Japan: Japan: Kamakura & Kamakura & Warring States Warring States 11 11 1185 -1600 CE 1185 -1600 CE
Japan:Japan:Kamakura &Kamakura &
Warring StatesWarring States
1111
1185 -1600 CE1185 -1600 CE
Kamakura: Kamakura: A New, Less Gentle JapanA New, Less Gentle Japan
GempeiGempei Wars: Taira vs Minamoto clans Wars: Taira vs Minamoto clans 1158-1185 AD1158-1185 AD
Kamakura: Kamakura: A New, Less Gentle Japan A New, Less Gentle Japan
Shogun:Shogun: (pronounced (pronounced show goonshow goon))
Officially the Emperor’s Military LeaderOfficially the Emperor’s Military Leader
In Reality the Emperor’s Military OverlordIn Reality the Emperor’s Military Overlord
New leadership rejects the effete culture of New leadership rejects the effete culture of HeianHeian
Kamakura Kamakura BakufuBakufu(tent government)(tent government)
Military might and military Military might and military virtues win the day for virtues win the day for KamakuraKamakura
Focus on Military Virtue Focus on Military Virtue
New government center New government center at Kamakuraat Kamakura
Away from emperor’s Away from emperor’s court at Heiancourt at Heian
Kamakura Period Samurai Warrior
Kamakura Kamakura BakufuBakufu Government: Government:Lord-Retainer SystemLord-Retainer System
Japan’s system fits the Japan’s system fits the patron-clientpatron-client pattern:pattern:
Patron provides leadership, resources, Patron provides leadership, resources, and membership in a protective groupand membership in a protective group
Client reciprocates with loyalty, obedience Client reciprocates with loyalty, obedience and serviceand service– Example: Godfather (the movie)Example: Godfather (the movie)
Kamakura Kamakura BakufuBakufu Government: Government:Lord-Retainer SystemLord-Retainer System
Shogun’s government structure:Shogun’s government structure:Classic Patron-client, or Lord-retainer systemClassic Patron-client, or Lord-retainer system– Shogun accepts allegiance (oaths of loyalty) Shogun accepts allegiance (oaths of loyalty)
from lesser lordsfrom lesser lords– Each lord supported by corps of samurai Each lord supported by corps of samurai
retainers who swear allegiance to him.retainers who swear allegiance to him.– Lords provide leadership and resourcesLords provide leadership and resources– Retainers provide military service, loyalty, and Retainers provide military service, loyalty, and
obedience to their lordobedience to their lord
Samurai Culture:Samurai Culture:Emergence of Emergence of BushidoBushido
Bushido: the way of the Bushido: the way of the warriorwarrior
Japan’s “chivalry” codeJapan’s “chivalry” code– DisciplineDiscipline– LoyaltyLoyalty– Self-cultivationSelf-cultivation
Martial arts, philosophy, Martial arts, philosophy, andand literary arts literary arts
Painting representing the Gempei Wars
Samurai Culture:Samurai Culture:Emergence of Emergence of BushidoBushidoLoyalty is the core virtue of Loyalty is the core virtue of BushidoBushido
During Kamakura period loyalty may During Kamakura period loyalty may not have been as absolutenot have been as absolute
Lords paid retainers with grants of land Lords paid retainers with grants of land
from their from their hanhan (domain or fief)(domain or fief)
Samurai became independent landowners with financial Samurai became independent landowners with financial incentives separate from the interests of their lordincentives separate from the interests of their lord
During times of severe stress the clash between During times of severe stress the clash between ideological loyalty and financial interest becomes ideological loyalty and financial interest becomes obviousobvious
Samurai Culture:Samurai Culture:Emergence of Emergence of BushidoBushidoBushido: Japan's code of chivalryBushido: Japan's code of chivalry
Emphasis on loyalty and self cultivationEmphasis on loyalty and self cultivation
Different values system from European Different values system from European chivalrychivalry
Unlike European chivalryUnlike European chivalry– No concept of special place for womenNo concept of special place for women– No “gentlemanly” respect for, protection of, or No “gentlemanly” respect for, protection of, or
deference to the “weaker” sexdeference to the “weaker” sex
Kamakura Samurai Armor
BushidoBushido Culture Culture
Strong sense of Strong sense of responsibilityresponsibility
Ritualistic and formalRitualistic and formal
Seppuku:Seppuku:– Ritual suicide to accept Ritual suicide to accept
responsibility for grievous responsibility for grievous errorerror
SamuraiSamuraiWeaponry:Weaponry:
SwordsSwords
Bow and Bow and ArrowArrow– Also SpearsAlso Spears
For mounted For mounted samuraisamurai
Kamakura:Kamakura:Japan under Japan under attackattack
Mongol invasions:Mongol invasions:– 1274 & 12811274 & 1281
Divine Winds: or Divine Winds: or KamikazeKamikaze save Japan at the save Japan at the last momentlast moment
Kamakura PeriodKamakura PeriodContinues: 1281-1467Continues: 1281-1467
Remaining 200 years of Kamakura Japan Remaining 200 years of Kamakura Japan relatively stablerelatively stable
1467 Kamakura system collapses into 1467 Kamakura system collapses into Civil WarCivil War
Major lords battle for dominance and Major lords battle for dominance and powerpower
Warring States Period:Warring States Period:1467-1568 CE1467-1568 CE
100 years of civil war100 years of civil war
Changes in Bushido and lord-retainer Changes in Bushido and lord-retainer systemsystemDramatic changes in social structureDramatic changes in social structureChange in economic structureChange in economic structure
Changes in Lord-retainer System Changes in Lord-retainer System & Bushido& BushidoEarly on Samurai retainers rewarded with Early on Samurai retainers rewarded with
landland– Creates incentive to protect personal propertyCreates incentive to protect personal property– To preserve property for heirsTo preserve property for heirs– Ideological commitment to LOYALTY conflicts Ideological commitment to LOYALTY conflicts
with self interestwith self interest– Self-interest often winsSelf-interest often wins
– Samurai not always loyalSamurai not always loyal
Changes in Changes in Lord-retainer System Lord-retainer System
& Bushido& BushidoBy the end of Warring States:By the end of Warring States:
– Samurai paid with stipends – not Samurai paid with stipends – not landland
– Stipends only paid so long as lord Stipends only paid so long as lord and lord’s estate remain intactand lord’s estate remain intact
– Samurai’s ideological loyalty Samurai’s ideological loyalty reinforced by financial self interestreinforced by financial self interest
– Loyalty becomes far more Loyalty becomes far more absoluteabsolute
Changes in Changes in Lord-retainer System Lord-retainer System
& Bushido& Bushido
0nly 200 0nly 200 DaimyoDaimyo (great names) (great names) remainremain
All surviving Daimyo swear All surviving Daimyo swear allegiance to new allegiance to new ShogunShogun
Daimyo:Daimyo: Japan’s feudal Lords from 1600s Japan’s feudal Lords from 1600s forwardforward
Han:Han: The autonomously governed fief or domain The autonomously governed fief or domain of a Daimyoof a Daimyo
Social and Economic ChangeSocial and Economic Change
War with Swords, Bows, and SpearsWar with Swords, Bows, and Spears
Siege tacticsSiege tactics
Castles emergeCastles emerge
Castle townsCastle townsJapan UrbanizesJapan Urbanizes
Castle Towns and UrbanizationCastle Towns and Urbanization
New Castle townsNew Castle towns
Produce marketsProduce markets– MerchantsMerchants– Cash-crop agricultureCash-crop agriculture
Castle Towns and UrbanizationCastle Towns and Urbanization
Service sector developsService sector developsCraftsmenCraftsmen– Sword smithsSword smiths– BlacksmithsBlacksmiths
ArtisansArtisansArtistsArtistsEducationEducationEntertainersEntertainers– GeishaGeisha– Kabuki TheaterKabuki Theater– No Puppet TheaterNo Puppet Theater
ArtsArts
Kabuki TheaterKabuki TheaterWood block Wood block
printingprinting
No Puppet theater
Warring States ResultsWarring States Results
Japan as a nation of citiesJapan as a nation of cities– CastleCastle– Market Towns built around castlesMarket Towns built around castles
Japan developing formal artsJapan developing formal arts
Japan’s Bushido culture aligning ideas of Japan’s Bushido culture aligning ideas of loyalty with reality of financial self-interestloyalty with reality of financial self-interest
Strong military ethic dominates cultureStrong military ethic dominates culture