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VQ4 – Ecosystem Response to Disturbance John Gamon 1 , Greg Asner 2 , Bob Knox 3 , with contributions from the HyspIRI Science team 1) Univ. of Alberta, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences [email protected] 2) Carnegie Institution, Dept. of Global Ecology [email protected] 3) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center [email protected] Simi Valley Wildfire – AVIRIS False Color IR
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VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

Mar 07, 2018

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Page 1: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

VQ4 –

Ecosystem Response to  Disturbance

John Gamon1, Greg Asner2, Bob Knox3,

with contributions from the HyspIRI

Science team

1) Univ. of Alberta, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences  ‐

[email protected]

2) Carnegie Institution, Dept. of Global Ecology  ‐

[email protected]

3) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ‐

[email protected]

Simi Valley Wildfire – AVIRIS False Color IR

Page 2: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

VQ4. Overarching Question

• How are disturbance regimes changing and how do these changes affect the ecosystem processes that support life on Earth?

Page 3: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

Core Science Issues ‐

Disturbance

• The norm (not the exception)

• Multiple, non‐linear, interacting factors

• Key to understanding “phase shifts”

(state  changes)

Page 4: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

Hypothesis:

• Biophysical and chemical attributes of  ecosystems change with and respond to 

disturbance, thus large‐scale measurements  of key parameters such as fractional material  cover, biochemicals, nutrients and water 

properties can reveal changing disturbance  patterns over time.

Page 5: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

Challenge:

• Multiple interactive (often non‐linear)  processes operating at multiple time scales 

(not necessarily matching HyspIRI acquisitions).

Carbon Flux

Greenness

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Needs:

• Models (including process

models)

• Ecological framework

• Interdisciplinary informatics framework 

Page 7: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

Sub‐questions

1) How do patterns of abrupt (pulse) disturbance vary and change

over time within 

and across ecosystems? [DS 196]

2) How do climate changes affect disturbance such as fire and insect damage? 

3) What are the interactions between invasive species and other types of 

disturbance?

4) How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing the biodiversity and 

composition of ecosystems (e.g. through changes in the distribution and 

abundance of organisms, communities and ecosystems)? 

5) How do climate change, pollution and disturbance augment the vulnerability of 

ecosystems to invasive species?  [DS 114, 196]

6) What are the effects of disturbances on productivity, water resources, and other 

ecosystem functions and services?  [DS 196]

7) How do changes in human uses of ecosystems alter their vulnerability to 

disturbance and extreme events? [DS 196]

Page 8: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses
Page 9: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

1) How do patterns of abrupt (pulse) disturbance vary  and change over time within and across ecosystems? [DS 

196]• Precipitation (e.g. ENSO)• Extreme temperature (e.g. ENSO)

• Insect outbreaks• Fire• Nutrient pulses • Storms, etc.

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Recent Drought in Western US

Breshears et al. 2005

Page 11: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

Science Question: How do patterns of abrupt (pulse) disturbance vary and 

change over time within and across ecosystems? [DS 196]

VQ4-1 Science Traceability Matrix:

Measurement Objective: Measure the composition of ecosystems and ecological 

diversity indicators globally and at the seasonal and multi‐year  time scale. (Measure 

PV, NPV and Soil using full VSWIR and SWIR algorithms.)

Data Products: 

L2 atmospherically corrected spectral reflectance with Geolocation

and observation 

and illumination geometry (with appropriate cloud, cloud shadows, atmospheric 

aerosol mask).

L2 water leaving radiance spectrum between 380 ‐

900 with Geolocation

and 

observation and illumination geometry (with appropriate cloud, cloud shadows, 

atmospheric aerosol mask).

Technical Requirements…

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2) How do climate changes affect disturbance such as  fire and insect damage?

0

1

2

3

4

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s

Bur

ned

area

(10

6 ha

yr -1

)

0

100

200

300

400

Fire

s (n

umbe

r yr -1

)

Lightning areaHuman areaLightning firesHuman fires

E. Kasischke

Wildfire area - Alaska

Bark Beetle Damage

drought

wildfire Insects

http://climateprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/pinebeetlenyt.jpg

Page 13: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

2) How do climate changes affect disturbance such as  fire and insect damage? (continued)

Running et al. 2008

Kurz et al. 2007

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3) What are the interactions between invasive species  and other types of disturbance?

Bromus sp.

WildfireNitrogen depositionElevated CO2

http://www.ext.colostate.edu/PUBS/NATRES/06310.html

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Red brome invasion in the Mojave Desert is enhanced by disturbance

http://www.intranet.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/flora/plants/poaceae/bromus_madritensis.html

Nevada Desert Face Facility

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4) How are human‐caused and natural disturbances  changing the biodiversity and

composition of ecosystems?

Bromus tectorum invasion in western Washington (S. Ustin)

Relative dominance of lianas in tropical forests as function of their

inventory date (Phillips et al. 2002, Nature).

HYDICE(Kalacskaet al. 2007)

Page 17: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

5) How do climate change, pollution and disturbance  augment the vulnerability of ecosystems to invasive  species?  [DS 114, 196]

8/1/2004 9/1/2004 10/1/2004 11/1/2004

Wee

kly

Vap

or P

ress

ure

Def

icit

(k P

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0.0

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ts (C

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0.0006

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0.0012

0.0014

0.0016

0.0018

0.0020

0.0022

0.0024

VPDNATIVENATIVEINVASIVEINVASIVENATIVE

Wee

kly

Vap

or P

ress

ure

Def

icit

(k P

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0.0

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Ligh

t-use

Effi

cien

cy (P

RI)

-0.12

-0.10

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

Combining NASA AVIRIS (top) and multi‐temporal Hyperion 

(graphs) revealed that invasive trees (red lines) out‐grow 

native trees (green lines) during periods of climate stress 

(gray line)

Greg Asner

Page 18: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

6) What are the effects of disturbances on productivity,  water resources, and other ecosystem functions and 

services?  [DS 196]

Fuentes et al. 2006

Carbon sink

Carbon source

Gamon et al. 2006

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/01/20

01

/01/20

02

/01/20

03

/01/20

04

/01/20

05

PR

I

-0.1

0.0C

hlor

ophy

ll in

dex

0.1

0.2

0.3

[Chl

tota

l]/[V

+A+Z

+L]

1

2

3

4PRIChl indexPigments

PA

R (

mol

esm

-2s-

1 )

0

1000

2000

Air

tem

pera

ture

(Co )

0

20

40

60

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)

0

50

100

150

200

PARAir temp.ppt.

drought year

fire

nodata

PRI

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

Chl

orop

hyll

inde

x

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

[Chl

tota

l]/[V

+A+Z

+L]

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5PRI Chl indexPigments

(a)

(c)

(b)

Adenostoma fasciculatum

Adenostoma sparsifolium

Silva & Gamon

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Alternative Scenarios:

disturbance Invasives

Resetsystem

?

Page 21: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

7) How do changes in human uses of ecosystems alter their  vulnerability to disturbance and extreme events? [DS 196]

NASA AVIRIS mapped changes in the fractional cover of live, 

photosynthetic vegetation (PV), dead non‐photosynthetic vegetation (NPV) 

and bare soil following construction of a fence to exclude cattle grazing 

from ecological sensitive desert ecosystems in Argentina.Greg Asner

Page 22: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

Level 3 Products:

• Standard Indices (NDVI, EVI, Water indices,  PRI, percent cover (water, soil, PV, NPV…)

• Functional vegetation types (“optical types”

– linked to structure, biochemistry, and 

phenology)

• Other?

Page 23: VQ4 Ecosystem Response to Disturbance - NASA · PDF fileEcosystem Response to Disturbance ... How are human‐caused and natural disturbances changing ... How do changes in human uses

Validation & Research 

• Multidisciplinary (with heavy dose of ecology)

• Multi‐scale –

understand mechanism and  address scale mis‐match

• Incorporating Experimental methods

• Heavy emphasis on  informatics/cyberinfrastructure

• Make use of existing validation networks