VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Jnana Sangam,
Belgaum-590014
A Technical seminar report on PAPER BATTERY Submitted in the
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
degreeBACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGInELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
Submitted by:GIRIDHAR SINGH G [1ST10EC032]
Dept of Electronics and Communication EngineeringSAMBHRAM
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYM.S Palya, Bengaluru-560097
SAMBHRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY M.S Playa, Bengalore-560097
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Seminar work entitled SOLAR TRACKER carried
out by Mr./Ms. GIRIDHAR SINGH G USN 1ST10EC058 a bonafide student
in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering /
Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNNICATIONS of the
Visveswaraiah Technological University, Belgaum during the year
2013-14 It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated
for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report
deposited in the departmental library. The seminar report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
Seminar work prescribed for the said Degree.
Seminar Co-ordinater HOD, ECE(Prof.RAVATAPPA.A.B) Prof
C.V.RAVISHANKAR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely grateful to Mr C.V RAVI SHANKAR.., Head Of the
Department Electronics and Communications for providing me with
best facilities and encouragement .
I would like to thank my coordinator Mr. RAVATAPPA ..,Asst
Professor Electronics and communications for creative work guidance
and encouragement.
I would also take this opportunity to express my gratitude and
sincere thanks to Mrs.VISALAKSHI lect. Electronics and
Communications, for her valuable support.
(Giridhar Singh G)ABSTRACT
This paper gives a thorough insight on this relatively
revolutionizing and satisfying solution of energy storage through
Paper Batteries and provides an in-depth analysis of the same. A
paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and
production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a
conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery can
function both as a high-energy battery and super capacitor ,
combining two discrete components that are separate in traditional
electronics . This combination allows the battery to provide both
long-term steady power production as well as bursts of energy.
Being Biodegradable, Light-weight and Non-toxic, flexible paper
batteries have potential adaptability to power the next generation
of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for
radical new designs and medical technologies. The paper is aimed at
understanding & analyzing the properties and characteristics of
Paper Batteries; to study its advantages, potential applications,
limitations and disadvantages. This paper also aims at highlighting
the construction and various methods of production of Paper Battery
and look for alternative means of mass-production.
SL NONAME OF THE TITLEPAGE NO
ABSTRACT4
INTRODUCTION6
[1]6
[2]LITERATURE REVIEW8
[3]NEED FOR SOLAR TRACKER10
[4]TYPES OF SOLAR TRACKER11
[5]DESIGN OF SOLAR TRACKER13
[5.1]MATHEMATICAL MODEL14
[5.2]SYSTEM DESIGN17
[6]DC MOTOR AND MOTOR DRIVER THEORY19
[7]MICROCONTROLLER20
[8]REFERENCE23
1. INTRODUCTION
The basic problems associated with the present Electro-Chemical
batteries are: (1) Limited Life- Time: Primary batteries
irreversibly (within limits of practicality) transform chemical
energy to electrical energy. Secondary batteries can be recharged;
that is, they can have their chemical reactions reversed by
supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original
composition. But, Rechargeable batteries are still costlier than
Primary Batteries in the markets of developing countries like
India. (2) Leakage: If leakage occurs, either spontaneously or
through accident, the chemicals released may be dangerous. For
example, disposable batteries often use zinc "can" as both a
reactant and as the container to hold the other reagents. If this
kind of battery is run all the way down, or if it is recharged
after running down too far, the reagents can emerge through the
cardboard and plastic that forms the remainder of the container.
The active chemical leakage can thendamage the equipment that the
batteries were inserted into. (3)Environmental Concerns: The
widespread use of batteries has created many environmental
concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. Metals such as Cadmium,
Mercury, Lead, Lithium and Zinc have been identified as highly
toxic metals. Also, batteries may be harmful or fatal if swallowed.
Small button/disk batteries can be swallowed by young children.
While in the digestive tract the battery's electrical discharge can
burn the tissues and can be serious enough to lead to death.
LITERATURE REVIEW
There has to be a compromise between the charge producing device
(Battery) and a charge storing device(Capacitor). Batteries
(whether primary or secondary) cannot possess indefinite
recyclability. Same is the case with capacitors. So, if a balance
be sought between them in such a way so as to utilize the
properties of both, the results would be more rewarding. Owing to
this fact and to the miraculous properties of the Carbon nanotubes,
there has been a steady and progressive interest in the global
scientific community aimed at its utilization in the production of
Paper Batteries. Significant works have been carried out
independently, notable among which are by Pushparaj et al.[2007]
and Yi Cui et al.[2010] in the field of preparing the first
prototypes. Previous designs of flexible energy-storage devices
have been based on separated thin-electrode and spacer layers,
proving less-than-optimum in performance and handling because of
the existence of multiple interfaces between the layers. Pushparaj
et al. demonstrated the fabrication of electrode-spacerelectrolyte
integrated nanocomposite units to build a variety of thin flexible
energy-storage devices. The robust integrated thin-film structure
allows not only good electrochemical performance but also the
ability to function over large ranges of mechanical deformation,
record temperatures and with a wide variety of electrolytes. The
attempt to integrate the components on to a single unit was revived
by Yi Cui et al. with a much simpler and more promising approach.
In this paper, they integrated all of the components of a Li-ion
battery into a single sheet of paper with a simple lamination
process. Although a paper-like membrane has been used as the
separator for other energy storage systems including super
capacitors, it was the first demonstration of the use of commercial
paper in Li-ion batteries, where paper is used as both separator
and mechanical support. Another significant attempt to exploit the
properties of Paper batteries was made by Dr. Mangilal Agrawal,
Louisiana Tech University. Having done much work with biosensors
and bio-capacitors, he successfully demonstrated how the relative
proportion of CNT and Paper could be used to customize the voltage
output of the Paper Battery. Since the field is so promising and
potent, there has been a huge amount of work done over CNTs and
Paper Batteries. However, the entire work in literature is neither
lucidly arranged nor easily accessible. This paper is solely aimed
at analyzing and accumulating the available works on PaperBatteries
and then evaluating their properties, applications, advantages and
disadvantages in depth.The paper also throws some light on the
production methods of CNTs and on the work that is being carried
out in Indian scenario
PAPER BATTERIES-BASICS
Definition
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and
production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a
conventional sheet of cellulose based paper. A paper battery acts
as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two
discrete components that are separate in traditional
electronics.Paper Battery=Paper (Cellulose) + Carbon
NanotubesCellulose is a complex organic substance found in paper
and pulp; not digestible by humans. A Carbon NanoTubes (CNT) is a
very tiny cylinder formed from a single sheet of carbon atoms
rolled into a tiny cylinder. These are stronger than steel and more
conducting than the best semiconductors. They can be Single-walled
or Multi-walled.
MATERIALS AND DESCRIPTIONThis energy storage device is based on
two basic, materials: carbon nanotubes and cellulose. Also an ionic
liquid provides the third component: electrolyte. Engineered
together, they form nano composite paper. It is as thin and
flexible as a piece of paper- Paper as a medium is well designed
structure of millions of interconnected fibers in it, which can
hold CNT easily. The paper battery can also be stacked to boost the
total power output. CARBON NANOTUBESCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are
allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes
have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to
132,000,000:1,significantly larger than for any other material.
Nanotubes are members of the Fullerene structural family. Their
name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls
formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called Graphene.
Nanotubes are categorized as Single wall nanotubes (SWNTs) and
Multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs). The O.C.V. of Paper Batteries is
directly proportional to CNT concentration. Stacking the Paper and
CNT layers multiplies the Output Voltage; Slicing the Paper and CNT
layers divides the Output Voltage The Nanotubes, which colour the
paper black, act as electrodes and allow the storage devices to
conduct electricity.
Carbon nanotube structure
PROPERTIES OF NANOTUBES Ratio of Width: Length: 1:107 High
tensile Strength (Greater than Steel). Low Mass density & High
Packing Density. Very Light and Very Flexible. Very Good Electrical
Conductivity (better than Silicon). Low resistance (~33 ohm per sq.
inch). Output Open Circuit Voltage(O.C.V): 1.5-2.5 V (For a postage
stamp sized Specimen) The O.C.V. of Paper Batteries is directly
proportional to CNT concentration. Stacking the Paper and CNT
layers multiplies the Output Voltage; Slicing the Paper and CNT
layers divides the Output Voltage. Thickness: typically about
0.5-0.7mm. Nominal continuous current density: 0.1 mA/cm2/ active
area. Nominal capacity: 2.5 to 5 mAh/cm2/ active area. Shelf life
(RT): 3 years. Temperature operating range: -75C to +150C. No heavy
metals (does not contain Hg, Pb, Cd, etc.) No safety events or
over-heating in case of battery abuse or mechanical damage No
safety limitations for shipment,
CONSTRUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY
As shown in Figure 1a, the double layer LCO/CNT or LTO/CNT film
was lifted off by immersing the SS in DI water followed by peeling
with tweezers. Figure 1b shows a LTO/CNT film with a size of 7.5 cm
_12.5 cm on a SS substrate (left) being peeled off in water
(middle) and in a free-standing form (right). Previously,CNT thin
films have been coated mainly on plastic substrate for use as
transparent electrodes in various device applications, including
solar cells and lightemittingdiodes.3,5,10,11 In this study, we
found that CNT shave weaker interaction with metal substrates when
compared with plastic or paper substrates, which allows us to
fabricate free-standing films with integrated current collector and
battery electrodes. The double layer films obtained with this
method are lightweight, with _0.2 mg/cm2 CNT and _2 _10 mg/cm2
electrode material. The free-standing double layer film shows a low
sheet resistance (_5 Ohm/sq) and excellent flexibility, without any
change in morphology or conductivity after bending down to 6 mm
(Mandrel). Due to the excellent mechanical integrity of the double
layer film and the loose interaction between the CNT film and SS,
peeling off the double layer film from the SS is highly
reproducible.After integrating the battery electrode materials on
the lightweight CNT current collectors, a lamination process was
used to fabricate the Li-ion paper batteries on paper. A solution
of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer was Mayer-rod-coated on
the paper substrate with an effective thickness of 10 _m. The wet
PVDF functions as a glue to stick the double layer films on paper.
The concentration of PVDF in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was 10%
by weight. As shown in Figure 1c, the double layer films were
laminated on the paper while the PVDF/NMP was still wet. During
this process, a metal rod rolls over the films to remove air
bubbles trapped between films and the paper separator. After
laminating LTO/CNT on one side of the paper, the same process was
used to put LCO/CNT on the opposite side of the paper to complete
the Li-ion battery fabrication. Figure1d,e shows the scheme and a
final device of the Li-ion paper battery prior to encapsulation and
cell testing. Although a paper-like membrane has been used as the
separator for other energy storage systems including
supercapacitors, it is the first demonstration of the use of
commercial paper in Li-ion batteries,12 where paper is used as both
separator and mechanical support.
Figure 1. (a) Schematic of fabrication process for free-standing
LCO/CNT or LTO/CNT double layer thin films. The CNT film is
doctor-bladed onto the SS substrate and dried. An LTO or LTO slurry
is then doctor-blade-coated on top of CNT film and dried. The whole
substrate is immersed into DI water, and the double layer of
LTO/CNT or LCO/ CNT can be easily peeled off due to the poor
adhesion of CNTs to the SS substrate. (b) (Left) 5 in. _ 5 in.
LTO/CNT double layer film coated on SS substrate; (middle) the
double layer film can be easily separated from the SS substrate in
DI water; (right) the final free-standing film after drying. (c)
Schematic of the lamination process: the freestanding film is
laminated on paper with a rod and a thin layer of wet PVDF on
paper. (d) Schematic of the final paper Li-ion battery device
structure, with both LCO/CNT and LTO/CNT laminated on both sides of
the paper substrate. The paper is used as both the separator and
the substrate. (e) Picture of the Li-ion paper battery before
encapsulation for measurement.
MAKING OF PAPER BATTERYThe materials required for preparation of
PAPER BATTERY are -: copier paper carbon nano ink ovenThe steps
required in the preparation of paper battery are as follows-:STEP
1: The copier paper is taken.STEP 2: Carbon nano ink which is black
in colour is taken. carbon nano ink is a solution of nano rods
,surface adhesive agent and ionic salt solutions. STEP 3:carbon
nano ink is spread on one side of paper.STEP 4:Paper is kept inside
the oven at 150C temp .This evaporates the water content on paper.
Thus paper and the nano rods get attached to each other.STEP 5: Now
place the multi meter on the sides of the paper and we can see
voltage drop is generated.After drying the paper becomes flexible,
light weight in nature.The paper is scratched and rolled to protect
nano rods on paper
WORKING OF PAPER BATTERYA very brief and concise explanation has
beenprovided. Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Anode: Lithium metal
(Li+) Electrolyte: All electrolytes (incl. bioelectrolytes like
blood, sweat and urine) Separator: Paper (Cellulose)
Schematic of a Paper Battery1.While a conventional battery
contain number of separate components, the paper battery integrates
all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more
energy efficient.2.Unlike traditional batteries, paper batteries
have one electrode made of conductive carbon nanotubes, the
separator is made from plant cellulose (the main ingredient is
paper), and the second electrode is made by coating the opposite
side of the paper separator with lithium oxide 3.To provide the
electrolyte, the paper is saturated with an ionic liquid that is an
organic salt that is liquid at room temperature.4. Since the ionic
liquid does not contain water, the batteries do not contain
anything that will freeze or evaporate, enabling them to withstand
extreme temperatures, ranging from -75C to 150C.5.Electricity is
the flow of electric power or electrons,ions flow from the positive
electrode to the negative one, while electrons travel through the
external circuit, providing current.6. Chemical reaction in the
paper battery is between electrolyte and carbon nanotubes.
Electrons collect on the negative terminal of the battery and flow
along a connected wire to the positive terminal.7. Electrons must
flow from the negative to the positive terminal for the chemical
reaction to continue.
ADVANTAGES1. Biodegradable & Non Toxic: Since its major
ingredients are of organic origin, it is a biodegradable and non
toxic product.2. Biocompatible: They are not easily rejected by our
body's immune system if implanted into human body.3. Easily
Reusable & Recyclable: Being cellulose based product it is
easily recyclable and reusable, even with the existing paper
recycling techniques.4. Durable: It has a shelf life of three years
(at room temperature). Under extreme conditions it can operate
within -75 to +150C.5. Rechargeable: It can be recharged upto 300
times using almost all electrolytes, including bio-salts such as
sweat, urine and blood.6. No Leakage & Overheating: Owing to
low resistance, it does not get overheated even under extreme
conditions. Since there are no leaky fluids, so even under
spontaneous or accidental damage, there is no leakage problem.7.
Very Light Weight & Flexible.8. Easily Mouldable Into Desired
Shapes & Sizes.9. Customizable Output Voltage: By varying CNT
concentration. By stacking & slicing.DISADVANTAGESIt would not
be logical only to ponder over the miraculous properties and
applications of PaperBatteries .Things need to be discussed at the
flip side as well. Following are some of them: Have Low Shear
strength: They can be torn easily. The Techniques and the Set-ups
used in the production of Carbon Nanotubes are very Expensive and
very less Efficient. These are:(i)Arc discharge(ii)Chemical Vapour
Deposition (CVD)(iii) Laser Ablation(iv)Electrolysis When inhaled,
their interaction with the Microphages present in the lungs is
similar to that with Asbestos fibers, hence may be seriously
hazardous to human health.
APPLICATIONSWith the developing technologies and reducing cost
of CNTs, the paper batteries will find applications in the
following fields: In Electronics: in laptop batteries, mobile
phones, handheld digital cameras: The weight of these devicescan be
significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline batteries with
light-weight PaperBatteries, without compromising with the power
requirement. Moreover, the electrical hazards related to recharging
will be greatly reduced. in calculators, wrist watch and other low
drain devices. in wireless communication devices like speakers,
mouse, keyboard ,Bluetooth headsets etc. in Enhanced Printed
Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the sides of the PCB can be used:
one for the circuit and the other side (containing the components
)would contain a layer of customized Paper Battery. This would
eliminate heavy step-down transformers and the need of separate
power supply unit for most electronic circuits.In Medical Sciences:
in Pacemakers for the heart in Artificial tissues (using
Carbonnanotubes) in Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems in Biosensors,
such as Glucose meters,Sugar meters, etc.3. In Automobiles and
Aircrafts: in Hybrid Car batteries in Long Air Flights reducing
Refueling for Light weight guided missiles for powering electronic
devices in SatelliteProgramsRESULTS AND CONCLUSION
One of the major problems bugging the world now is Energy
crisis. Every nation needs energy and everyone needs power. And
this problem which disturbs the developed countries perturbs the
developing countries like India to a much greater extent. Standing
at a point in the present where there cant be a day without power,
Paper Batteries can provide an altogether path-breaking solution to
the same. Being Biodegradable, Light-weight and Nontoxic, flexible
paper batteries have potential adaptability to power the next
generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles,
allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies. But
India still has got a long way to go if it has to be self-dependant
for its energy solution. Literature reflects that Indian
researchers have got the scientific astuteness needed for such
revolutionary work. But what hinders their path is the lack of
facilities and funding. Of course, the horizon of inquisitiveness
is indefinitely vast and this paper is just a single step towards
this direction.
FUTURE ASPECTS The black piece of paper can power a small
light.Flexible battery could meet the energy demand of next
generation gadgets. The ambition is to produce reams of paper that
could one day power a car.The paper battery was a glimpse into the
future of power storage and it can one day be used in IC cards,
wearable computers .
PAPER BATTERY:INDIAN SCENARIO
Unfortunately, not much work has been carried out India, except
for a few notable ones.The work is carried out as a joint research
project of the Kalasalingam University in Krishnankovil, India; the
Indian Institute of Technology ,Mumbai; and IMRAM Tohoku University
in Japan, assisted by Indias Department of Science and Technology.
Kalasalingam Universitys G. Hirankumar brought optimized cathode
materials (CNT) to Tohoku Universitys laboratories for three months
of jointdevelopment.Research is ongoing.
REFERENCES
Pushparaj V. L, Manikoth S. M., Kumar A., Murugesan S., Ci L.,
Vajtai R., Linhardt R. J., Nalamasu O., Ajayan P. M.."Flexible
Nanocomposite Thin Film Energy Storage Devices". Proceedings of the
National Academy of Science USA 104, 13574-13577, 2007.. Retrieved
2010-08-08. Hu, L. C., J.; Yang, Y.; La Mantia, F.; Jeong, S.; Cui,
Y. Highly Conductive Paper for Energy Storage. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci.U.S.A. 2009, 106, 2149021494. "Beyond Batteries: Storing Power
in a Sheet of Paper". RPI. August 13, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
"Paper battery offers future power". BBC News. August 14, 2007.
Retrieved 2008-01-15 Katherine Noyes. "Nanotubes Power Paper-Thin
Battery". TechNewsWorld. Retrieved 2010-10 Ng, S. H. W., J.; Guo,
Z. P.; Chen, J.; Wang, G. X.; Liu, H. K. Single Wall Carbon
Nanotube Paper as Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery. Electrochim. Acta
2005, 51, 2328. Hu, L.; Hecht, D.; Gru ner, G. Carbon Nanotube Thin
Films: Fabrications, Properties, and Applications. Chem. Rev.2010,
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