CHAPTER 5 SECTION 2 WARRING CITY STATES
Dec 31, 2015
C H A P T E R 5 S E C T I O N 2
WARRING CITY STATES
KEY TERMS
• Polis• Acropolis• Monarchy• Aristocracy• Oligarchy
• Tyrant• Democracy• Helot• Phalanx• Persian Wars
RULE AND ORDER IN GREEK CITY-STATES
• Polis- fundamental political unit in Greece• City and surrounding
countryside• 50-500 miles of territory• Fewer than 10,000
residents
• Acropolis-fortified hilltop• Agora-marketplace
GREEK POLITICAL STRUCTURES
• Monarchy-single person ruler (king)• Aristocracy-ruled by a
small group of noble land owning families• Rich families• Wealthy merchant and
artisans• Served in kings military
• Oligarchy-ruled by a few powerful people
TYRANTS SEIZE POWER
• Clashes occurred between rulers and common people• Powerful individuals
would seize control• Tyrants-unlike today
not considered cruel or harsh• Looked at as leaders
with the people’s interest
ATHENS BUILDS LIMITED DEMOCRACY
• Representative government was born in the city-states• Athens moved too
democracy• Democracy-is the
rule of the people• Citizens participate
directly in political decision making
BUILDING DEMOCRACY
• Draco 621 BC• Based legal code on
all Athenians were equal under the law• Had capitol
punishment• Debt slavery-debtors
worked as slaves to pay off debts
BUILDING DEMOCRACY
• Solon 594 BC• Stated no citizen should
own another citizen• Organized Athenians into
four social classes• Only top three could hold
political office• All citizens could
participate in Athenian Assembly
• Legal concept-any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers
BUILDING DEMOCRACY
• Cleisthenes 500 • Broke up power of
nobility• Citizens organized by
where you live and not wealth
• Allowed citizens to submit laws for debate
• Created Council of 500• Chosen at random• Counseled assembly
and proposed laws
BUILDING DEMOCRACY
• Citizens participated in a limited democracy• Citizenship restricted
to a small number• Free male adult
property owners• Women and slaves
excluded from citizenship and had few rights
ATHENIAN EDUCATION
• Sons of wealthy families• Sent to school at age 7• Studied reading,
grammar, poetry, history, mathematics and music• Received training in
logic and debate• Train and develop the
body
ATHENIAN EDUCATION
• Older boys went to military school• Girls educated at
home by their mother• Childe rearing• Weaving cloth• Preparing mills • Taking care of the
household• Little to do outside of
the home
SPARTA BUILDS A MILITARY STATE
• Located in southern Greece (Peloponnesus)• Cut of from the rest
of Greece• Built a military
state
SPARTA DOMINATES MESSINA
• 725 BC Sparta conquers Messina• Helots- Messians
forced to stay on land they worked • Spartans demanded
half of their crop• 650 BC Helots revolted• Spartans
outnumbered eight to one
SPARTA’S GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY
• Several branches• Council of Elders-
made up of 30 older citizens
• Proposed laws for assembly to vote on
• Five elected officials carried out the laws
• These men prosecuted cases and controlled education
SPARTA’S GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY
• Sparta had two kings• Social order had
several groups• Citizens-descendants
of original inhabitants• Ruling families who
owned land• Non-citizens –were
free, worked in commerce of industry
• Helots at the bottom
SPARTA DAILY LIFE
• 600-371 BC most powerful army in Greece• Individual
expression was discouraged• Did not value arts
and literature• Valued- strength,
discipline, and duty
SPARTAN DAILY LIFE
• Served in the army till 60• Began training at age 7• Moved into army
barracks till age 30• Wearing only light tunics
and no shoes• Slept without blankets on
hard benches• Food bowl of black
porridge• Encouraged to steal food,
made them more resourceful and tough
SPARTAN DAILY LIFE
• Girls received some military training• Wrestled, played
sports• Service to Sparta
above everything• Had freedom to run
family businesses
A NEW KIND OF ARMY EMERGES
• During the Dorian Age only the rich could afford spears, chariots, shield• Iron made weapons
more affordable• Hoplites- foot
soldiers • Phalanx-stood side
by side holding a spear and a shield
BATTLE OF MARATHON
• Began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia• Ionian Greeks
revolted against Persia • Athens sent troops• Persian King Darius
won wanted revenge against Athens
BATTLE OF MARATHON
• Persians sent 25,000 troops• Greeks had 10,000• Arranged in a
phalanxes• Persians charged the
Greeks
• Persians lost 6,000 men, Greeks lost 200
PHEIDIPPIDES BRING NEWS
• Athens was defenseless• Young runner-brought
news of Persian defeat• 26 mile run from
Marathon• Said “Rejoice, we
conquer” and died• Athenian army came
back and Persia retreated
THERMOPYLAE AND SALAMIS
• 480 BC Xerxes assembled an enormous force to crush the Greeks• Greeks were
divided• No resistance from
Greeks
THERMOPYLAE AND SALAMIS
• Narrow mountain pass• 7,000 Greeks and 300
Spartans• Blocked Xerxes troops
for three days• Traitor told of secret
path• Spartans held back
the Persians, while other Greeks retreated
THERMOPYLAE AND SALAMIS
• Greeks evacuated Athens set to fight at sea
• Salamis-narrow channel • Xerxes set fire to Athens • Persian ships were
bigger• Xerxes watched 1/3 of
his fleet was sunk• 479 Plataea Greeks win,
Persians on defensive
THERMOPYLAE AND SALAMIS
• Delian league- formed by several Greek states• Delos- island in
Aegean Sea• Greeks drove
Persians from their territory
CONSEQUENCES OF PERSIAN WARS
• Felt new sense of confidence• 470’s Athens
emerged as leader• League had grown to
200 city-states• Headquarters moved
to Athens• Used force against
challenges of authority