisement states, were

over two million dollars."

(omission) "The costs . . . were over two million dollars."

(omission) “To omit words or phrases . . . use an ellipsis . . . .”

31

Parenthetical or In-text Citations The purpose of a parenthetical/in-text citation is to give credit to the source of information used within a manuscript. Credit must be given to the following types of information:

• Direct quotations • Statistics • Author opinions • Information that is not common knowledge (This information must be cited even when

paraphrased. If in doubt, document the information.) Format: Give enough information to identify the source on the Works Cited page using one of the following formats: 1. Cite the author’s last name and the page number(s) of the source in parentheses after the

material to be documented.

Example: One critic argues that Charles Dickens is “one of the accidental giants of

literature: Only William Shakespeare has commanded anything like the same level of

both extraordinary popularity and critical esteem” (Marsh 527).

2. Use the author’s last name in your sentence, and place only the page number(s) of the source

in parentheses.

Example: Marsh points out that Charles Dickens is “one of the accidental giants of

literature: Only William Shakespeare has commanded anything like the same level of

both extraordinary popularity and critical esteem” (527).

Note: The parenthetical reference is placed at the end of the sentence but before the final period. (Exception: For a block quotation, see page 38.) Within the citation itself there is no punctuation between the author’s name and the page number. Each of the above in-text references refers readers to a specific and complete citation listed in Works Cited. The citation looks like this:

Works Cited

Marsh, Joseph. The Changing Face of Charles Dickens. London: Penguin-Viking, 1999. Print.

32

In-text Citations – Unusual Sources Each of the following examples of in-text citations is followed by the appropriate entry that would appear in the list of Works Cited. 1. Citing one work by the author of two or more works

If the Works Cited list contains two or more titles by the same author, place a comma after the author’s name, add a shortened version of the title of the work, and then supply the relevant page numbers. Another solution is to cite the author’s last name and title in the sentence and then add the page numbers in a parenthetical reference.

Examples:

Once society reaches a certain stage of industrial growth, it will shift its energies to the

production of services (Toffler, Future 221).

Toffler argues in The Third Wave that society has gone through two eras (agricultural and

industrial) and is now entering another--the information age (26).

Works Cited

Toffler, Alvin. Future Shock. New York: Random, 1970. Print.

- - -. The Third Wave. New York: Morrow, 1980. Print.

2. Citing one work by an author who has the same last name as another author in the list

of Works Cited When the list contains sources by two or more authors with the same last name, avoid confusion by adding the initial of the author’s first name in the parenthetical reference or the author’s first name in a sentence. In the list of works cited, the two authors should be alphabetized according to the first name.

Examples:

Critics have often debated the usefulness of the psychological approach to literary

interpretation (F. Hoffman 317).

Daniel Hoffman argues that folklore and myth provide valuable insights for the literary

critic (9-15).

33

(In-text --Unusual Sources Continued)

Works Cited

Hoffman, Daniel G. Form and Fable in American Fiction. New York: Oxford UP, 1961. Print. Hoffman, Frederick J. Freudianism and the Literacy Mind. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP,

1945. Print. 3. Citing a multivolume work

If citing one volume from a multivolume work, indicate the specific volume in the parenthetical reference used.

Example:

William Faulkner’s initial reluctance to travel to Stockholm to receive the Nobel Prize

produced considerable consternation in the American Embassy (Blotner 2: 1347).

Works Cited Blotner, Joseph. Faulkner: A Biography. 2 vols. New York: Random, 1974. Print.

4. Citing a work by more than one author When citing a book by two or three authors, supply their last names in a parenthetical

reference or in the introductory sentence. To sustain the readability of the sentence if citing a book by four or more authors, use the first author’s last name and et al. (“and others”) in a parenthetical reference or in the sentence.

Example:

Boller and Story interpret the Declaration of Independence as Thomas Jefferson’s attempt

to list America’s grievances against England (2: 62).

Other historians view the Declaration of Independence as Jefferson’s attempt to

formulate the principles of America’s political philosophy (Norton et al. 141).

Works Cited

Boller, Paul F., Jr., and Ronald Story. A More Perfect Union: Documents in U.S. History. 2 vols.

3rd ed. Boston: Houghton, 1992. Print. Norton, Mary Beth, et al. A People and a Nation: A History of the United States. 4th ed. Boston:

Houghton, 1994. Print.

34


5. Citing a work by title In the list of works cited, alphabetize works by anonymous authors according to the first main word in the title. The initial articles a, an, and the are not counted as first words. A shortened version of the title itself, if it is short, replaces the author’s last name in the text citation or parenthetical reference. If the title is shortened, be sure to begin with the word by which the source is alphabetized in the list of Works Cited.

Example:

The recent exhibit of nineteenth-century patent models at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum

featured plans for such inventions as the Rotating Blast-Producing Chair, an Improved

Creeping-Doll, and the Life-Preserving Coffin: In Doubtful Cases of Actual Death (“Talk”).

Notice that this example follows MLA’s recommendation to omit page numbers in a parenthetical reference when citing a one-page article.

Works Cited

“The Talk of the Town.” New Yorker 16 July 1984: 23. Print. 6. Citing a work by a corporate author or government agency If the author of a source is a corporation or a government agency, include the appropriate citation within parentheses (American Telephone and Telegraph 3). It is more fluent, however, to include this information in the sentence, particularly if citing several corporate or government reports in one text.

Example:

American Telephone and Telegraph’s Annual Report for 1982 announced that the

corporation had reached a turning point in its history (3).

Works Cited American Telephone and Telegraph. Annual Report 1982. New York: American Telephone and

Telegraph, 1983. Print.

35


7. Citing literary works Because literary works—novels, plays, poems—are available in many editions, MLA recommends that the writer provide information in addition to page numbers, so that readers of a different edition can locate the passage being cited. After the page number, add a semicolon and other appropriate information, using lowercase abbreviations such as pt., sec., ch.

Although Flaubert sees Madame Bovary for what she is--a silly, romantic woman--he

insists that “none of us can ever express that exact measure of his needs or his thoughts or his

sorrows” and that all of us “long to make music that will melt the stars” (216; pt. 2, ch. 12).

Works Cited

Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovary: Patterns of Provincial Life. Trans. Francis Steegmuller.

New York: Modern Library-Random, 1957. Print. Note: When citing classic verse plays and poems, omit all page numbers and document by division(s) and line(s), using periods to separate the various numbers. Appropriate abbreviations can also be used to designate certain well-known works. For example, Od. 8.326 refers to book 8, line 326, of Homer’s Odyssey

Also, as shown in the Odyssey citation given above, use Arabic numerals rather than Roman numerals to indicate divisions and page numbers. Some teachers still prefer to use Roman numerals for documenting acts and scenes in plays (for example, Macbeth III.iv). If the instructor does not insist on this practice, follow MLA style and use Arabic numerals (and appropriate abbreviations) to cite famous plays—Mac. 3.4.

8. Citing more than one work in a single parenthetical reference If two or more works need to be included in a single parenthetical reference, document each reference according to the normal pattern, but separate each citation with a semicolon.

Example:

(Oleson 59; Trimble 85; Hylton 63)

36


Works Cited Hylton, Marion Willard. “On a Trail of Pollen: Momaday’s House Made of Dawn.” Critique:

Studies in Modern Fiction 14.2 (1972): 60-69. Print.

Oleson, Carole. “The Remembered Earth: Momaday’s House Made of Dawn.” South Dakota

Review 11 (1973): 59-78. Print.

Trimble, Martha Scott. N. Scott. Momaday. Boise State College Western Writers Series. Boise:

Boise State Col., 1973. Print.

Although MLA style provides this procedure for documenting multiple citations within a parenthetical reference, MLA recommends citing multiple sources in a numbered bibliographic note rather than parenthetically in the text. 9. Citing indirect sources: (see MLA p. 226)

When you quote someone’s published account of another’s spoken remarks put the abbreviation qtd. in (“quoted in”) before the indirect source you cite in your parenthetical reference.

Example:

Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).

Works Cited

Boswell, James. The Life of Johnson. Ed. George Birkbeck Hill and L.F. Powell. 6 vols. Oxford:

Clarendon, 1934-50. Print.

37

MANUSCRIPT FORMAT

Margins: Set left, right, top, and bottom margins at 1 inch.

Spacing: Double-space the entire paper. Left-justify the text of the paper.

Type/Font: Type the entire paper (including the title) using 12-point size. Use Times New Roman font.

Heading: Begin one inch from the top of the page and flush with the left margin. Include student’s complete name, teacher’s name, the name of the class, and the complete date in the following form: 12 November 2009.

Title: Center the title. Use upper and lower case letters. Do not underline, put in quotes, or type in bold.

Indentations: Use tab key to indent paragraphs.

Punctuation: Put all punctuation directly after the word it follows. Do not space before punctuation. Put one space after all commas and one space after end punctuation.

Page Numbers: Number the paper and the list of Works Cited continuously, using Arabic numerals (1,2,3). Do not precede the number with the word page or any abbreviation; such as p., pp., or pg. Place student’s last name, a space, and the page number flush with the right-hand margin (use View Header and Footer function).

Paragraphing: Do not leave a single line of a paragraph at the top or bottom of a page.

Works Cited: After keying your last name and the page number, drop down an additional one- half inch and center Works Cited. (This should position Works Cited one inch from the top.) Do not underline Works Cited or place it in quotation marks. Begin the first line of each Works Cited entry flush left. Indent subsequent lines five spaces from the left margin. Alphabetize sources by the first word in each entry whether that word is a title or a person’s name. Disregard initial articles (a, an, or, the). Double space throughout Works Cited page. To cite two or more works by the same author, give the name in the first entry only. Thereafter, in place of the name; type three hyphens, followed by a period.

38

Quotations: In-text - Quotations less than four lines of prose or three lines of poetry should be typed as part of a typical paragraph. Block - Quotations of four or more lines of prose or three or more lines of poetry generally are introduced with a colon. Indent the quotation ten spaces or one inch from the left margin and double space the quotation. Do not enclose it in quotation marks. After a block quotation, the parenthetical citation is placed outside the punctuation. Use of Numbers:

Spell out numbers written in one or two words. Represent other numbers by numeral.

Do not begin a sentence with a numeral, including a date.

Always use numerals with abbreviations or symbols, in addresses, in dates, in decimal fractions, and in page references.

Examples: 3% 5 lbs.; 2” 2101 12th Avenue 4 July 1999 8.3 page 6.

For large numbers, use a combination of numerals and words.

Example:

4.5 million

Express related numbers in the same style

Example:

only 5 of the 250 delegates.

In a range, give the second number in full for numbers through ninety-nine; give only the last two digits of the second number unless more are necessary for clarity. Examples: 88 - 99, 103 – 08 395 - 401

39

Vickery 1 Gwen Vickery

Mr. Johnson

English 104

21 November 1998

Is Anybody Out There?: The Value of Chat Groups on the Internet

In the modern world, where friendly mom-and-pop stores, cozy bars, PTA

meetings, and pot-luck dinners are being replaced by online bank tellers, drive-thru liquor

stores, televised classrooms, and fast-food chains, more and more people are feeling

alienated and isolated. They yearn for friends, for interaction, for communities. Since

these needs cannot be met down the street, people are looking down the line (online, that

is). The chat rooms (MUDs and MOOs) on the Internet provide a place for people to

meet, express themselves, find support, or pass the time by engaging in friendly

conversation. The possibilities for communication are endless, but this optimism for

“what could be” should be tempered by a look at “what is.” People exploring the chat

rooms for intellectual stimulation and interesting discussions are likely to be disappointed.

This virtual reality has yet to filter out the banality, stupidity, bigotry, and chauvinism that

are all too common in the real world. If the explorer perseveres, however, he or she may

find a few Masterpiece Theaters amid the thousands of Beavis and Buttheads. Meaningful

conversations are possible, but finding them might take time.

* Note: Some teachers prefer that no number appear on the first page. Follow teacher’s preference.

1” Top

Margin

1” Left

Margin

1” Bottom Margin

1” Right

Margin

Name and page number in header

40

Works Consulted

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: Modern

Language Association, 2009. Print.

Valenza, Joyce Kasman. Power Research Tools: Learning Activities & Posters. Chicago:

American Library Association, 2003. Print.