Warming PDF

8/2/2019 Warming PDF

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRRMV_nDBt4


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(1) What is global warming?

(2) Is it happening?

(3)Is it man made?

(4) Is it bad?


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(5) Whom does it harm? What does it

change?

(6) Is anything proposed so far going to helpstop it?

(1)By driving too

much,using too much

power ,and relying too

much on

fossil fuels,(2)(3)Man is

causing global warming(4)

(5) that will be disastrousto the


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planet.

(1) What is global warming?(2) Is it happening?(3)Is it man made?(4) Is it bad?(5) Whom does it harm? What dies it change?(6) Is anything proposed so far going to help stop it?

TIME MAGAZINE -1974In Africa, drought continues for the sixth consecutive year, adding

terribly to the toll of famine victims. During 1972 record rains in

parts of the U.S., Pakistan and Japan caused some of the worst

flooding in centuries. In Canada's wheat belt, a particularly chilly

and rainy spring has delayed planting and may well bring a

disappointingly small harvest. Rainy Britain, on the other hand,

has suffered from uncharacteristic dry spells the past few springs.A series of unusually cold winters has gripped the American Far

West, while New England and northern Europe have recently

experienced the mildest winters within anyone's recollection.

As they review the bizarre and unpredictable weather pattern of

the past several years, a growing number of scientists are

beginning to suspect that many seemingly contradictory

meteorological fluctuations are actually part of a global climaticupheaval. However widely the weather varies from place to place

and time to time, when meteorologists take an average of

temperatures around the globe they find that the atmosphere has

been growing gradually cooler for the past three decades. The


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trend shows no indication of reversing. Climatological Cassandras

are becoming increasingly apprehensive, for the weather

aberrations they are studying may be the harbinger of another ice

age.Telltale signs are everywhere from the unexpected persistence

and thickness of pack ice in the waters around Iceland to the

southward migration of a warmth-loving creature like the

armadillo from the Midwest.Since the 1940s the mean global

temperature has dropped about 2.7 F. Although that figure is at

best an estimate, it is supported by other convincing data. When

Climatologist George J. Kukla of Columbia University's Lamont-

Doherty Geological Observatory and his wife Helena analyzed

satellite weather data for the Northern Hemisphere, they found

that the area of the ice and snow cover had suddenly increased by

12% in 1971 and the increase has persisted ever since. Areas of

Baffin Island in the Canadian Arctic, for example, were once

totally free of any snow in summer; now they are covered year

round.

Scientists have found other indications of global cooling. For one

thing there has been a noticeable expansion of the great belt of

dry, high-altitude polar winds the so-called circumpolar vortex

that sweep from west to east around the top and bottom of the

world. Indeed it is the widening of this cap of cold air that is the

immediate cause of Africa's drought. By blocking moisture-

bearing equatorial winds and preventing them from bringing

rainfall to the parched sub-Sahara region, as well as other drought-ridden areas stretching all the way from Central America to the

Middle East and India, the polar winds have in effect caused the

Sahara and other deserts to reach farther to the south.

Paradoxically, the same vortex has created quite different weather


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quirks in the U.S. and other temperate zones. As the winds swirl

around the globe, their southerly portions undulate like the bottom

of a skirt. Cold air is pulled down across the Western U.S. and

warm air is swept up to the Northeast. The collision of air massesof widely differing temperatures and humidity can create violent

stormsthe Midwest's recent rash of disastrous tornadoes, for

example.

Sunspot Cycle. The changing weather is apparently connected

with differences in the amount of energy that the earth's surface

receives from the sun. Changes in the earth's tilt and distance fromthe sun could, for instance, significantly increase or decrease the

amount of solar radiation falling on either hemispherethereby

altering the earth's climate. Some observers have tried to connect

the eleven-year sunspot cycle with climate patterns, but have so

far been unable to provide a satisfactory explanation of how the

cycle might be involved.

Man, too, may be somewhat responsible for the cooling trend. TheUniversity of Wisconsin's Reid A. Bryson and other climatologists

suggest that dust and other particles released into the atmosphere

as a result of farming and fuel burning may be blocking more and

more sunlight from reaching and heating the surface of the earth.

Climatic Balance. Some scientists like Donald Oilman, chief of

the National Weather Service's long-range-prediction group, think

that the cooling trend may be only temporary. But all agree thatvastly more information is needed about the major influences on

the earth's climate. Indeed, it is to gain such knowledge that 38

ships and 13 aircraft, carrying scientists from almost 70 nations,

are now assembling in the Atlantic and elsewhere for a massive

100-day study of the effects of the tropical seas and atmosphere


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on worldwide weather. The study itself is only part of an

international scientific effort known acronymically as GARP (for

Global Atmospheric Research Program).

Whatever the cause of the cooling trend, its effects could beextremely serious, if not catastrophic. Scientists figure that only a

1% decrease in the amount of sunlight hitting the earth's surface

could tip the climatic balance, and cool the planet enough to send

it sliding down the road to another ice age within only a few

hundred years.

The earth's current climate is something of an anomaly; in the past

700,000 years, there have been at least seven major episodes ofglaciers spreading over much of the planet. Temperatures have

been as high as they are now only about 5% of the time. But there

is a peril more immediate than the prospect of another ice age.

Even if temperature and rainfall patterns change only slightly in

the near future in one or more of the three major grain-exporting

countriesthe U.S., Canada and Australia global food stores

would be sharply reduced. University of Toronto Climatologist

Kenneth Hare, a former president of the Royal Meteorological

Society, believes that the continuing drought and the recent failure

of the Russian harvest gave the world a grim premonition of what

might happen. Warns Hare: "I don't believe that the world's

present population is sustainable if there are more than three years

like 1972 in a row."

(1) What is global warming?(2) Is it happening?(3)Is it man made?(4) Is it bad?(5) Whom does it harm? What dies it change?


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(6) Is anything proposed so far going to help stop it?

How do we judge what the planets temperature

is? Is there a real planet temperature?Climatologists prefer to combine short-termweather records into long-term periods(typically 30 years) when they analyze climate,including global averages. Between 1961 and1990, the annual average temperature for the

globe was around 57.2F (14.0C), according tothe World Meteorological Organization. In 2011,the global temperature was about 0.74F(0.41C) above that long-term average,according to the WMO's estimates. That numbermade 2011 the 10th warmest year on record within a

database going back to 1850.

GISS Site Navigation

National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationGoddard Institute for Space Studies

Go to Main Content (press 2)

Go to Site Navigation (press 3)
http://www.giss.nasa.gov/http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_935_en.html


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Goddard Space Flight Center

Sciences and Exploration Directorate

Earth Sciences Division

GISS Surface Temperature AnalysisThe Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature(SAT)Q. What exactly do we mean by SAT ?

A. I doubt that there is a general agreement how to

answer this question. Even at the same location, the

temperature near the ground may be very different from

the temperature 5 ft above the ground and different againfrom 10 ft or 50 ft above the ground. Particularly in the

presence of vegetation (say in a rain forest), the

temperature above the vegetation may be very different

from the temperature below the top of the vegetation. A

reasonable suggestion might be to use the average

temperature of the first 50 ft of air either above ground or

above the top of the vegetation. To measure SAT wehave to agree on what it is and, as far as I know, no such

standard has been suggested or generally adopted. Even

if the 50 ft standard were adopted, I cannot imagine that a

weather station would build a 50 ft stack of thermometers

to be able to find the true SAT at its location.

Q. What do we mean by daily mean SAT ?

A. Again, there is no universally accepted correct answer.Should we note the temperature every 6 hours and report

the mean, should we do it every 2 hours, hourly, have a

machine record it every second, or simply take the

average of the highest and lowest temperature of the
http://sciences.gsfc.nasa.gov/610/http://sciences.gsfc.nasa.gov/sed/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/


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day ? On some days the various methods may lead to

drastically different results.

Q. What SAT do the local media report ?

A. The media report the reading of 1 particularthermometer of a nearby weather station. This

temperature may be very different from the true SAT even

at that location and has certainly nothing to do with the

true regional SAT. To measure the true regional SAT, we

would have to use many 50 ft stacks of thermometers

distributed evenly over the whole region, an obvious

practical impossibility.Q. If the reported SATs are not the true SATs, why are

they still useful ?

A. The reported temperature is truly meaningful only to a

person who happens to visit the weather station at the

precise moment when the reported temperature is

measured, in other words, to nobody. However, in

addition to the SAT the reports usually also mentionwhether the current temperature is unusually high or

unusually low, how much it differs from the normal

temperature, and that information (the anomaly) is

meaningful for the whole region. Also, if we hear a

temperature (say 70F), we instinctively translate it into

hot or cold, but our translation key depends on the

season and region, the same temperature may be 'hot' inwinter and 'cold' in July, since by 'hot' we always mean

'hotter than normal', i.e. we all translate absolute

temperatures automatically into anomalies whether we

are aware of it or not.


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Speaking of wether stations note the graph below where

it shows temperatures rising at an astronomical level but

what does it leave out?

What happened in 1989?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtYdjbpBk6A

From 1989 until 1992, the Soviet Union rapidly collapsed


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and then disappeared.While worrying about

coups,orphaned nuclear weapons,more

coups, and Chechen violence,they didn't do a great job of

keeping up their temperature measuringstations.Thousands of Russian measuring stations

closed,many of them in cold regions,as did many others

around the world at the same time. The decade that

followed is now known as the"hottest decade"ever.It turns

out it coincided with the closing of a huge portion of

surface measuring stations.


speaking of russia cladimr putting is famous for saying in

september 2003 Russia is a northern country," he said. "It'snot scary if it's two or three degrees warmer. Maybe it wouldeven be a good thing. We'd have to spend less money on furcoats and other warm things."

"Ice is the enemy of life; frost is the enemy of life, I don't

think it would be a bad thing for the planet to warm up," -Patrick Moore, a founder of Greenpeace.

of course this is addressing number in our table " Is it bad?"

lets take a look at some of the things global warming effects


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(*according to media reports)

aged death

potent popies


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africa devastated.


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Some what have some suggested we ease

up on consumption and sighn the kyotoprotocolsincluding this guy(126)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDpHShyLWoo&feature=plcp

BUT The below chart is from the EuropeanEnvironment Agency.


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The dark line is Europe's carbon dioxideemissions;the lighter line their total greenhouse gas emissions.The dotted line is whatthey promised the world the basis.Notice theyear 1997,where the carbondioxideemissions are at that point ,andwhat'shappened since.One might be temptedto say thatglobal warming treaties aren't good foremissions.

So far it does not seem we can really answerour original questions and until scientists starttaking this subject more seriously no one will.


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(Page 275).


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