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NNAJI, CHIOMA JULIET

PG/MA/11/58562

APPROPRIATENESS IN THE TRANSLATION OF

NEWS ITEMS IN RADIO-MEDIA HOUSE

DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS, IGBO AND

OTHER NIGERIAN LANGUAGES

FACULTY OF ART

Godwin Valentine

Digitally Signed by: Content manager’s Name

DN : CN = Webmaster’s name

O= University of Nigeria, Nsukka

OU = Innovation Centre

ii

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA

DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS, IGBO AND OTHER

NIGERIAN LANGUAGES

APPROPRIATENESS IN THE TRANSLATION OF NEWS

ITEMS IN RADIO-MEDIA HOUSE

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF MASTER OF

ARTS IN LINGUISTICS

BY

NNAJI, CHIOMA JULIET

PG/MA/11/58562

PROJECT SUPERVISOR: Dr. E. S. IKEOKWU

DECEMBER 2015

iii

APPROVAL PAGE

This research work has been read and approved as meeting the requirements

for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics.

……………………………… …………………………………

DR. E. S. IKEOKWU EXTERNAL EXAMINER

SUPERVISOR

……………………………… …………………………………

PROF. R.I. (MRS) OKORJI INTERNAL EXAMINER HEAD OF

DEPARTMENT

……………………………………..…

PROF. PAT. UCHE OKPOKO DEAN OF FACULTY

iv

CERTIFICATION PAGE

Nnaji, Chioma Juliet with registration number PG/MA/2011/58562, a

postgraduate student in the department of Linguistics, Igbo and other Nigerian

languages, University of Nigeria Nsukka has satisfactorily completed the

requirements for the award of Masters degree in Linguistics. The work embodied in

this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or whole for any other

diploma or degree of this or any other university.

…………………………………… …………………………………

Dr. E. S. Ikeokwu (Supervisor) Date

……………………………… …………………………………

Nnaji, Chioma Juliet Date

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DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Almighty God the author and finisher of this

programme.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This is a golden and rare opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to the

Almighty God who in his mercy never allowed this programme turn out a reproach

rather in his infinite wisdom, love and might; he brought this work to this point.

Indeed, he is ever present help in trouble. This dream come true became a reality

through several moulding hands that contributed in one way or the other.

A great debt of gratitude is also owed to my supervisor Dr. E. S. Ikeokwu for

his patience and guidance especially during the last days of this work, who ignored

his health challenges to guide me.

My lecturers, Dr and Dr. Mrs Mbah especially Dr Mbah B. M. who made out

time to go through my questionnaires, not only that, his words “nwa onye nkuzi, {

ka nq? Q b[ara akwxkwq ala ala” had a special way of putting me to action. I am

thankful to prof. R.I. Okorji, Dr. C.U. Agbedo, prof, Okebalama, C.N., Mrs Akaeze,

Maazi Ebekue and his wife, Dr. Iloene, Dr. S.O. Babarinde. Mrs Odii awakened the

smouldering embers of this study when it seemed it was turning out abandoned

project with her timely calls, and even went as far as guiding in the structuring of

questionnaire. May God reward your labour of love towards me. Mrs Uzoagba, who

when I thought I had abandoned the work never consented to that. Your counsels,

suggestions and calls at one point or the other are highly evergreen in my heart.

Uncle Aham, Waya and Ezebube are not left out.

vii

I will not fail to mention my spiritual directors especially beloved Ven. Sam.

Obeta fondly called ‘daady Obe’, Ven, Dr. Emeka Ezea, Dr. Solomon Onwuka,

Aunty Ngoo Dick-Woke and the husband. Special thanks for standing by me in my

academic struggles.

I extend this warm regards to my wonderful friends though I may not be able

to mention all. Mrs Ekwy Akogwu, you are a friend and sister likewise, Chekwube

Mbegbu (nee Onoh), Best, Uche Ayigbo. Many thanks to bro Mike for helping in

structuring and restructuring my questionnaire and research questions. Dr Mrs Onu

was also there to validate the instrument too.

I am immensely grateful to my parents Mr and Mrs Nnaji, who believed in me

with high expectations. I appreciate their support both financial and moral wise. My

brother Kingsley, sisters; Nne, Muko, barrister Ugo, Chikie and Akachukwu

(lady).Thank you so much for your prayers, word of encouragement, a lovely and

wonderful atmosphere given to me during the period of this programme. In a special

way, I appreciate my grandma and my aunty Mercy for their love and concern.

Nnaji, Chioma J.

University of Nigeria,

Nsukka.

December 2015.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Approval page ii

Certification page iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgements v

Table of Contents vii

Abbreviations and their meanings xi

Abstract xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background to the study 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 3

1.3 Purpose of the study 5

1.4 Research questions 5

1.5 Scope of the study 6

1.6 Significance of the study 7

1.7 Limitation of study 8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1 Conceptual framework 10

2.1.1 Translation 10

2.1.2 News and News casting 12

2.1.3 Principles of translation 14

2.1.3.1 Direct translation techniques 16

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2.1.3.1.1 Borrowing 16

2.1.3.1.2 Calque 17

2.1.3.1.4 Literal translation 18

2.1.3.2 Oblique translation techniques 18

2.1.3.2.1 Transposition 18

2.1.3.2.2 Modulation 19

2.1.3.2.3 Reformulation or equivalence 20

2.1.3.2.4 Adaptation 20

2.1.3.2.5 Compensation 21

2.1.4 Appropriateness of news translation 21

2.2 Theoretical Review 24

2.2.1 Roman Jackobson’s theory of meaning and equivalence 24

2.2.2 Skopos theory 25

2.2.3 Vinay and Darbelnet translation principles 26

2.2.4 Nida and Taber’s formal and dynamic equivalence 26

2.2.5 Newmark’s Semantic and communicative translation 28

2.2.5 John Dryden translation principles 29

2.3 Empirical review 30

2.4 Implication of Literature review 41

CHAPTER THERE: RESEARCH MEHTODOLOGY 43

3.1 Area of study 43

3.2 Research design 44

3.3 Research population 44

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3.4 Sampling and sampling techniques 45

3.5 Research instruments 45

3.6 Validation of instrument 46

3.7 Method of data collection 46

3.8 Method of data analysis 47

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 48

4.1 Analysis of tables and questionnaire items 48

4.1.1 Table 4a Characteristics of the respondents 48

4.1.1.2 Interpretation of table 4a 49

4.1.2 Table 4b: Q1: What level of professional training do the translators

possess? 50

4.1.2.1 Interpretation of table 4b 50

4.1.2.2 Discussion of Findings on table 4b 51

4.1.3 Table 4c: Q2: to what extent does the writer’s style of the source language

affect translation? 52

4.1.3.1 Interpretation of table 4c 53

4.1.3.2 Discussion of findings on table4c 53

4.1.4 Table 4d: Q3: to what extent are the principles of translation appropriately

applied? 55

4.1.4.1 Interpretations table 4d 56

4.14.2 Discussion of Findings 56

4.1.5 To what extent do civilization and technical terms affect the target language

translation? 57

4.1.5.1 Interpretation of table 4e 58

4.1.5.2 Discussion of findings on table 4e 58

4.2 Discussion on instrument 2: Bulletin analysis 59

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4.2.1 Mistranslations/Translation Errors 62

4.21.1 Semantic Misrepresentation 62

4.2.1.2 Grammar-Based Mistranslation 71

4.2.1.3 Error in Writing System/Spelling Rule 71

4.2.1.4 Wrong Application of Na (and) 73

4.2.1.5 Phoneticisation/Igbonization error 76

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 78

5.1 Summary 78

5.2 Conclusion 80

5.3 Recommendations 81

References 83

Appendix I

Appendix II

Appendix III

Appendix IV

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ABBREVIATIONS AND THEIR MEANIGS

SL. ………… Source Language

TL …………. Target Language

ST …………. Source Text

TT …………. Target Text

SD …………. Source Dialect

TD …………. Target Dialect

RL …………. Receptor Language

SLM ……….. Source Language Message

CCTV ……… China Central Television

RNN ……….. Reference Newspaper

RN …………. Reference News

Q ……………… Question

T C …………… Target Culture

FRCN ………….. Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria

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ABSTRACT

The world though wide and large is tending towards a global centre. The commerce,

religion, education, marriage etc as the case may be has placed a demand on

interdependence on different countries. In trying to unite the people and bring them

to the point of common knowledge, translation plays a key role. Translation through radio broadcast plays a veritable role in harmonizing information disparity where

different languages exist especially since it is the easiest and widest means of

reaching the uninformed masses in their local enclave. News broadcast is oral yet

the news bulletin embodies the message. A perusal through the source text and target

text (bulletins) detect misrepresentation of information, wrong application of

technique of translation, spelling error as the case may be. This sometimes leads to

misrepresentation of idea and blurs the comprehension of news content. This study

employed a descriptive survey approach by collecting data from translators of

different media houses using a questionnaire. On the other hand, data were also

collected through the news bulletins from the media houses. The study observed that

the media translators have no professional skill required for the task. Principles of

translation applied in the bulletins seem to be by trial and error. Continued growth in technical term as a result of civilization without equivalent development of the

target language, the style in which the writers express the idea affect translation. To

address these problems, this study recommends that graduates of Igbo who are

competent and specialist in translation should be used in doing the work; translators

should be exposed to training from time to time to be update with current trend.

Again, translation should be done as a team work as this will fine tune the work.

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Translation is a term which cuts across many disciplines. It is like a circle which,

irrespective of its size, revolves around different disciplines such as Physics,

Religion, Biology, Mathematics and so on and owes its credibility to them. Each

discipline defines it in order to suit its purpose. That is why it is referred to as an

academic interdisciplinary activity which deals with systematic study of theory,

description, application, interpreting, and localization. The general goal of

translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts and thus make them available for

to wider readership. Translation involves two different languages, different cultures,

and common information at a time. The languages are referred to as source language

(SL) which means the original language which it is translated from while the target

language (TL) is the language which the work is being translated into. The

movement of information from one language and culture to another is what the Latin

word ‘translatio’ refers to as “carrying across” or “bringing across” etymologically

speaking.

Though translation has been an age long activity, as old as literature, it had less

attention until recent time when it started gaining wider academic attraction and

attention. The advancement in technology, civilization, commercial and economic

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activities has contributed immensely to the boosting of translation growth as well as

quest for translation services. The nations of the world are dependent on each other

either in politics, religion, culture, economic activities etc, for optimal development

and prominence yet diverse languages abound in the nations. This idea of co-

relationship remains a mirage without language of communication among nations of

the world. Language of communication prompts up the need for translation services,

and this is where the need for means of wider reach becomes the mass media. The

mass media have major areas of broadcast; the print and the electronic media. The

radio broadcast translation seems the most effective means of communicating

information since the distance between the radio and target audience is insignificant

and does not require a lot to get by.

The textual part which is the actual translation of the bulletin is put across

verbally through electronic process. The expression of a brief report especially an

official statement issued for immediate publication or broadcast is referred to as

news bulletin. The bulletin is the actual message in a text form while the transmission

is the means of reaching the audience. Since the radio is one of the most effective

means of spreading information to the masses (the Igbo nation inclusive), the news

bulletin in the Igbo language becomes the focus of this work.

This study centers on appropriateness of radio-media news items on the

bulletin. It implies the extent the target language broadcast credibly represents the

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source language broadcast without bias. In other words, the transference of news

items that captures proper use of language, cultural sameness and preciseness of

meaning of the intended message to the target audience. Specifically the radio news

broadcast becomes the object of this study. Appropriate translation renders the

implicit and explicit meaning of the source language bulletin into the target language

bulletin fully and accurately to the required standard of appropriateness. Ignorance

of the available techniques needed to tackle some of the translation difficulties

especially the challenges that occur due to civilization and modernization such as

introduction of new lexical items which has no Igbo root is really a challenge to the

Igbo language. This research, therefore, uses the instruments of Igbo news bulletin

and questionnaire to investigate what challenges exist in radio-media translation as

regards language use, writing pattern and meaning level.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The English language is different from the Igbo language in terms of grammar,

word order, culture and meaning. These differences have created room for

translation problems like mistranslation and misinterpretation. The bedrock of

translation lies in the ability to maintain faithfulness and transparency in conveying

meaning from one language to another. It has principles and whenever these

principles are neglected, it tends towards inappropriate or quack translation. The

available literature shows that despite the impressive pace at which radio stations get

4

established and Igbo broadcast takes place in recognized eastern states, the area of

appropriateness remains under explored and under exploited. This situation seems

to create the problem of misrepresentation and misinterpretation as well as

misunderstanding in terms of meaning.

The problems of appropriateness in media news translation are found mainly

in the area of application of the techniques of translation, the use of standard Igbo

form in Igbo news broadcast to attain mutual intelligibility among indigenes and non

indigenes of the state of broadcast. Technological advancement which has resulted

in the development of registers of different fields has constituted challenges as well.

The inability of radio-media translators in handling terms that may be connotative

and interchangeable which have no equivalence may create negative impact on the

target audience. Also, there exists the problem of mechanical errors in penning down

the target language. Having understood that challanges exist in translation, the

research sets out to examine the appropriateness of translation in radio-media house.

In other words, the study intends to point to the readers’ direction, available means

of profiting in the field of translation.

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1.3 Purpose of the Study

The broad objective of this research work is to account for factors that

influence appropriate translation of radio-media news item. Consequently, the

specific objectives of the study seek to:

1. examine the translators’ professional capacity and competence in translating

radio-media news items to the Igbo language.

2. determine the extent writers’ style imput in the source language (English) affects

translation in the target language (Igbo) output.

3. examine the principles of translation employed by translators in translating news

items.

4. determine the extent technological advancement or civilization affects translation

of news item.

1.4 Research Questions

Consequent upon the background of the above research objectives, the following are

the research questions that will guide the work:

1. what level of professional training capacity and competence do the translators

possess in translating radio-media news items in Igbo language?

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2. to what extent does the writers’ style input in the SL (English) affect translation

in the TL (Igbo) output?

3. which principles do translators apply in news bulletin translation?

4. to what extent does technological advancement and civilization affect translation

of news items in the TL (Igbo) translation?

1.5 Scope of the Study

Translation of news items into indigenous languages like Igbo has been going

on for sometime now. It has more than enough bulletins to explore

especially for the radio stations that deemed it necessary to preserve their bulletins.

As it stands, three different bulletins of different radio houses within the Igbo

language speaking states would be used as data. The radio station was chosen in

preference to other forms of electronic media since it is the only outlet that

reproduces the same source information in the target form on daily basis. It also has

a wider range of coverage of the target audience and population more than any other

form of electronic media. English news bulletin serves as the source text, while Igbo

news bulletin serves as the target text. This work does not seek to look into the

electronic media in its totality especially, as it regards news production, transmission

and perception in wireless communication. It will rather base its studies on the news

bulletin used for broadcast.

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1.6 Significance of the Study

Nigeria is a multilingual nation where Igbo language is one of the three main

languages used in the media settings, therefore, effective communication can only

be achieved through appropriate translation of news items from other languages to

Igbo. Information and understanding or meanings are the key factors of translation.

The essence of the appropriateness of translation in media houses is to pass across

the intended message unadulterated to the target audience. By so doing, it will be

uplifting the people and uniting the nation as the common slogan of Radio Nigeria

says. Only a translator who has formally acknowledged, learnt and imbibed the

linguistics provisions available for achieving the desired result in translation will

sustain the goal of the Radio Nigeria slogan in translation. On the other hand, the

negative impact of civilization in the use of the Igbo language terms and structure

will be minimised as mistranslation that occurs as a result of difficulty in handling

foreign terms will cease to be a threat to translation. A work of this nature is meant

to expose the media translators to the techniques that unlock appropriate

translation.

Findings of the analysis of data that were collected from media houses will be

made known to them for proper and positive adjustments. It should also prompt the

need to be exposed to translation seminars, workshops and conferences during which

vocabulary meanings are harmonized, current trends and challenges are handled.

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This in turn will update the knowledge of the translators and as well build their

translation capacity.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

This study encountered difficulty in the process of trying to lay hands on news

bulletins. The fact that stringent laws are made for some radio stations not to make

bulletins available to researchers despite every proof to show that the bulletins are

strictly for research purpose is a serious limitation. The management of some radio

stations probably think that the use of the old news bulletins could indict them in one

way or the other or at worst somebody may use them for

litigation.

On the other hand, those who made theirs available insisted that names of the

radio houses must not be mentioned; hence the news bulletins used will be treated

as unclassified instrument. By implication names of the radio houses that provided

them are withheld. They will be treated as news bulletin A, B and C. The cost

implication of procurement as a correlate to the above limitation is not left out.

As regards the second instrument, the respondents’ unwillingness to respond to the

questions was witnessed probably for two reasons; the tight nature of their job

schedule and the feeling that their professional worth or competence is being

assessed or evaluated. Since broadcasters are few in number and there exist make

9

shift in their work process, getting them to respond to or retrieve the questionnaires

became a herculean task. As a result, only a handful of broadcasters were able to fill

the questionnaire.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter encompasses the following sections; the conceptual framework,

the theoretical and empirical studies and finally, the implication of literature review.

2.1 Conceptual Framework

This section of the study presents different concepts as used in the research work,

viz: translation, news, appropriateness and principle of translation.

2.1.1Translation

According to Polard (1911:349), “translation is that which openeth the window to let

in light, that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel; that puteth aside the curtains,

that we may look into the most holy place; that removeth the cover of the well, that we

may come by the water”. Translation involves conveying of information from one

language to another having meaning and equivalence of both languages in mind. In a

simple language, translation may be simply put as the rendering of written information

from a source language (SL) or dialect (SD) to target language (TL) or dialect (TD).

Thriveni (2000:1) states, “translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with

similar meanings but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another

language”. This is to say that appropriateness of expression of meaning in both

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languages is the ultimate idea of translation. Darbelnet, quoted by Simpson (1979:3),

recorgainses the place of tone and cultural perspective in translation thus

translation is the operation which consists in transferring from one

language to another all the elements of meaning of a passage, and only

these elements, while ensuring that they retain in the target language

their relative importance, as well as their tonality; - and also taking into

account the relative difference presented by the cultures to which the

source language and the target language correspond respectively.

This seems to take into account the audio or medium aspect of the translated text. As

Wilss (1982: 3) points out:

Translation is a transfer process, which aims at the transformation of a

written SL text into an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires

the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and

analytical processing of the SL.

Nida (1984:83) points out that "translation consists of reproducing in the receptor

language (RL) the closest natural equivalent of the source language message (SLM),

first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style."

Translation may be interlanguage; translating from one language to a different

language. For instance, translating from the English language to the Igbo language.

It can also be intra-language meaning from one variety of language to another. For

example, translating from Awka dialect to standard Igbo. The origin of the text to be

translated is the Source Language (SL) or Dialect while the speech form in which

conversion takes place is the Target Language (TL) or Dialect. The origin of the

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text to be translated is the Source Language (SL) or dialect while the speech form in

which conversion takes place is the Target Language (TL) or dialect.

This study, therefore, adopts Darbelnet’s (1977) view of translation. This is

because it encompasses tone, culure and meaning which are the essential elements

required to make translation appropriate.

2.1.2 News and Newscasting

News can be regarded as daily experience gathered and communicated

through different means. It is a regular television or radio programme that reports

recent events. As Tuchman (1978:4-5) confirms, “news is located, gathered, and

disseminated by professionals working in organizations […]. It is the product of

professionalism and it claims to interpret everday occurrences to citizens and other

professionals alike”. For Molotch and Lester (1974:104), “news needs to be viewed

as ‘purposive behaviour’, that is the product of activities of journalists and their

employers that suite the need of both. The journalists work with the raw materials

largely provided to them by promoters of events to ‘transform’ a perceived set of

promoted occurrence in the public events through publication or broadcast”

According to Mencher (1984), news is, ‘a depature from the normal, a break from

the normal flow of event.” He further said that news can be information that helps

people take decisions. The word newscasting and broadcasting serve the same

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purpose therefore they can be used interchangeably. In the view of Reah (1998),

newscasting is sending across information about recent events that are of interest to

a sufficiently large group which may affect the lives of a sufficiently large group. In

the article edited by Conway and Bassnett (2006), news translation is not strictly a

matter of interlingual transfer of text A into text B but also necessitates the radical

rewriting and synthesizing of text A to accommodate a completely different set of

audience expectations. Ndukwe (2013:7) notes radio translation as the case of

processing of written material meant for oral delivery into another language where

delivery would also be oral. News translation is an act or process of reproducing

news stories in another language. News translation or radio translation as addressed

by different scholars presuppose wealthy knowledge of the cultures of the languages

in question. Aside linguistic competence, the audience or target readers which the

news writing is meant for should be considered in the style of presentation. The level

of audience or target readers in terms of educational background and age should be

of consideration where necessary. A good knowledge of the level of audience

informs the language of expression.

Fang’s (1991:33-4) notes about radio style of writing “newscast must be

consumed sequentially; that is, the listener does not hear the second story in the

newscast without hearing the first story. In addition to inevitable centrality of

thinking which affects story choice, story length, a pressing concern exists for clarity

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in both sentence length and word choice. Radio news stories are written to be told in

familiar words combined into sentences, which run at comfortable lengths in a style

known as ‘conversational’ ”. Fang (1991) however further pointed out ‘writing news

of economy requires a balance between precision and understanding. The difficulty

in absorbing the information in a summary newscast is its demand on the listener’s

ability to keep up not only with a rapid delivery but also with the variety of news.

...understanding is more important than grammar to a radio news writer’.

2.1.3 Principles of Translation

The French translator Dolet in Abdi (2005) made one of the earliest attempts to

establish a set of major rules or principles to be referred to as principles of

translation. He formulated the following fundamental principles of translation:

• the translator should understand perfectly the content and intention of the

author whom he is translating

• the translator should have a perfect knowledge of the language from which he

is translating and an equally excellent knowledge of the language into which

he is translating.

15

• the translator should avoid the tendency to translate word for word, for to do

so is to destroy the meaning of the original and to ruin the beauty of the

expression

• the translator should employ the forms of speech in common usage

• the translator should – through his choice and order of words – produce a total

overall effect with appropriate tone

Seguinot (1989) believes that there are at least three global strategies

employed by the translators:

• Translating without interruption for as long as possible;

• Correcting surface errors immediately;

• Leaving the monitoring for qualitative or stylistic errors in the text to the

revision stage.

Molina and Albir (2002), define translation techniques as the procedures to analyse

and classify how translation equivalence works. They pointed out Vinay and

Darbelnet as the first to classify translation techniques that had a clear

methodological purpose. Vinay and Darbelnet in Molina and Albir (2002) divided

translation procedures into two namely, Direct or Literal Translation which cover

three procedures (borrowing, calque, and Literal translation) and Oblique

16

Translation which cover four procedures (transposition, modulation, equivalence,

and adaptation).

2.1.3.1 Direct Translation Techniques

Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements of

the source language can be transposed into the target language. Direct translation

techniques include:

2.1.3.1.1 Borrowing

Borrowing implies bringing words from a language into the other in order to

augment deficiencies as well as meeting the need of the target language hence

developing the language. Bosco (2014) asserts that “borrowing in translation is not

always justified by lexical gap in the TL, but it can mainly be used as a way to

preserve the local colour of the word…Borrowing is the taking of words directly

from one language into another without translation”. Many English words are

"borrowed" into other languages; for example software in the field of technology

and funk in culture. English also borrows numerous words from other languages;

abbatoire, café, and résumé from French; bandana, musk and sugar from Sanskrit.

On the other hand, Zakhir (2008) shows that borrowing entails where a word or an

expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalised’ form, that

is, it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL”.

17

Example is borrowing from the Igbo language to the English language.

Igbo English

Uroko Iroko

Qkwxrx Qkrq

2.1.3.1.2 Calque

Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), see calque “as a special kind of borrowing

whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates

literally each of its elements”. Newmark (1988), calls calque ‘through translation’,

expression consisting imitating the manner of expression of the ST in the TT.

Examples that have been absorbed into English include laissez faire and bureau from

French. The meaning of other calques can be rather obscure for most people,

especially when they relate to specific vocations or subjects such as science and law.

2.1.3.1.3 Literal Translation

English Igbo

Where are you? Kedu ebe [ nq?

I want to eat yam. A chqrq m iri ji

Literal translation as the name implies is word-for-word translation. The aim

of this method is to provide how the language organises its structure to generate a

18

desired result. Worthy of note is that the fact that they are translated word by word

one should not always interpret the meaning by the arrangement of the words.

2.1.3.2 Oblique Translation Techniques

Oblique translation techniques are used when the structural or conceptual elements

of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or

upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language.

Oblique translation techniques include:

2.1.3.2.1 Transposition

This is the process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are

translated. It is the change in sequence that Carford in Abdi, (2005) refers to as

“shift”. Higgins (2002) regards transposition as a means of tackling cultural

obstacles. Here two items can be caused to change position in other words ‘shift’ as

Carford posited without actually changing the message or meaning.

Grammatical structures are often different in different languages. A part of speech

in the source language could be replaced with another in the target language and the

message/meaning is still retained. Example:

English Igbo

White ball Bqqlx qcha

19

The part of speech in this example changed sequence from adjective + noun to noun+

adjective. In a sense, it is a shift in word class.

2.1.4.2.2 Modulation

Modulation is defined by Hardin and Picot (1990) as "a change in point of

view that allows us to express the same phenomenon in a different way." It consists

of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the

same idea. For instance, ‘he came late’ is translated as ‘q b[agh[ n’oge’. ‘Sorry

for that’ goes for ‘ya ewutala g[ maka nke ahx’. Through modulation, the translator

generates a change in the point of view of the message without altering meaning and

without generating a sense of awkwardness in the reader of the target text. Pizzuto

(2011) says that it requires an excellent knowledge of both languages involved in the

translation which includes knowing the mechanics of the language. The importance

of modulation in translation lies in the fact that it endows idiomaticity on the

language of the target text, so much so that the target reader is left with the illusion

that he or she is not reading a translation, but an original text.

2.1.3.2.3 Reformulation or Equivalence

According to Vinay and Darblenet (2000), this technique suggests

20

relationship of equal value in both languages that are involved. Here you have to

express something in a completely different way, for example when translating

idioms or advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy.

2.1.3.2.4 Adaptation

Adaptation occurs when something specific to one language culture is

expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language

culture. It is a shift in cultural environment. Monia Bayar (2007) argues that

adaptation is based on three main procedures: cultural substitution, paraphrase and

omission. Baker (2006:31) calls this a ‘cultural substitution’ “it gives the reader a

concept with which he/she can identify something familiar and

appealing”.

For instance, in the Igbo world view, the trickster is the tortoise while the fox

is regarded so in Ghana. In some instances, the characteristics predicted on an object

differ across cultures. In the Igbo culture, the ‘owl’ is an ominous bird but it may not

be so in other cultures.

2.1.3.2.5 Compensation

In general terms compensation can be used when something cannot be

translated, and the meaning that is lost is expressed somewhere else in the translated

text. Fawcett (1997) defines it as: "...making good in one part of the text something

21

that could not be translated in another". One example given by Fawcett (1997) is the

problem of translating nuances of formality from languages that use forms such as

the Spanish informal tú and formal usted, the French tu and vous, and the German

du and Sie into English which has 'you' and ‘thou’ and expresses degrees of formality

in different ways.

This work adopts the techniques projected by Vinayand Darbelnet as a standpoint of

analysing the principles of translation applied during the translation of this

bulletin.

2.1.4 Appropriateness of News Translation

Appropriate translation refers to how accurate translation exercise is, which

means to what extent the source text is properly represented in the target text. Zart

(2012) sees appropriate translation as a good transaltion. “A good translation must

meet criteria such as accuracy, clarity, naturalness of translation, cultural

appropriateness and understanding the group which the translation is meant for.

Appropriate translation conveys the implicit and explicit meaning of the source

language and cultural appropriateness (ie. semantic equivalence, content

equivalence, and conceptual equivalence) into the target language as fully and

accurately as possible.

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In determing the appropriateness, one can depend on the the three levels of

linguistics which involves, function of the text in relation to the context, sentence

structure and actual meaning conveyed and understanding. The category and culture

of readers for whom the translations are meant for are also of great essence. Farahzad

(2012) said in an interview with the researchers, “translation of journalistic texts

should be scored based on an objectified version of TQA model of Farahzad (1992)

in which 5 criteria of appropriateness, accuracy, naturalness, cohesion and style were

introduced as quality indexes”. To institute proper communication and attain

substantial and meaningful translation, it is pertinent to transfer the original

utterances (bulletin) to the audience thoroughly. Bakhtiarvand (2015), sees proper

translation of news broadcast possible “when the translator is aware of source text

(ST) and target text (TT) structure, text function in both ST and TT context, and

culture-specific elements and the characteristics of the audiences. In essence,

translation should be meaningful, accurate, and functional for its context. In

evaluating translation, the functionalist believes that each and every text gains its

function just in its context. Hence, without considering the particular context of a

text, the translator is not allowed to provide a correct and functional translation.

Lauscher (2000) posits that translation evaluation is determined by factors related

to the target culture rather than the source text. Translation is seen as a process of

text production on the basis of a source text, and the target text is considered as a

23

text in its own right. In the process of functional translation quality assessment, the

evaluator compares SL and TL structures and pragmatic parameters in ST and TT.

The evaluator then determines to what extend these parameters matched in ST and

TT. In functional view of translation, the proper translation is pragmatically

adequate or functionally appropriate. The functionalist approaches to translation also

propose the function and the purpose of the TT as the most essential criterion of all

translation and translation quality assessment. The quality of a translation depends

on the text user and the way in which s/he considers it as appropriate and

corresponding to its purpose and the specific context. In House (2001: 247) point of

view, the translator should take into account the “interconnectedness of context and

text” because the language and the real world are interdependent.

2.2 Theoretical Studies

Extensive research has been done in the field of translation strategies.

However, the definition offered by each author or theorist represents his/her own

point of view and their views differ from each other. This section, took intense look

at the different views of some scholars and theorists in the field.

24

2.2.1 Roman Jackobson Theory of Meaning and Equivalence

Jackobson (1959) study is based on meaning and equivalence and this gave

new impetus to the theoretical analysis of translation. His theory of translation

“involves two equivalent messages in two different codes.” Jackobson states that

there are three types of translation:

• intralingual – rewording or paraphrasing, summarizing, expanding or

commenting within a language

• interlingual – the traditional concept of translation from ST to TT or the

“shifting of meaning from one language to another” (Stockinger (2005):4)

• intersemiotic – the changing of a written text into a different form, such as art

or dance (Berghout lecture Stockinger (2005):4).

2.2.2 Skopos’ Theory

The Greek word skopos stands for “purpose”. It was first introduced by Hans

Vermeer in the 1970s. Skopos is a technical term which stands for the aim or purpose

of a translation. Vemeer (1989) regarded translation as one type of social action. By

this he claims “translation is produced for particular recipients with specific purpose

in a given situation (Skopos). Vemeer (1989:20 in Nord1991:27) explains skopos

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rule as follows: “translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your

text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people

who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function”. As Hodges

(2000), points out, fundamental principle of the Skopos theory lies in determining

the reasons for which the translation is being commissioned and the function of the

TT in the target culture. Vermeer collaborated with Reiss in 1984 and laid basic rules

of the Skopos theory. They are:

i) The final version of the TT is determined by its skopos and the role it will play

in the target culture. ii) The role of the ST in the source culture may be different

from the role of the TT in the target culture.

iii) The TT must take into account the receiver’s situation and background

knowledge – it must be “internally coherent”.

iv) The TT must be faithful to the ST – “coherent with the ST”. Here the

translator is the key, as the information provided by the ST must be

determined, interpreted and relayed to the target audience.

v) These rules are in order of importance, so skopos has the prime position

(Munday, 2001:79).

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2.2.3 Vinay and Darbelnet Translation Principles

Vinay and Darbelnet (1977) identified translation techniques that somewhat

resemble literal and free method of translation. They proposed direct (literal) and

oblique (free) translation. Direct translation discusses three strategies: literal

translation or word for word, calque and borrowing. Oblique translation discusses

four strategies: transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation. They also

drew attention to two other important features. The idea of “servitude”, which

implies the compulsory changes from ST to TT; and “option”, which refers to the

personal choices the translator makes, such as modulation.

2.2.4 Nida and Taber (1982): Formal Correspondence and Dynamic

Equivalence

Nida (1969:12), believes that translating consists of reproducing in the

receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first

in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Nida and Taber (1982) proposed

two different types of equivalence, namely formal correspondence and dynamic

equivalence. Munday (2001) noted Nida (1969:12) favoured dynamic and formal

equivalence thereby using them to replace literal, free and faithful translation.

Formal correspondence focuses attention on the message itself in both form and

content, whereas the dynamic equivalence is based upon ‘principle of equivalent

27

effect’. Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest

equivalent of a SL word or phrase. Nida and Taber (1982) made it clear that there

are not always formal equivalents between language pairs. They therefore suggest

that these formal equivalents should be used wherever possible if the translation aims

at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. Typically, formal

correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor

language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to

misunderstand or to labor unduly hard'. Dynamic equivalence is defined as a

translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning

of the original in such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the

TC audience as the original wording did upon the ST audience. They argued based

on the fact that even though the form of the original text is changed from time to

time; but as long as the change follows the rules of back transformation in the source

language, of contextual consistency in the transfer, and of transformation in the

receptor language, the message is preserved and the

translation is faithful'.

2.2.5 Peter Newmark’s Theory

Newmark (1981:7) notes that communicative translation attempts to produce

on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained from the readers of the

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original. Translation on the other hand is a craft that attempts to replace a written

message and/or statement in one language by the same message or statement in

another language. Also, he views translation as a science, a skill, an art, and a matter

of taste. Newmark (1988:45-47) proffered the following methods of

translation:

• Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the

words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.

• Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted

to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated

singly, out of context.

• Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of

the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.

• Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as

it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.

• Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for

plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually

preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is

rewritten.

• Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of

the original.

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• Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to

distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where

these do not exist in the original.

• Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning

of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily

acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.

2.2.6 John Dryden in Bassnett (2008)

Bassnett (2008:76) notes that in the 17th century, Dryden identified three types

of translation:

• Metaphrase - involving 'word by word' and 'line by line' translation

• Paraphrase - involving 'sense for sense' translation

• Imitation - involving variance from words and sense by abandoning the text

of the original as the translator sees fit.

Tytler (1791)’s contribution in his “Essay on the Principles of Translation”

focuses on ideal translation. He suggested certain rules that should serve as criteria

for judging efficiency of translations. The ideal translation should:

• give a complete transcript of the ideas and sentiments in the original passage

• maintain the character of the style

• have the ease and flow of the original text

Nord in Shuttleworth and Cowie, (2007:182) view translation as the

production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source

30

text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target

text. Nord (2007:141), however, distinguishes between two senses of translation:

wide and narrow. Translation is, in a narrow sense, any translational action where a

source text is transferred into a target culture and language. Widening the above

definitions, Sager (1994: 293) maintains that translation should reflect the

environment in which the professional translation activity takes place. Hence

“Translation is an extremely motivated industrial activity, supported by information

technology, which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of

communication."

2.3 Empirical Review

This part of study takes into account few works by other authors on news

translation and other electronic media translations. This area as earlier mentioned

has not been broadly studied especially as it regards indigenous radio news

tranaslation as a result the empirical studies will not be vast.

Simpson (1985) evaluated translations done from a European (English) into

Nigerian (Yoruba) language. Examinations of Nigerian language translations of

Radio Nigeria, i.e., the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria highlights the

aggregate of several factors involved in judging adequate rendering of source text

namely, the nature of the translation process, its linguistics and extralinguistics

layers, the nature of the source and receptor message, the category of text and

31

difference in linguistic structure, culture, and world view of the two languages in

contact situation. Simpson noted the obvious omission in Yoruba news translation,

no attempt to translate the announcement of the “main items” found both at the

beginning and end of the English news was attributed to the fact that Yoruba uses

more time to carry its message across. He observed that literal translation is found

at several points on the level of individual phrases, it is rare to find sentence to

sentence literal rendering. He however, proffered that this is mostly due to great

cultural distance between the English and the Yoruba language as manifested in

lexical and structural differences.

Lee (2002), conducted a comparative study on the difference between the way

Korean news reports are translated into English for newspaper publishing and news

broadcasting. He avers that in broadcasting news translation, the ‘lead’ news report

was often reduced in such a way that it was more concise and focused in English

whereas Korean news reports tended to include in their leads information that was

not part of the essential facts of the story. Leads refer to the first sentence in a straight

news story that serves to summarize the news event. Lead is to be written to include

only the most important aspect of the story. Lee (2006) in another study differentiates

between broadcasting and newspaper translation using Korea-English translation as

case study. The analysis suggests that while lead reduction is characteristic of

broadcasting translation, lead expansion figures more prominently in newspaper

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translation. He observes that in news translation some unessential detail are

consistently removed and this results in a lead reduction of content. He identifies a

reduction in the detail of the news content as a result of removal of unessential

information. To this end he projects three different types of reduction;

• deleting unessential background, carried by adjectival clauses.

• editing less important news elements when the lead contains too many news

elements.

• the third type of reduction occurred through deleting the ‘attribution’ of the

source information reported.

In contrast, the newspaper translator often chose to add further information to

the lead, creating a lead not only longer but also more complex than in the ST. The

English lead is visibly shorter than the Korean. The study shows a clear preference

for shorter leads in broadcasting news translation. According to Itule and Anderson

(1994:566-567), “It is quite possible that the preference is influenced by the

traditional emphasis placed by broadcasting news reporting in English on clarity,

brevity and colloquial style in comparison to print news reporting”.

Darwish (2006) examined the impact of translation on news making and argues

that by submitting news to translation it undergoes a reframing process. Reframing

process entails reconstruction of a constructed reality already subjected to

professional, institutional and contextual influences. As a case study, he examined

the similarities between Aljazeera and Al-Arabiya in terms of news production and

33

presentation. Result of the study shows that there are stark differences in the way

they frame the news. For example, in their recent coverage of Saddam Hussein’s

trial, Aljazeera has referred to Saddam as “the former Iraqi president”, while

AlArabiya as “the deposed Iraqi president”, despite the fact that both channels have

used the same news feeds provided by the international news agencies and despite

their claim to objective and unbiased reporting. While critically relying on

translations of news from international providers, these afore mentioned television

networks contribute to the reframing of news events and creating information and

cultural misfits, often unintended by the original sources and sometimes unwelcome

by the intended viewers. Over-reliance on translation as the main source of

information is certainly a major contributor to the creation of target language news

frames. Darwish (2006) also showed that translation-mediated news involves two

processes:

i. first hand account of events as witnessed or heared in the native form

and submitted to the translation process by often bilingual correspondents and

field reporters, who transmit their own translations to their news networks. ii.

formal and adhoc translation of text processed in its original form in situ and

ex situ

Pan (2014) explored the impact of institutional practice and guidelines on actual

translation in the Reference News Newspaper (RNN), a Chinese news organisation

engaging in translation and famed for upholding ‘faithful translation’ when

translating foreign reports. The paper also explores the roles of translation and the

34

translator in the Chinese news organisation. Liu ( 2010) detected significant

discrepancies between RN's headlines and those of the source news text and thus

conclude that RNN deploys transediting instead of literal translation. Lin (2013)

confirms the discrepancies between the headlines as evidence of the news translator's

manipulation. Tu (2012) argues that omission is the most obvious and critical

evidence of RNN's transediting or mistranslation of the original news.

The findings of Pan(2014) from the survey reveal at least three critical aspects of

institutional practice of the Chinese news organisation engaging in translation,

mainly concerning the roles of translation and the translator, the impact of the

institutional guideline on the actual translational practice, and the factors that can

lead to translators' mediation in translation. To start with, translation in the Chinese

news organisation is not incorporated as an ‘invisible’ or ‘untraceable’ component

into news production, but presented as the translation proper in its traditional sense,

in which fidelity and literal translation are advocated as the institutional guideline

and basic requirement. Clearly put, both the institutional goal of faithful translation

and the distinctive distribution of responsibilities decide the distinctive and

indispensable role played by the translator.

Secondly, the institutional guideline of translating literally to produce faithful

translation affects the actual translational practice differently. The different ways of

referring to news events and the parties involved indicate that the institutional impact

35

on the translators' actual translation is not uniform. The conflict between the

expected pursuit of faithful translation and the actual function of ‘gatekeeper’ pushes

the translators to play a more complex role than those in the global and other national

news organisations. On the one hand, the translators, having gone through the in-

house training process before working as full-time staff for the news organisation, it

is not surprising to find that their actual translation practice is largely in line with the

institutional approach. On the other hand, the translators do not always follow the

institution's guidelines of literal method and faithful translation but mediate the

translation like a gatekeeper. This is facilitated by the absence of effective checks on

their translations. It is also in accordance with their own belief in their role, in a news

organisation engaged in translating foreign news.

Thirdly, the factors that can lead to mediation in translation include the

streamline process of producing translated texts, the producers' varied

understandings of the criterion of faithful translation and their assumptions about

Western coverage and the Chinese reader's response to negative reports. Possible

factors responsible for the alleged unfaithfulness or mediation in the translated news

articles carried in the newspaper include the inherent conflict between the

institutional guideline of producing faithful translation with a literal translation

method and the ‘gatekeeping’ function the news organisation has to perform, and the

translators' belief in their role and their assumptions.

36

Even with all that has been said about the translators' possible mediation, the

translations published in RN are largely faithful if the researchers understand that

what the news organisation claims to be ‘faithful translation’ actually refers to the

faithful translation of the selected paragraphs of the selected foreign reports. They

will also understand the omissions better if they are aware of the dominant attribute

of the newspaper providing translated news of foreign reports as a reference by

packing information from as many news media and sources as possible in one

translated report, and the impossibility of including the full translations within its

limited space.

De Meo (2010) says translation of dialect in subtitles has proven to be a rather

complicated matter and that lack of consistency and regulating norms do not make

things any easier. The strategies of condensation and omission are much more

frequent when the presence of dialect is limited to a few words and scattered

sentences. She discovered that in Nuovomondo, which is one of the movies she used

in her work that there are numerous attempts to retain some features of spoken

discourse such as redundancy, with some instances of written nonstandard grammar.

Zhang (2010) investigated the role of translation in the international news of

CCTV-NEWS, China’s official 24-hour English television channel. The study aimed

to find out textual strategies that CCTV-NEWS adopted to translate domestic news

for English-speaking audiences and influences on translation from media

37

organisation and China society. According to Zhang, the translators showed very

sophisticated skill in style and lexicon adaptation. The news translators used

modification strategies at all textual levels in order to suit target English speaking

audiences’ interest and knowledge. On the other hand, influences from the social

context were also found significant which were reflected in administrative structures,

executive limits and ideologies. The study also proved that it is possible to explore

the social context behind media organization’s practice through studying

international news translation, which could help us better understand developing

countries in a globalised world.

Adedun’s (2011) paper entitled: ‘From Yoruba to English: The untranslatable

in selected Nollywood movies’, centeres on the conversation in the Yoruba language

to the English movies, and their translational problems that occur in the process. To

Adedun, the main objective of translation is to aid communication with people of

different language backgrounds. With this in mind, most Yoruba movies are

subtitled in the English language. The writer observed that certain aspects of filmic

interactions are completely omitted in the course of subtitling. Aspects such as

proverbs, aphorisms, wise-sayings, cultural/traditional philosophy, divinations and

esoteric statements are either completely left out or glossed over in the process of

subtitling. Words like ‘incantation’, ‘singing’, and so on, are used in place of

translation of the conversation or the language used. In most cases, the translator

38

may employ silence as a strategy. When movie interaction gets to the aspects

identified above, subtitling simply ceases and automatically resurfaces thereafter.

According to Adedun (2011), the seiezure implies that “Yoruba movies contain

linguistic and cultural inadequacies which cause a gap in communication with the

audience”.

Onyeocha (2012), analyzed the language of broadcast using Anambra

Broadcasting Service (ABS) and Purity FM as case study. The study discovers strong

influence of varieties of dialect on the standard form of the Igbo language. The

dialectical variation is as a result of influence or interference of the varieties of Igbo

spoken in nearby Onitsha and Awka metropolis. Some of the dialectal influences

found include constant use of the perfective aspect marker ‘go’ and ‘gwo’ as against

the standard form which is ‘la’ as in ‘o mechala’.

Again, great deal of phonological variation was observed in the study of

Onyocha (2012). This was marked by consistent substitution of the phonemes of the

standard Igbo /h/ with other phonemes of the environment /f/. By implication, the

Igbo used for news broadcasting in these radio stations would not always be the

ideal, both for the audience and the learners. His study found out that the radio

stations do not properly document their transcript after newcasting. Also discovered

39

was the use of dialect and culture-bound terms which could inhibit mutual

intelligibility among non indigenes.

Ndukwe’s (2013) investigation identifies ‘general text’ as the category of text

used in radio translation using Voice of Nigeria as a case study. Commenting on the

challenges of Voice of Nigeria translators, Ndukwe (2013) notes it as emanating

from the nature of radio broadcasting that lays emphasis on oral performance. The

presenter of a text meant for radio broadcast is involved in what amounts to a one-

sided conversation with the audience. Any text for translation is meant to be

processed into a message to be delivered orally. But in most cases, texts are badly

written or are not originally meant for the radio as they are prepared by writers and

journalists who are not experts in radio broadcasting. He suggests that the translators

should be conscious of the need to reflect the oral performance objective of the radio

by adapting the text to the radio style which is conversational in tone. Such a style

has to be smooth, clear and to the point. Again, the effectiveness of translation in

the Voice of Nigeria is largely borne by the consideration given to ‘linguistic

perfection’ and the ‘listener’s psychology’.

Zhang and Liu (2009) analysed Ang Lee’s Films in relation to technical

limitations of subtitile translation strategies. They discovered that translation process

from oral to written text does create some difficulties. Such difficulties include the

goal of achieving maximum legibility or being terse to avoid crowding translated

40

subtitles out of the screen. However, subtitlers also need to take account of other

factors such as technical limitations and literature in relation to language and culture,

in order to present or transfer information to their target audiences. Zhang and Liu

(2009) concluded that when it comes to subtitle translation, technology does not

greatly change the essence of translation, but enriches it.

Aninweze (2014) in her work noted the factors responsible for a poor subtitling

in the Nigrian home movies. The factors range from grammatical errors, the

subtitler’s competence, the subtitlers’ lack of firm grasp of the source and target

languages to the Igbo culture words that do not have English equivalents. She went

ahead to discuss the implications of poor subtitling : the cultural aspects of the

target language being poorly translated, poor subtitles lead to misunderstanding of

the films, poor subtitles have negative effects on the source language, poor subtitles

affect the target audience negatively, the target audience use good storyline to

compensate for the bad subtitles. Aninweze (2014) concluded that the cultural

aspects of the movies should be translated by way of explication.

2.4 Implication of Literature Review

The review of literature has actually exposed us to serious research

deficiencies in this subject of discourse. We have discovered that not much has been

done on radio news translation especially the indigenous news translation. The ones

41

done by Onyeocha (2012) paid attention to strong influence of varieties of dialect on

the standard form of the Igbo language, Simpson (1985) paid attention to omission

observed in ‘main items’ of Yoruba, Ndukwe (2013) observed the style of writing

used in Voice of Nigeria while Aninweze (2014) investigated the factors responsible

for poor subtitling in Nigeria home movies.

These named researchers looked into various aspects of indigenous news translation

and subtitiling without recourse to the techniques of translation and appropriateness

of these news broadcast. This gap forms the basis of inspiration of this work as this

work will help reposition the attitude of the news broadcasters towards better

performance.

42

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter refers to the research design and procedure which consists of the

following sub-sections: design of the study, population of the study, sample and

sampling technique, research instrument, validation of the instrument,

administration of instrument and method of data analysis.

3.1 Area of the study

The area of this research was Radio media within the Igbo language speaking

states. The Radio media were chosen because translation is a day to day activity in

the news industry. Owing to the minimal importance placed on the target language

which has created a wide gap between the target and source languages, the study

sought to ascertain how the translators mediated between the source language terms

(which have no target terms) and the target language terms. Also to identify how

semantic precision and syntactic prowess were attained and how cultural differences

were handled as well as the appropriateness of the principles that were employed in

carrying out trnslation tasks.

43

3.2 Researh Design

The various steps a researcher employs in gathering data for a research work

is known as research design. The design that was used in this study was partly

quantitative and partly descriptive survey design. Descriptive survey design

according to Asika (2008) is used basically for obtaining or collecting data for actual

study to be carried out by the researcher.

The choice of the design stems from the fact that it enabled the researchers

collect useful information related to the topic. The research employed the instrument

of questionnaire administered to the media translators/ Igbo broadcasters and

analysis of different news bulletins gathered to elicit information for the actual study.

3.3 Research Population

The population of the study comprised thirty seven (37) translators and Igbo

news casters both in the private and the public radio stations within the selected

eastern states (see pg 8, 1.7). These states were chosen on the basis of ease for

gathering data and less economic constraint involved.

44

3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique

The nature of the work was such which has limited people in the field. There

was not the need to use part to represent whole of the population, as a result, the

researche made use of the entire population comprising the Igbo news casters and

translators in the radio stations used.

3.5 Research Instrument

This research work adopts two instruments: three news bulletins from

different radio stations (radio stations treated as unclassified, see 1.7, pg 8) and the

structured questionnaire. The bulletins being the proof and practical aspect of the

study sought to identify the principles adopted in the course of translating the news

items, analyse the quality of the work based on equivalence and sameness in terms

of meaning. In other words, it evaluated the faithfulness of the translation, sieved

out the error and then profferd the right translation. The questionnaire enabled the

evaluation of media translator’s knowledge of the principles and their proper

application. The questionnaire covered areas such as:

a. Characteristics of the respondents

b. the level of professional training the translators possess. Here the questions are

Yes/No type requiring a Yes/No answer.

c. the degree to which the writers’ style affect translation

45

d. the degree of appropriate application of the principles

e. the effect of technological advancement or civilization in translating news items

3.6 Validation of the Instrument

Instruments were given to three experts. Dr. B.M. Mbah of the Department

of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages, Dr. N. Onu of the Faculty of

Education and Mr Olaolu of the Department of Agric Extension validated the

instrument and made inputs for clarity and appropriateness, for eliciting information

in line with the research questions and the purposes of the work. They were in

agreement that the instrument has what it takes for eliciting information needed. It

was finally presented to the supervisor who certified the instrument adequate for the

purpose of the work.

3.7 Method of Data Collection

The researcher personally administers the questionnaire to those media

translators both in government and private owned stations. The questionnaire was

collected and collated to elicit answers for the research questions. The bulletins were

given out under strict condition that the radio stations will be treated as anonymous

or unclassified data. The bulletins are old broadcast of the radio stations. Prior to the

demand for the use of the old bulletins for this purpose, the translators had no idea

46

that the bulletin will be used someday for the analysis of this sort. In essence there

was no manipulation of data.

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

Since bulletin and questionnaire were used as instruments, the work adopted

two measures; qualitative and quantitative approaches in analyzing the data. The use

of mean was employed to analyze the data from the questionnaire quantitatively. For

the bulletins, the research method and procedure adopted was reading through the

bulletins and the translated copies of the news bulletins which were aired as the Igbo

broadcast. The analysis was partly comparative using the measure known as

translation technique which was suggested by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958). The

description of results presented took the linguistic and qualitative form.

CHAPTER FOUR

47

DATA PRESENTATION, INTEPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the data in line with the four research questions that

shoulder the work. The data was gathered using two research instruments; radio

news bulletins and some copies of questionnaires which were administered to the

news broadcasters and news translators. For the questionnaires, the use of percentage

and mean were adopted as means of analyzing the data in quantitative form.

Interpretations and findings are based on the fact deduced from the questionnaire

and news bulletin. The bulletins were analysed based on principles of translation

proposed by Vinay and Darblnet (1977). 4.1 Analysis of Tables and Questionnaire

Items

4.1.1 Table 4a Characteristics of the Respondents

Variable Frequency Percentage

(%)

Sex

Male

15

40.5

Female 22 59.5

Institution Attended

Polytechnic

6

16.2

University 31 83.8

Language Spoken

Hausa 1 2.7

48

Igbo 36 97.3

Source to Target Language of Translation

Hausa-English 1 2.7

English-Igbo 36 97.3

4.1. 1.2 Interpretation and Discussion of table 4a

Table 4 a gives the percentage distribution of the characteristics of the respondents.

Out of the 37 respondents, the percentage distribution of female newscasters is 22

people representing 59.5% takes the greater percent. Data on level of education

shows all the newscasters attended tertiary institution however the the greater

percentage of them being 31 respondents (83.8%) attended a university while 6

attended a polytechnic. Indigenous language involved reveals that most of the

respondents, that is 36 (97.3%) speak Igbo as a native language. Also the soure to

target language of translation is English-Igbo with 97.3% of the respondents.

4.1.2 Table 4b:Q1: what level of professional training do the translators possess?

Questionnaire Item Yes No

1. Knowledge obtained from the

institution

higher 67.6 32.4

2. In-house training about translation 73.0 27.0

3. Refresher course on translation 45.9 54.1

49

4. On the job training (experience) 78.4 21.6

5. Workshop trainings in translation 45.9 54.1

6. Residual knowledge about translation 67.6 32.4

4.1.2.1 Interpretation of table 4b

Table 4b shows the percentage distribution of professional training acquired

by the news translators. 67.6% of them obtained university qualification, 73.0% had

In-house training on translation. Regarding Refresher course on translation, 45.9%

obtained the training while 78.4% operate with On the job training. 45.9% have

been exposed to workshop trainings however 67.6% of the respondents operate with

residual knowledge.

4.1.2.2 Discussion of Findings on table 4b

Table 4b shows that although a good percentage of the media translators

attended tertiary institution, they have no specialized form of training in the field of

translation and this have a negative bearing effect on the mastery and performance

of translation. Items 4 and 2 scored the highest percent which ought not to be so.

These items only suggest initial briefing and guidelines or immediate assistance

received on assumption and while on duty. This level of training may not be detailed

50

and articulated since the instructor is not an authority in the field, does not have any

qualification on translation therefore lacks what it takes to adequately train others.

On the other hand, Refresher course and Workshop trainings on translation

where the basic rudiments of translation are taught had a percentage lower than the

average. This infers that most of the news translators are not grounded on the basic

rudiment of translation. It also implies that not many of the translators have

upgraded and updated their residual knowledge as a native speaker and on the job

experience by attending courses and workshops on translation. Their level of

operation is on the basis of nativity as reflected by item 6 hence the effect is little or

no improvement in their translation efficiency. They tend to retain obsolete

translation information. This is why (Agbedo 2003:4) notes that “language is

productive, that is ability to say something that has not been said or heard before and

yet to be understood by speakers that share the same linguistic system.” In other

words, there should be creativity in the language of translation. It takes trainings

geared towards proficiency to get acquainted with the current trends in translation.

4.1.3 Table 4c: Q2: to what extent does the writer’s style imput in the source

language affect translation?

SD D U A SA Mean

7. Translation is better performed when the

writers’ choice of word is simple.

0

1

0

15

21

4.51

51

8. Translation poses a problem when the

writer’s manner of presentation is not

easily comprehensible.

3

1

0

11

22

4.30

9. Long sentences make translation less

accurate.

7

7

2

13

8

3.22

10. Sentence form or structure can be distorted

when translating complex

sentence.

2

7

0

16

12

3.78

11. Simple and short sentences make

translation effective and precise.

2

0

0

10

25

4.51

12. Sentences that have underlying meaning

6 4 2 15 10 3.51

may lead to mistranslation.

4.1.3.1 Interpretation of table 4c

Table 4c shows the result of the research question 2, which is the translators’

response on the extent the style of a writer can affect translation. The result shows

that items 7 - 12 have mean scores of 4.51, 4.30, 3.22, 3.78, 4.51and 3.51

respectively. From all indications, these show that the way a writer presents his write

up affects translation reasonably.

52

4.1.3.2 Discussion of Findings on table 4c

The results show that the style of a writer is pivotal to the excellence achieved

in translation. Cali and Bowen (2003) avers “a writer’s style is what sets his or her

writing apart and makes it unique. Style is a way writing is dressed up to fit the

specific context, purpose, or audience.” He puts it clearly “how a writer chooses a

words and structures sentence to achieve a certain effect is also element of style. To

this, it should be noted that simple sentences will achieve preferred results to

sentence with surface structure and underlying meaning.

This table shows that a good artistry of the the word level, syntax and semantic

level of linguistics make translation appropriate. Questionnaire item 7 centers on

word level. It projects simplicity in the choice of words as the reason for appropriate

translation. Choice of lexical item comprises choosing registers pertaing to a field or

cultural perspective, choice of lexical items as regards the people for which the

translation is meant for (literate, semi-literate and non literate) and choice as regards

the purpose of write up. Items 8, 9, 10 and 11 dealt on sentence level. Item 8 shows

that when the writer shows explicitness in the way he/she expresses idea, the

translation will have have ease of understanding. Item 9 and 11 complement each

other. Items 9 and 11 suggest that length of sentence to an extent may determine the

preciseness of information. In other words, long and complex sentences may amount

to loss of information or boredom both to the translator and the reader. Item 12 dealt

53

partly on sentence and meaning level. When sentence lacks precision, translation

error is inevitable. All the items and mean rating in this table point to the fact that

the writer’s style is determinant factor in appropriateness of transaltion.

4.1.4 Table 4d: Q3: to what extent are the principles of translation

appropriately applied?

SD D U A SA Mean

13 News items that are euphemistic in nature can adopt

the modulation technique (using a phrase that is

different in the source and target languages to

convey the same idea)

3

4

5

14

11

3.70

14 When new words are encountered, neologism

method (formation of new word) may be used

3

9

7

11

7

3.27

15 In translating figurative expressions, literal

translation method may serve as the best

technique

3

9

3

13

9

3.43

54

16 Adaptation technique occurs when something

specific to the source language world view is

expressed in a different way that is appropriate to

target language world view

2 3

9

12 11 3.73

17 The principle of transposition occurs when new

words are brought into the language to help fill a

lexical gap.

4

5

11

9

8

3.32

18 When words that are untranslatable are

encountered the best option is to naturalise it by 3

Igbonization.

7

3

16

8

3.51

19 Abbreviations like NUT, PTA etc can be best

5 translated by modulation technique.

4

5

12

11

3.54

20 The principle of calquing comes into play when

2 the

target text bears exactly the same spelling

3

13

7

12

3.65

with the source language term

4.1.4.1 Interpretationt Table 4d

Table 4d reflects the mean scores of the knowledge and application of translation

principles by the news translators. The mean scores 3.70, 3.27, 3.43, 3.73, 3.32,

55

3.51, 3.54 and 3.65 are results for question items 13-20 respectively.

4.1.4.2 Discussion of Findings on Table 4d

From the results of this study, it is deducible that the principles are

appropriately applied to some extent but by guess work. In this research question,

the items out of eight were null questions (deliberately framed wrongly to ascertain

the level of knowledge and the extent of application of these principles). The

responses gotten from the three null questions which are questions no 15, 17 and 19

imply that news translators are not conversant with the principles of translation. This

suggests that even those of the principles that were appropriately applied is not due

to good knowledge of them rather a good coincidence. This goes a long way to

buttress the findings of research question 1 showing that many obtained a

qualification but has no formal or special training on translation.

It is worthy of note that good knowledge of the principles is crucial and

preceeds rightful application which in turn leads to appropriateness of translation.

4.1.5 Table 4e: Q4: to what extent do civilization and technical terms affect

the target language translation?

SD D U A SA Mean

56

21. The use of internet for translation enhances

12 accuracy of translation.

8

7

8

2

2.46

2 2.

The Igbo language has developed metalanguage

4

for these technical terms of various fields thereby

making translation simple.

7

5

13

8 3.38

23. Most of the modern terms do not have Igbo

equivalents e.g. tile, sink, stabilizer etc as a 3

result

translation task is made more difficult.

3

1

12

18

4.05

24. Professionally based translation requires a

6 10 0 4 17

specialist in the field e.g. translating medical text 3.43

requires a medical translator.

25. Phrasal explanation of the source language

modern terminologies affects the vitality carried 2 8 7 10 10 3.49

by the original meaning of such terminologies.

26. Too many of modern terminologies in a work,

5 3 6 12 11 3.57

make the translations sound un-Igbo or unreal.

57

4. 1.5.1 Interpretation of Table 4e

Table 4e above shows the result of research question 4 which is on the extent

civilization and technical terms affect the target language translation. The results

reveal the mean score of 2.46, 3.38, 4.05, 3.43, 3.49 and 3.57 for each of the items

respectively. The mean scores suggest that civilization affects translation.

4.1.5.2 Discussion of Findings on Table 4e

The responses gathered from the table above indicate that civilization and

technical terms affect the target language translation negatively. Items 23, 25 and 26

are pointers to the effect of civilization and technical terms on the Igbo language.

Item 23 reveals that most of the modern terminologies are foreign to the Igbo

language and culture. They have no equivalent therefore cannot be easily adapted to

the Igbo culture hence making translation task more difficult. Item 26 burtresses item

25 more. It shows that the attempt to use phrasal explanation to translate most of

those modern terminologies affect the vitality carred by the original meaning of such

terminologies. It could also lead to translation loss. As a follow up, item 26 laid

credence to the fact of negative implication of civilization in the target language. It

shows that too many of modern terminologies in a work make the text sound un-

Igbo or unreal. On the other hand, item 21 has an insignificant score showing that

the use of internet which is part of civilization does not improve the accuracy of

translation.

58

4.2 Discussion on Instrument 2: Bulletin Analysis

Table 4f below shows the application of some the translation techniques, the

bulletins that they were extracted from and their possible translations. The bulletins

are classified as A, B, and C. They are presented and analysed under the news

headlines and paragraphs as the need demanded.

Note: the sentences and paragraph from which these words, phrases and sentences

were extracted from are attached as appendix ii, iii and iv.

Table 4f: Some of the Identified Translation Principles and its Application in the

News Bulletin

S/N ST(English

Bulletin)

Bulletins

Paragraph

& TT(Igbo

Bulletin)

Principle

Adopted

1. Coordinator of

NBTS…

EFCC

Bulletin C,

paragraph 4

Sea Dogs/Enugu

news.

Paragraph 7

Compensation/Law

school news.

Onye nlekqta otu NBTS

EFCC

Retention

2. Handset

Five hundred

million naira fund

Bulletin B, paragraph 2.

Killing/Enugu news.

Bulletin C, paragraph

1. Flood fund

inadequacy/Anambra

Ekwent[

Ego d[ nar[

nde na[ra ise

Equivalence

59

3. …reduce the societal

vices such as

militancy,

prostitution,

kidnapping and

terrorism.

Special adviser to

Presdient…

…last Saturday’s local Govt…

Bulletin B, paragraph

4.

Education/Abuja news.

Bulletin C,

paragraph 2. Flood

fund in

adequacy/Anambra

Bulletin B,

paragraph

Reaction/Ebonyi

…Mpx na

arx juru

n’obodo d[ka

ntqr[,

[gba

akwxna,

nkusu d[gas[

iche iche.

Onye ndxmqdx

onye isi

…e wetere na nhqpxta

okpuru qchichi (sic)

ime obodo…

Omission

4. ….Federal

Government

Housing Estate…

Dr. Chidi Ndukuba

…Chairmen of

Boards…

…his last Febuary

election...

Bulletin paragraph

Compensation/Law

School news

Bulletin

paragraph 2

Bulletin Paragraph

supreme

Court/Reaction

C,

1.

A,

C,

1,

Federal Gqqment

Housing

Estate(sic)

Dqk[nta

Chidi

…n’qnwa

Febuary gara aga.(sic)

Igbonization/

borrowing

60

5 As the flood

gradually recedes,…

Bulletin

Paragraph 1,

C, D[ka oke ide mmiri ji nwayq na- atalata,…

Literal

translation

6 Assist Security

Agencies to do their

work.

The wife Ebonyi state

Governor,…

Who hails from

Bulletin paragraph

Headline news

Bulletin

paragraph 1.

courtesy/Ebonyi.

Bulletin

Paragraph 3 of sports update

A,

6.

B,

of

B,

Dqnyere nd[ qrx nchekwa ukwu ka ha rxq qrx ha … Nwunye aka na-ach[ Ebonyi,...

Bx nwafq

Modulation

7 Allotees

Budget

Bulletin C,

Paragraph 1 On

compensation/law

school

Paragraph 3

Nd[ nyere ala

Atxmatx ego

qrx

Paraphrasing/

phrasal

explication

61

8 A collapsed Bulletin B, Nnukwu xlq

bungalow …

The

president… senate

paragraph 1 on

collapse/Enugu.

Bulletin B, paragraph

2 on

Education/Abuja

ahx dara…

Onye isi xlq

omebe iwu…

Transposition

4.2.1 Mistranslations /Translation Errors

4.2.1.1 Semantic Misrepresentation

Semantic error has to do with wrong choice of words, sentence stucure or

phrases in the target language that will not yield to ambiguity. Examples are listed

below:

i. Bulletin A, Paragraph 1 of headline news:

Source text (ST): …of Whatchman Street and Omege Avenue… Target text: …

Target text (TT): ufodu mmadu bi na okporo street Omege Avenue… (sic).

Correct Version: xfqdx nd[ mmadx bi n’ogbe Watchman na nd[ bi n’ Omege…

Looking at the example above, the translator referred ‘to street’ as

‘okporo street’ whereas in the word ‘street’ can be comfortably translated

using the technique of simple lexical conversion/ (literal) principle. This principal is

applied when there are readily available words in the target language that can be

used without meaning alteration. Secondly, the use of okporo street is simply code

mixing which is not necessary, the better version should have read “ogbe

62

Watchman”

On the other hand, we see wrong application of principle of omission. The

translator failed to faithfully represent the sense in the source text. Two different

streets were mentioned but the translator only addressed one, Omege thereby

omitting Watchman which was not necessary.

ii. Pirates/River News, Paragraph 1, line 1

Source Bulletin: Joint Task Force in Niger Delta destroys strong hold of some

suspected sea pirates …

Target Bulletin: ndi qrx gbalugbalx jikotara qnu na mpaghara ogbe Niger Delta

emebisiela akq-qrx nke ufodu. (sic)

Correct version: nd[ qrx nchekwa bx jq[nt taks[ fqqsx ebibiela ebe ewusiri ike nke

nd[ oji xgbq eje ohi.

This news item captures wrong rendition in the translation given to a part of

the sentence strong hold. The translator took akaqrx to imply ‘strong hold’ which is

very far from the reality. Akaqrx as used simply refers to these words in source

language; ‘handiwork’, ‘job’, ‘duty’ etc. Strong hold is referred to as ebe ewusiri

ike, yet another option can be used contextually as ebe obibi.

iii. Pirate/Rivers, line 2

Source Text: The Media Coordinator of the JTF, Lieutenant Colonel Onyema

Nwachukwu told Radio Nigeria in Yenagoa that many items were

recovered during the operation.

Target Text: Onye nje-ozi otu ahu bu Lieutenant colonel Onyema Nwachukwu mere ka ndi Radio Nigeria mata na Yenogoa, na anapukwa ndi agha nti-ikpq ahu otutu akqrq ngwa qrx qjq ha(sic).

63

The rendition of this news file fell short of the appropriate translation for the term

media coordinator. Onye nje ozi as used has different impression other than what

it is intended. It can imply servant or minister but does not in any sense replace

media coordinator. The proper rendering should read thus:

Onye na-ahx maka ngalaba mgbasa ozi nd[ JTF bx Leftant[ kqnel Onyema Nwachukwu gwara nd[ Radio Nigeria Yenagoa na ha weghachiri qtxtx ihe nd[ oji xgbqmmiri ezu ohi ahx zuru mgbe ha bagidere/busoro ha (nd[ ohi ahx) agha..

iv. Vaccine/Ebonyi, Paragraph 2, Sentence 2 Source

Bulletin:

He said that it was illegal for owners of dogs to allow them to roam the

streets and advised the people to endeavour to take good care of the

animals. The Zonal Veterinary Officer in the Ministry, Dr. Rita Okoro

observed that the vaccination of the animals against Rabies would

reduce the disease, which is associated with dog bites. He warned

people to be cautious of stray dogs in their areas.

Target bulletin:

Ogbawakwara egbe qnx, na odighi mma ndi nwere nkita idi na-ahapu ya ka onagahari na okporo Street ma doo aka nti ka onye obula n’ejide umuanumanu ya. Otu onye qrx qzq nahu maka ahuike umuanu bu Dokinta Rita Okoro, dqkwara ndi mmadu aka nti ka ha na-ezere mmekorita ha na nkita (sic).

The first sentence captures error in representing the idea. The translation given

to “he said it was illegal for owners” took figurative approach which when given

back translation implies “he boosted or he rebuked” whereas the text is

simple and should be best translated literally as:

O kwuru na o zighi ezi n’iwu na nd[ nwere nk[ta na-ahapx ha(nk[ta) ka ha na-akpaghar[ n’ogbe. O dxkwara nd[ mmadx qdx ka ha gbaa mbq na-eleta xmxanxmanx ha anya nkeqma.

64

On the other hand, there was an attempt to merge two sentences which were not

called for as a result, misrepresentation of vital fact and gross omission occurred.

The second sentence fell short of two things; the expression of zonal veterinary

officer as otu onye qrx qzq which implies another member of staff, secondly, failure

to reflect the vital information the source sentence bears i.e. “…observed that the

vaccination of the animals against Rabies would reduce the disease, which is

associated with dog bites”. The corrct rendering reads so:

Onye isi na-ahx maka ahxike xmx anxmanx n’ogogo zonu (n’okpuru) m[n[str[ nke Ag[r[kqlxchq bx Dkt. Rita Okoro kqwara na [d[ na-agba xmx anxmanx qgwx mgbochi maka (iji gbochie) qr[a rebis ga-ebeleta qr[a qbxla e si na nk[ta [ta mmadx ebuta.

The next error is on the wrong thought “…ka ha na-ezere mmekorita ha na

nkita” given to “…to be cautious of stray dogs in their areas”. Translating back

from the target gives you a different idea other than that of the source. It implies “to

avoid associating or relating with dog.” The appropriate rendering reads

thus: ka ha kpachapx anya ha n’ebe nk[ta na-akpaghar[ gburugburu ha nq.

v. Reaction/ Ebonyi,

Source Text: Opposition Political Parties in Ebonyi State have rejected the outcome

of last Saturday’s Local Government election in the area.

65

Target Text: Ndi otu okwe ndqrq – ndqrq qchichi n’ama gqqment aka n’ihu na

Ebonyi State ekwuola na Osisi ewetere na nhqputa okpuru qchichi

ime obodo ahu emere adighi ha mma n’obi (sic).

The news line on reaction/Ebonyi observed weakness in the accurate

rendering of the source text. It failed in accounting properly for the initial phrase

“opposition political parties” and then went off from the source text point of view in

the entire sentence. According to the rendition of the target text, “n’ama gqqment

aka n’ihu”, the impression is that the opposition is between the government and the

political party whereas the opposition is between different parties involved.

The second part of the sentences which talks about the outcome of the election

was not specific however the translator went ahead to figuratively talk about the

winner by referring to him as osisi. Worthy of note is the fact that the term ‘outcome’

is encompassing and does not connote winner both denotatively contextually as a

result should not be narrowed down. Therefore the word outcome should be better

translated by using another encompassing term for it. The mere fact that translating

from the target text back to source text gives a different idea all together establishes

inappropriate translation.

The proper rendering reads thus:

Nd[ otu ndqrqndqrq qch[ch[ mmar[ta aka (na-amar[ta onwe ha aka) n’Ebonyi steeti ajxla [nabata ihe emetere na nhqpxta kansxlx okpuru qch[ch[ ime obodo e mere na Satqde gara aga.

66

Bulletin B vi. Courtesy/Ebonyi,

Paragraph 3

Source Bulletin: …as many women and children have benefited from its

programmes and news.

Target bulletin: ... na ihe omume ha ji akwalite mmq nke umuaka na ndi nne (sic).

The above news item notes semantic imprecision in the actual translation

given to the term benefited. Both the denotative and contextual meaning of benefit

can not be rendered as ‘akwalite mmq’ rather it implies ‘irite uru’ and ‘ikete

òkè as the case may be. Whereas akwalite mmxq as used for ‘benefited’ implies

inspire, motivate or exhort.

The correct version: … n’ihi na qtxtx nd[ nne na xmxaka eritela uru n’emume a

nakwa akxkq xwa a.

vii. Education/Abuja, Paragraph 2

Source Bulletin: “…Transforming Nigeria’s Education Sector, the Legislative

Agenda”.

Target Bulletin: …igbanwe ngalaba agumakwukwo Nigeria, oke nke ndi ome

iwu” (sic).

A careful perusal of the translation would note that the second part of the

sentence was not properly done. ‘…oke nke ndi ome iwu’ tends to suggest two

67

things; either the duty of the legislators or the lot of the legislators. It is unacceptable

because when you apply back translation, the meaning is different from the source

write up. To that effect, the appropriate translation should read:

Amxma nd[ omebe iwu ji n’aka bx [gbanwe ngalaba agxmakwxkwq

Nigeria. Or

{gbawe ngalaba agxmakwxkwq bx okwu nd[ omebe iwu kpx n’qnx.

viii. Mourn/Kenya, Paragraph 2, line 2

Source Bulletin: Report says that number of deaths is expected to rise as the clearing

of the malls continue.

Target Bulletin: Akukq kqwara, na eleghi anya, imerime ndi qzq ka ga-anwukwa

(sic).

The translation given to the last paragraph is a misguided one. A careful

examination of the two sentences expose translation gap. The translator translated

expected as ‘eleghi anya’ which implies perhaps/probably. The implication is that

the statement has been changed from declarative statement to statement of

probability. Secondly, the reporter was reporting on the expected increase in number

of corpse found as a result of clearing the mall. In essence the exact number is yet to

be confirmed in the course of tidying up the environment.

However, the Igbo translator implies in the second part of the sentence that a

good number might die in the process of clearing. As a result, a shift in the meaning

is observed. The actual translation should read:

68

Akxkq a na-akqwakwa na a na-atxkwa anya na qnx qgx nd[ ahx nwxrx anwx

ga-abawanye mgbe a na-eme mkpocha na nzacha qba ah[a ahx.

ix. Sports Update, paragraph 3

Source Language: Segun Martins, who hails from Ogun state and has worked for

the Flying Antelopes for more than two decades, died of kidney

related infections over the weekend in a hospital in Enugu.

He is expected to be buried at a later date after due consultation

between the clubs’ management, family members, camp

commandment and chief store keeper.

Target Language: Segun Martins onye nwxrx n’ihi qr[a obi, nke bxkwa nwa afq

Ogun state, ka anakqkwa na oruqla nd[ otu egwu Flying Antelopes oru ogologo oge

tupu qnwx na ulo-qgwx d[ na Enugu nime ngwucha izu gara aga (sic). Translation

given to sports update captures misrepresentation of … kidney related infections.

The version ‘… qr[a obi’ totally falls short of actual meaning of kidney. The

source language has already existing lexical item for kidney known as akxrx as a

result, there is no justification or technique which guarantees the use of another word

which is not in any way synonymous to the lexical item. In essence the proper

translation should read thus:

Nwafq Ogun Steet bx Segun Martins nke rxqlara Flying Antelope qrx ihe kar[r[ iri afq abxq nwxrx n’qr[a akxrx na ngwxcha izuxka.

Secondly the omission of the entire second paragraph was omission of vital

fact on the news update. The sentence is not such sentences that could be omitted

without affecting the information intended. The translator should have completed it

thus:

69

A na-atx anya olili ya mgbe/xbqch[ nd[ nch[kqta kxlqbx, nd[ ezinaxlq ya, onye nch[kqta kampx, na onye nlekqta sxtqq kwekqr[tara.

x. Bulletin C: Paragraph 2 on Flood/Ebonyi

Source Bulletin: in Nigeria, particularly this year, many parts of the country were

submerged by water resulting from flooding.

Target Bulletin: N’ala bx Nigeria, qkachasi n’afq a, n’qtxtx ebe n’ala any[ mmiri

otuto ihe ndi mmadu bx nke sitere n’oke ide mmiri (sic). Looking at the target

language closely, it was observed that the translator tried using word for word

translation principle and got choked along the line on how to incorporate submerged.

The term submerged which is the core information of the sentence was not reflected.

It is difficult to decipher what the translator intends communicating in the absence

of the source text. Below is a better suggestion for the sentence.

Correct Version: Qtxtx ebe n’ala Nigeria ka uto ide mmiri riri qkachas[ n’afq a.

4.2.1.2 Grammar -Based Mistranslation

As a matter of emphasis, no two languages are the same irrespective of the

level of contact, mutual intelligibility and similarities that exist between the two

languages in question. English is entirely different from Igbo as a result; it should be

treated as separate languages with its rules, writing conventions and other elements

of the language in mind. It behooves every language user to learn the rudiments of

70

that language in order to attain effective use of the language. In the course of reading

through the bulletin, some grammar based errors were noted.

4.2.1.3 Error in Writing System/Spelling Rule.

In writing Igbo lexical terms, the rule of vowel harmony must be observed

except in borrowed lexical items. Vowel harmony implies that word are either built

up of combination of syllables with an Advanced Tongue Root (ATR) that is a e i o

u vowels or on the other hand, a combination involving syllables with an Retracted

Tongue Root that is a [ q x vowels. For example, Igbo, xlq, akxkq, orie, ukwe etc.

Syllable with both combination of vowels rarely occur in one word, unless it is a

compound word, compound verb, borrowed word or

Igbonized/phoneticized word. Example of borrowed word: agidi, suya, osikapa etc

Bulletin A, B and C captures a lot of spelling errors which is in two categories.

The first is the combination of syllables with both vowel groups. Example,

Bulletin A:

Akukq Launch/ Mediterranean paragraph2, line1

Gbalugbalx headline news on Pirate /Rivers

Uzq Decry/Ebonyi paragraph 2,line 2

Bulletin B:

71

Ulq This is radio Nigeria…

Ikpq Mourn/Kennya, paragraph 1,line 2`

Qria courtesy/Ebonyi, paragraph 4,line 5 etc

Bulletin A and B seem to suggest that the translator has little or no knowledge about

Igbo vowel harmony and the proper use of the three dotted Igbo vowels ([qx).

On the other hand, (wrong usage of/ improper use of similar letters especially

the dotted letters.) the translator miss spelt and miss used the Igbo vowels. Example,

Bulletin A:

Di Reaction/Ebonyi, paragraph 2

Nnari Launch/Mediterranean, paragraph 2

Abuo Launch/Mediterranean, paragraph 2 etc

Bulletin B:

Ahu Killing/Ebonyi, paragraph 2, line 3

Azu Courtesy/ Ebonyi, paragraph 2, line 1

Ntakuko Ikwu/Ebonyi, paragraph 3

Anyi Ikwu/Ebonyi, paragraph 3 etc

The implication is that the translator is not conversant with the Igbo

orthography as a result cannot use the letters effectively. It compounds the stress of

reading and comprehending the Igbo language. If the terms are pronounced the way

they are written, it makes the write up sound un-Igbo or worst still, meaningless.

Secondly, the spelling they bear may not entail the actual meaning intended to

portray. For instance

72

Wrong Spelling Proper Spelling and Meaning

Di (to bear/husband) d[ (is)

(Bulletin B,killing/Ebonyi para 2,line 3)

Bu (to carry) bx (is) etc

(bulletine B,collapse/Enugu,paragraph 2)

4.2.1.4 Wrong Application of Na (and)

The Igbo language has different applications of na: as auxillary, conjunction

and preposition. Each application has a way of representing it.

Whenever na is used as a preposition, the letter a in the na is deleted while the

initial vowel in preceding noun is replaced with apostrophe. The failure to use na

properly in these bulletins indicate that the translator has little or no knowledge about

Igbo grammar. For instance,

Na d[ka mbuxzq – Igbo preposition

Wrong version Proper version

Bulletin A

Na ogbe N’ogbe

(Decry/Ebonyi ,paragraph 1, line1)

Na okwu N’okwu

(vaccine/Ebonyi, paragraph 1,line 3)

Na Ebonyi

73

(reaction/Ebonyi, paragraph 1,line 1) N’Ebonyi

Bulletin B

Nime N’ime

(Mourn/Kenya, paragraph 3, line1)

Nihi N’ihi

(Akuko-Egwuregwu, paragraph 3) etc

Secondly, the use of na as auxiliary. When na is intended to support a verb, an

hyphen is inserted between the na and the preceding verb. In the cases below, the

translator either neglected the rule or is ignorant of the appropriate application.

Example,

Bulletin A

Wrong application Proper application n’eje

na mmiri na-eje na mmiri

(Headline news on pirates/Rivers)

n’ama gqqment na-ama gqqment

(Reaction/Ebonyi, paragraph 1, line 1)

na anq akpa nkata na-anq akpa nkata

(Pirates/Rivers, paragraph 1, line 1)

Bulletin B

na azq ekwent[ na-azq ekwent[

(killing/Ebonyi, paragraph 1, line,2)

74

na eboro ebubo na-eboro ebubo

(Killing/Ebonyi, paragraph 1, line,1)

G’ewe abal[ atq ga-ewe abal[ atq

(Mourn/Kenya, paragraph 1, line,1

The different applications of na in the similar instances is a clear indicator that the

translator has poor knowledge of Igbo grammar. The translator used preposition in

place of auxillary, in another case used na as conjunction thereby making the write

up difficult to read and comprehend.

4.2.1.5 Phoneticization/ Igbonization Error

Phoneticization entails borrowing from the SL and using the target letters and

pronunciation pattern to domesticate and incorporate it into the target language. The

translators’ spelling did not meet up with the Igbo pronounciation pattern. A

number of source items were retained in the target bulletin which is an indication

that the translator is not conversant with the simple technique of Igbonization. For

instance,

Bulletin A

Wrong Spelling Correct Spelling

Commissioner kqmishqna

75

(Launch Mediterranean paragraph 2line)

Agency

(Syringe/National, paragraph 1line 1)

Ejensi

Ministry

(Vacine/Ebonyi, paragraph 1line 3)

Bulletin B

M[n[str[

Elder

(Courtesy/Ebonyi, paragraph 3line 1)

Elda

Council Kansxlx

(Killing/Ebonyi, paragraph 1, line,1)

Bulletin C

Committee Kqmitii

(Flood fund inadequacy/Anambra

Paragraph 2,line1)

Attorney general Atqn[ jenera

(Compensation /Law school, paragraph

6,line 1)

76

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This part of the work encapsulates the findings made in this research work, its

conclusion and the recommendations put forward by the researcher.

5.1 Summary of Findings

This work sought to find out the extent/degree to which the Igbo language

translation of the news broadcast is appropriate. In realising this, four questions were

posed which serve as foundation bearing the moulding blocks of this research work.

The second instrument involved was the use of news bulletins both in the target and

the source texts. The use of mean as a statistical measure was adopted in analysing

the data and the findings reads thus. The analysis of Igbo bulletin shows that the

translators are not well acquainted and properly drilled in the elementary rudiments

of the Igbo language and translation. A look at the three bulletins in question

confirms it. To buttress this fact, the research tested the proficiency degree of

professional competence skill the translator possesses with the test contained in

section B of the questionnaire in relation to the first research question and finds out

that based on the percentage distribution of data, majority of the translators operate

from the experience gathered in the course of translating and broadcasting

(experience). The other group with higher percentage shows the translators are

77

probably product of internal arrangement on the work, probably orientation given by

superior at assumption of duty as observed in table 4.1. The study revealed that the

way of expressing idea influences the effectiveness of translation. The choice of

simple words, short sentences and less use of figurative and use of sentences with

underlying meaning makes translation accurate and

precise.

It was observed from table 4e that technical terms and civilization has

immense implication on translation. This is as a result of continued growth in

invention and advancement of modern technology and growth in various fields. This

has immeasurably introduced new lexical items to the already existing lexicon. On

the contrary, the target language has minimal and insignificant growth when

compared to the source language. The response in questionnaire item no 15 reveals

that most of the modern terminologies have no Igbo equivalent and translating them

with phrasal explication distort the vitality of the meaning in essence having many

of them in a text makes the work sound un-Igbo or lose the Igbo texture. On the other

hand, metalanguage has not been fully developed to fill the existing gap. The worst

is that to a large extent the already developed ones are not yet in use. It seems to be

known and used by those within the discipline of Igbo language.

From table 4, the application of translation techniques seem to be a game of

chance. This is because, out of the eight questions that were posed, three were framed

78

in the null direction to ascertain the knowledge and proper application of the

translation techniques. Again the result obtained from the null framed questions is

here to demonstrate that the media translators’ knowledge of translation principles

is not efficient since most of them failed the null test (are not conversant with these

principles). The analysis of the bulletin, however, shows that to a reasonable extent

some of the principles are properly applied where necessary but for incessant/gross

use of omission which were used to avoid translation difficulty. In most cases,

application of principle of omission ended up in loss of vital part of the information.

5.2 Conclusion

Majority of the media translators have no formal or specialized form of

training in this field of translation and yet no attempt is put in place to update their

knowledge as well as to improve upon the task of translation. The writer’s unique

style of expression affects translation to a large extent, especially when an

incompetent translator is involved. As a result we advocate simplicity, clarity and

discreetness in the choice of terms. However, emphasis should be laid on translating

the target text meaning placing the cultural background in view anytime translation

work is done.

The influence of continued development and technical advancement in the source

language without a corresponding development in the target language can make a

79

work loose the Igbo texture since for now the principle employed in translating such

items is by the process of Igbonisation. Until metalanguage is developed and widely

adopted for every field, inequality will continue to exist as between the English and

Igbo language ST and TT respectively. This calls for the awakening of thought and

a matching action towards the development of the Igbo language. It is at this point

we acknowledge the effort of the compilers of Igbo Ad[: English-Igbo, Igbo to

English Dictionary of Language and LiteraryTerms and urge

lixicographers to stand up to the challenge of enriching the Igbo language. Some

news items are appropriate to some extent, albeit more effort and understanding is

needed to embellish and bring it to its best.

5.3 Recommendations

The translators/Igbo unit of the media houses should adjust the low key

position given to translation by organizing special indoor trainings in translation as

well exposing them to workshops and seminars that boarder on translation from time

to time. This will enable them get acquainted with the current trend in the Igbo

language and by so doing update and upgrade their knowledge hence

increasing their proficiency and productivity.

Professional Igbo graduates and translators should be employed for translating

and broadcastingservices rather than using non-professionals.

80

Specialists should be engaged when translation is technical and professionally

based. Though the development of metalanguage has taken off, speed and versatility

is required in the development.

Translation should be done as a team work for appropriateness of the

translation and not in solitude or singualrity.

If applying two or more principles at the same time will help a matter, the

translator should proceed to do so.

We also recommend that further studies on this research problem be carried

out to see how documenting and referring to the previous bulletins will influence

current works. Also to find out how far the newly developed metalanguage has been

generally accepted and applied in the field of translation and the effect of the new

terms in the Igbo language texture.

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APPENDIX 1

Department of Linguistics, Igbo and

Other Nigerian Languages

University of Nigeria, Nsukka

September 3, 2014.

Dear Respondent,

87

I am a postgraduate student of the above mentioned Department. I intend to carry

out a research work on the appropriateness in the translation of news items in radio-

media house.

I will be grateful, if you would patiently read through the provided questions in the

questionnaire and supply (without bias) answers to the them. The answers you

provide will enable us proffer correct attitudes towards translation and the use of

principles guiding it.

Answers will be kept confidential.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,

Chioma J. Nnaji

QUESTIONNAIRE

INSTRUCTION: This questionnaire is divided into seven sections. In section A, you are required

to tick (√) in the box, then tick the column that seems most appropriate to you in the remaining

sections.

SECTION A

INSTRUCTION: From the options provided in each question tick (√) the one that is applicable to

you.

PERSONAL DATA

a) Sex: male female

88

b) Institution attended: College of Education P olytechnic Un iversity

Others specify: ……………..

c) Department of work ………………..

d) Indigenous anguage spoken Hausa Igbo Yoruba others

specify….

e) Source to target language of translation: English –Hausa Hausa –English

English-Igbo Igbo –English English –Yoruba Yoruba –English

SECTION B

From the options provided in each no., tick (√) to indicate the level of professional training you

possess as a translator.

S/N Questionnaire Item Yes No

1. Knowledge obtained from the higher institution

2. In-house training about translation

3. Refresher course on translation

4. On the job training (experience)

5. Workshop trainings in translation

6. Residual knowledge about translation

SECTION C

Kindly respond to the items in this section using the following response options:

i. Strongly disagreed (SA) ii. Disagree (D) iii. Undecided (U) iv.

Agree (A) Strongly agree (SA)

Please tick (√) to indicate how the writer’s style of presentation affects your translation.

SD D U A SA

7. Translation is better perfomed when the writers’ choice of

words are simple

8. Translation poses a problem when the writer’s manner of

presentation is not easily comprehensible

89

9. Long sentences make translation less accurate

10. Sentence form or structure can be distorted when

translating complex sentence.

11. Simple and short sentences make translation effective and

precise

12. Sentences that have underlying meaning may lead to

mistranslation.

SECTION D

To what extent are the principles of translation appropriately applied?

SD D U A SA

13.. News items that are euphemistic in nature can adopt the

modulation technique (using a phrase that is different in

the source and target languages to convey the same idea)

14. When new words are encountered, neologism method

(formation of new word) may be used

15. In translating figurative expressions, literal translation

method may serve as the best technique

16. Adaptation technique occurs when something specific to

the source language world view is expressed in a different

way that is appropriate to target language world view

17. The principle of transposition occurs when new words are

brought into the language to help fill a lexical gap.

18. When words that are untranslatable are encountered the

best option is to naturalise it by Igbonization.

19.

Abbreviations like NUT, PTA etc can be best translated

90

by modulation technique (using a phrase or sentence that

is different in the source and target languages to convey

the same idea).

20. The principle of calquing comes into play when the target

text bears exactly the same spelling with the source

language term.

SECTION E

Please tick the box that approximately represents your answer to show the effect of

modernization and technical terms on translation from source to target language.

SD D U A SA

21. The use of internet for translation enhances accuracy of

translation.

22. The Igbo language has developed metalanguage for these

technical terms of various fields thereby making

translation simple.

23. Most of the modern terms do not have Igbo equivalents eg

tile, sink, stabilizer etc as a result it makes translation task

is made more difficult.

24. Professionally based translation requires a specialist in the

field e.g. translating medical text requires a medical

translator.

25. Phrasal explanation of the source language’s modern

terminologies affects the vitality carred by the original

meaning of such terminologies.

26. To many of modern terminologies in a work, it makes the

translation sound un-Igbo or unreal.

91

APPENDIX 11

Bulletin A

THIS IS RADIO NIGERIA WORLD NEWS AT TWO P.M.

THE HEADLINES

Some residents of Watchman Street and Omege Avenue in Abakaliki want

government to rehabilitate the roads around the areas to enhance human and

vehicular movement.

Joint Task Force in the Niger Delta destroys strong hold of suspected sea pirate in

Degema Local Government Area of River State.

Minister of Health urges Agencies and Extra Ministerial Departments under the

Ministry to work towards effective health care delivery.

European Commission wants the continent’s Union to campaign against migrant

boats.

Federal government plans to sponsor two hundred fans to cheer the Super Eagles

during this weekend’s World Cup qualifier against Ethiopia in Addisa Ababa.

Peace and Security are important for the development of the nation. Assist Security

Agencies to do their work.

92

Decry/Ebonyi

Some residents of Watchman Street and Omege Avenue in Abakaliki want the

government to reconstruct the roads around the areas to enhance human and

vehicular movement.

The people told Unity FM that they find it difficult to ply the roads, especially when

it rains. One of them, Mr. Chigozie Agu expressed surprised that the roads had not

attracted the attention of the government, given the number of people that make use

of them.

Miss Emelia Nwoke described some portions of the roads as death trap and appealed

to relevant government agencies to come to their aid by rehabilitating them. She

blamed the rate of breakdown of vehicles and motorcycles on poor condition of some

roads in Abakaliki.

Vaccine/Ebonyi

Ebonyi State government has commenced wide vaccination of dogs in the area

against Rabies.This followed reports of bites by stray dogs in some parts of the state.

Speaking with Unity FM in Abakaliki on the vaccination, the Director Clinic and

Veterinary Service in the Ministry of Agriculture, Dr. Chamberlain Nwele

encouraged dog owners to ensure that their dogs were vaccinated to check deaths

that could result from dog bite.

93

He said that it was illegal for owners of dogs to allow them to roam the streets and

advised the people to endeavour to take good care of the animals.

The Zonal Veterinary Officer in the Ministry, Dr. Rita Okoro observed that the

vaccination of the animals against Rabies would reduce the disease, which is

associated with dog bites. He warned people to be cautious of stray dogs in their

areas.

Reaction/Ebonyi

Opposition Political Parties in Ebonyi State have rejected the outcome of last

Saturday’s Local Government election in the area.

Correspondent … reports that the parties alleged that the exercise lacked credibility.

Sixty minute/Ebonyi

There will be a special edition of Sixty Minutes, the Radio Nigeria, and audience

participation programme tomorrow. It will focus on “The World Mental Health Day

2013 Celebration”

The discussion will feature a Consultant Psychiatrist in Federal Teaching Hospital,

Abakaliki, Dr. Chidi Ndukuba, a Psychologist, Mr. Paul Njoku and a Psychiatric

Nurse, Mrs. Mary Okpara. Time for the programme is half past four to half past five

in the afternoon. This edition of sixty minutes is sponsored by the Psychiatry

Department of Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki

Pirates/River

94

The Joint Task Force, TF, in the Niger Delta codenamed “Operation Pulo Shield”

says it has destroyed the strong-hold of a suspected sea pirate at Onikiri in Degema

Local Government Area of Rivers State. The Media Coordinator of the JTF,

Lieutenant Colonel Onyema Nwachukwu told Radio Nigeria in Yenegoa that many

itmes were recovered during the operation.

Lieutenant Colonel Nwachukwu explained that during another operation, JTF troops

destroyed three illegal oil distillation camps and the two boats used in conveying

illegal crude oil in some Local Government Areas of Edo and Delta States. The JTF

spokesman said that twenty-six suspects arrested for oil theft and other offences in

the operations are undergoing preliminary investigation.

Syringe/National

Agencies and Extra Ministerial Departments under the Federal Ministry of Health

have been asked to work towards effective health care delivery in the attainment of

health related MDGs by 2015, especially in the areas of child survival and reduction

in maternal mortality.

The Minister of Health, Professor Onyebuchi Chukwu gave the directive at a retreat

in Abuja for Chairmen of Boards of Management of Health Institutions and

Agencies.

95

While suggesting ways of improving health care delivery in the country, Professor

Chukwu warned that any hospital that was still using old syringes for injection,

instead of the WHO approved syringes would be sanctioned.

The WHO Country Representative, Dr. Real Gamavas stressed the need for people-

oriented and health integrated health services as well as efficient referral systems to

be strengthened at all levels of health care in the country.

Launch/Mediterrnean

The European Commission wants the European Union to launch a Mediterranean

wide search and rescue mission to intercept migrant boats.

Reports say the move by the Union’s Home Affairs Commissioner, Cecillia

Malmstroem was prompted by the Lampedusa migrant boat tragedy, which claimed

the lives of more than two hundred and thirty people.

Sports Update

Federal government is to sponsor two hundred fans to cheer the Super Eagles during

the first-leg of 2014 World Cup play-off against Ethiopia in Addisa Ababa, this

weekend.

News Bulletin A (Igbo Version)

Na akukq uwa nke ehihia, ndia bu isi okwu ndi ghqrq anyi isi akukq.

96

Ufodu ndi mmadu bi na okporo street Omege Avenue di na Abakaliki

akpokuola government ka dozigasie okporo uzo ndi ahu banyegasiri ogbe ahu, iji

kwalite ezi njem nke ndi bi nime ya. (sic)

Ndi oru gbalugbalx jikotere qnu na mpaghara ogbe Niger Delta emebisiela

akq –qrx nke ufodu ndi ana-enyo-enyo na ha bu ndi isiekwenm n’eje na mmiri na

ogbe ime obodo Degema di na River State. (sic)

Minister okwu ahuike di na aka akpqkuola otu Agency di iche iche nakwa

ngalaba oru qzq nogasi na okpuru ministry ahu ka na-arusi qrx ike imeta ihu achqrq

na aka ha. (sic)

Otu commission mba Europ ariqla otu mba ahu, ka ha gbasa ozi ma buo agha

megide ugbo mmiri ndi abata na mba ahu. (sic)

Qchichi etiti amaputa ezi amuma di mma ha ga-eji kwuoro mmadu di otu nari

ugwo ha ga-eji me njem ikwado ndo otu egwu ball supper eagles na asqmpu ahu eji

ama ndi ga-agba sompi nko mba uwa nke ga-adi n’etiti ha Ethiopia na Addisa Ababa.

(sic)

Udo na nchekwa di mkpa maka oga nihi obodo anyi, donyechere ndi qrx

nchekwa ugwu ka ha ruo oru ha nke oma. (sic)

Decry/Ebonyi

Ufodu ndi mmadu bi na okporo street Watchman na ogbe omege Avenue na

Abakaliki akpqkuo gooment ka obiko rugharie ma dozigasie okporo uzo ndi ahu, iji

kwalite njem ndi bi nime ya. (sic)

Ndia bi n’ogbea mere ka ndi ntakuko ulqrx any[ mata, na oria-aburu la oke ihe

nhiahu igafe na okporo uzo ahu, qkachasi na oge udu mmiri. Otu onye nime ha mazi

97

Chigozie Agu, siri na qbx ihe oke itu na-anya diri ya, na government ahutabeghi

okporo uzq ahu, agbanyhehi imerime ndi mmadu n’eso ya. (sic)

Nwada Emilia Nwoke bekwara ariri, na ufodu ebe na okporo uzo ahu

nwekwere ike ibutere umu-mmadu qnwx, ma kpqkuo ulq-qrx qbxla nkea di na ka,

ka agbatara ha qsq enyemaka. Qkwakwara oke uta bugara ajo onodu nke uzq ahu bu

nke qsiri na qbx ya na emebikari ugbqala ndi bi n’ogbe ahu. (sic)

Vaccine/ Ebonyi

Gqqment Ebonyi State amalitela igba nkita ogwu mgbochi oria nkita qgwu

mgbochi qr[a nkita na statiia ugbua. Nkea bu nihi ozi ndi ahu enwetgasiri, na nkita

tara ufodu ndi na qdi nsoa na statiia. Na okwu qgwara ndi ntakukq xlorx any[ gbasara

qgwungbochi ahu, ka onye ntuziaka qrx na ngalaba nahu maka umuanumanu na ulo-

oru ministry qrx-ubi bu Dokinta Chambaline Nwele gbakwara ndi nwere nkita ume,

ka ha gbalisie ike ihuta na agbara nkita ha qgwx mgbochi maka ibelata qnwx ike ana

ahuta site na nkita ita mmadu. (sic)

Ogbawakwara egbe qnx, na odighi mma ndi nwere nkita idi na-ahapu ya ka

onagahari na okporo Street ma doo aka nti ka onye obula n’ejide umuanumanu ya.

Otu onye qrx qzq nahu maka ahuike umuanu bu Dokinta Rita Okoro, dqkwara ndi

mmadu aka nti ka ha na-ezere mmekorita ha na nkita. (sic)

Reaction/Ebonyi

Ndi otu okwe ndqrq – ndqrq qchi n’ama gqqment aka n’ihu na Ebonyi State

ekwuola na Osisi ewetere na nhqputa okpuru qchichi ime obodo ahu emere dighi ha

mma n’obi. (sic)

Onye ntakukq anyi … wetara akuko, na ndi otu party ahu n’ebo ebubo na aka

azu di na ya bu nhqputa. (sic)

98

Six minute/Ebonyi

Aga-enwe agba puru iche na ihe omume Sixty minutes nke ulo – qrx a n’eme

oha n’eze n’eketa oke na ya echi. Qga – agbado ukwu na ubqchi eji echeta isi mgbaka

na mba uwa nile nke afo 2013. (sic)

Ndi ga-anq na ulq-qrx anyi ebea itinye qnx na ya bu okwu, bu onye Dokinta

n’elekota ndi isi mgbaka na ulo-ogwu ukwu ala anyi di na Abakaliki, Dokinta Chidi

Ndukuba, Onye qrx qzq n’enyocha qnqdu echichi mmadu bu mazi Paul Njoku

tinyere onye nurse na ngalaba isi mgbaka odoziaku Mary Okpara.(sic)

Ihe omume ahu ga-amalite ma ojiri qkara gafe elekere anq ruo na ojirikwa

qkara gafe elekere ise nke ehihie ubochi. Ndi kwxrx ugwq sixty minutes nke izua bu

ndi ngalaba nahu maka ndi isi nadichaghi mma na ulo-qgwx Federal Teaching

Hospital Abakaliki. (sic)

Pirates/Rivers

Ndi agha ahu jikqtara qnx amara dika JTF na ogbe Niger Delta ekwuola, na

ha emebiela otu ebe ndi isi ekwe onwa nke oje na mmiri na ano akpa nkata ha na

ogbe Onikiri di na council imeobodo Degema nke State Rivers. Onye nje – ozi otu

ahu bu Lieutenant colonel Onyema Nwachukwu mere ka ndi Radio Nigeria mata na

Yenogoa, na anapukwa ndi agha nti-ikpq ahu otutu akqrq ngwa qrx qjq ha. (sic)

Lieutenant Colonel Nwachukwu gakwara nihu mee ka odo anya, na ndi qrx

ya akusakwala onodu ndi otu n’ebu mmadu qkx n’uzo mkpuke di atq na ufodu ogbe

ime obodo enwegasiri na state Edo na Delta. (sic)

Syringe/National

99

Otu Agency di iche iche na ngalaba ulo-qrx ndi nq na okpuru qchichi etiti na ulooru

ministry qrx ahu-ike na ala anyi ka akpokula, ka ha n’arusi oru ike otu ike kwere ha

iji ruo ogogo ahu ana-atu anya iru na ngalaba qrx MDGs na afo 2015, okachasi na

ebe ometutere ndu na ahuike umu ntakiri na ibelata qnwx ndi nne.

Minister qrx ahuike di na aka na alanyi bu okammuta Onyebuchi Chukwu

nyere ntuziaka ahu na ogbako retreat were qnqdu na Abuja nke achikqbara ndi isi

otu board na ngalaba qrx ahuike na ala anyi.

Oge qna-atuputagasi atumatu ka mma aga-eji kwalite ezi ahuike umu mmadu

na ala anyi ka oka mmuta Chukwu noro do aka na nti, na ulo-ogwu anwudoro ka

n’eji ntutu ochie n’agba ndi mmadu qgwx n’adaba na ntaramahxhx, kama na

ogabunata nke ahu ndi otu WHO kwadoro ka onye obula ga n’eji.

Onye nnochite anya nke ndi otu WHO na ala anyi bu Dokinta Real Gamavas

rutukwara aka na mkpa qdi ka eguzobegasie usoro qrx ahuike gbara mgbqrqgwu nke

ga-abu ahia ndi mmadu turu maka iji wulite ezi qnqdu ahuike na ala Nigeria.

(sic)

Launch/ Mediterranean

Ndi otu commission mba Europe akpqkuola ndi otu qrx mba ahu, ka ha biko

weputagasie uzq ka mma aga esi na-achqputa ndi ahu n’eji ugbo mmiri n’aga ma

n’abata maka igbatara ndi oribidoro nime ha aka eyemaka.

Akukq kqrq na amuma ahu onye commissioner otu ahu bu Cecilia Malmstroen

maputara, bu ihe kpaliri sitere na ajq qnqdu ahutara na ugbq mmiri Lampedusa nke

wepuru ndu nke ndi mmadu kariri nnari abuo na iri ato na qnx qgu. (sic)

Sports Update

100

Qchichi etiti ga akwuru ha ugwo, bu ndi huru egwuregwu na-anya ruru nnari

abuo n’onu-ogu, ka ha nwe ike soro ga wulite mmq nke ndi otu egwu super eagles

na Addisa Ababa maka asompi nke egwuregwu nke mbu ha ji azq ndi ga aso na

asqmpi iko mba uwa na afo 2014 bu nke ga’adi n’etiti ha na ndi mba Ethiopia.

Qbukwa ebea ka akukq uwa nke taa na akuru onu. Iji wete ya na mmechi, ka anyi

guputakwara gi okpurukpu okwu udi ahu ghqrq anyi isi akukq qzq. (sic)

Bulletin B

THE NEWS AT DAWN READ BY … THE

HEADLINES.

101

Some Journalists in Abakaliki caution political office holders in the country against

acts capable of over-heating the polity.

Independent National Electoral Commission releases list of candidates for

November guberbanatorial election in Anambra State.

Senate is to enact a law that will check frequent strikes in the nation’s tertiary

institutions.

Kenya commences three days of national mourning for victioms of Westgate attack

in Nairobi.

Enugu Rangers vow to beat Abubakar Bukola Saraki Football Club in their today’s

clash in the Nigeria Professional Football League.

Viewpoint on “Elimination of Violence against Women”

Peace and Security are important for the development of the nation. Assist Security

Agencies to do their work.

The News in details

Courtesy/Ebonyi

The wife of Ebonyi State Governor, Mrs Josephine Elechi has commended Radio

Nigeria, Unity FM Abakaliki for its quality News and Programmes.Mrs. Elechi

made the commendation when she received the Management of the station in her

office at Government House, Abakaliki.

She urged the station not to relent in serving the people as many women and children

have benefited from its programmes and news.Mrs. Elechi also called for the

sustenance of the collaboration existing between her office and Unity FM,

Abakaliki.

102

Earlier, the General Manager of the station, Elder Ngwuoke Ngwuoke extolled Mrs.

Elechi for saving the lives of many women through her pet project, “Mother and

Child Care Initiative” especially the elimination of Vesico Virginal Fistula.

Killing/Ebonyi A

twenty-three-year-old man from Amofia Okposi Eheku in Ohaukwu Local

Government Area of Ebonyi State has been arrested by the State Police Command

for alleged murder. The suspect, Ifeanyi Igwe allegedly killed a twenty-four-yearold

man, Emmanuel Ogodo from the same community over the ownership of a handset.

Briefing newsmen on the incident, the Police Public Relations Officer in the State,

Mr. Sylvester Igbo said the suspect buried the victim in a farm after killing him.

Mr. Igbo explained that the suspect had confessed to the crime and had been charged

to court. He said the Police had identified the spot where the deceased was

buried.The Police image-maker further stated that investigation had commenced to

ascertain whether there was a third party to the crime.

Ikwu/Ebonyi

Many communities in Igbo land regard one’s matenal home as important.

In Afikpo, Ebonyi State, this assessment is even more pronounced as an individual

is not just more valued at his matrilineal home but accorded some privileges

including inheritance of land and other property.

Correspondent, … who visited the area tells us more.

103

Collapse / Enugu

A collapsed bungalow at Ologo near Coal Camp, Enugu in Enugu State has claimed

the life of pregnant woman and left four other occupants of the building seriously

injured.

According to an eyewitness, the incident occurred following a heavy rain.

When Radio Nigeria visited the Eastern Nigeria Medical Centre, Enugu where one

of the victims, Mr. Chukwuka Anyanwu was receiving treatment, he was unable to

speak but his brother; Obinwane Anyanwu said the victim was responding to

treatment.

Education/Abuja

The Senate is to initiate a law to regulate industrial actions in the nation’s tertiary

institutions.

The Senate President, David Mark made this known in Abuja at the first conference

of National and State Assembly Committees on Education with the theme,

“Transforming Nigeria’s Education Sector, the Legislative Agenda”.

Senator Mark said that the planned legislative action was sequel to the incessant

strikes by the Academic Staff Union of Universities, ASUU and other Labour

Unions in higher institutions of learning.

The Senate President who was represented by the Senate Minority Leader, Ganiyu

Solomon noted that it was essential to evolve a policy that would keep student in

schools to reduce societal vices such as militancy, prostitution, kidnapping and

terrorism.

Mourn/Kenya

104

Kenya has begun three days of national mourning following the end of the fourday

siege by Islamist militants on Nairobi’s Westgate shopping centre. In televised

address, president Uhuru Kenyatta said six members of the security forces were

among the sixty-seven people who were killed in the attack.

Declaring the siege over, President Kenyatta explained that five militants were killed

while eleven others were arrested. Report says that number of death is expected to

rise as the clearing of the malls continue.

SPORTS UPDATE

Enugu Rangers’ captain, Godwin Ayalogu says the team have vowed to win today’s

Week Thirty-four game of the Nigeria professional football league at home against

Abubakar Bukola Saraki football Club in honour of departed kit manager, Segu

Martins.

This is despite the fact that they will miss some of their players, including Chibuzor

Madu, Ousmane Pape Sane and Cyril Oriaku because of injuries.

Segu Martins, who hails from Ogun State and has worked for the Flying Antelopes

for more than two decades, died of kidney-related infections over the weekend in a

hospital in Enugu.

He is expected to be buried later after due consulation between the club’s

management, family members, camp commandant and chief storekeeper.

OBITUARY

The families of Late Akunwata Morgan Mbanefo of Ogbeoniudei Village in

Onitsha, Anambra State and Late Sunday Onyeabor of Amaodudo Village in

Ugboawka, Nkanu East Local Government Area of Enugu State have announced the

death of their daughter Mrs. Tonia Ike Mbanefo

105

Tonia died on the twelfth of this month. According to the burial programme by her

husband, Mr. Akunnia Ike Mbanefo, on Monday, the thirtieth of this month, there

will be a Funeral service at Saint Mary’s Catholic Church Onitsha Anambra State

by half past nine in the morning, interment follows after the service at the family

compound.

Until her death, Late Tonia Mbanefo was a staff of Federal Radio Corporation of

Nigeria, FRCN Headquarters, Abuja and Producer of Health Watch.

She is survived by her husband, mother, three children and many relations, including

Mrs. Obiageli Mbanefo, Manager News, FRCN, Enugu.

TO END THE NEWS AT DAWN, THE MAIN POINT

Senate is to initiate a law to regulate industrial actions in the nation’s tertiary

institutions. Senate President, David Mark made this known in Abuja at the first

conference of National and State Assembly Committees on Education.

Kenya has commenced three days of national mourning for the victims of Westgate

shopping centre attack in Nairobi following the end of the four-day siege by Islamist

militants.

Enugu Rangers have vowed to beat Abubaka Bukola Saraki Football Club in their

today’s clash in the Nigeria Professional Football League. This is in spite of the

injuries rocking the club.

106

Bulletin B (Igbo Version)

Na ulq oru Radio Nigeria... ka anyi si ewtere gi akuko uwa nke ututua.(sic)

Ndia bu isi okwu anyi ji bia. (sic)

Ulo ome iwu Sinet ala anyi ga emeputa iwu ga-ebu agha megide oke abubooru

ana-agba kwangbe na alq akwukwo mahadum. (sic)

Mba Kenya amalitela qnqdu iru uju g’ewe abali atq iji kwanyere ndi ahu tufuru

ndu ha na nkusu daputara na obodo Nairobi. (sic)

Otu egwu ball Enugu Rangers a]uqla iyi na ha ga-emeri ndi otu egwu bqlu

Abubakar Bukola Saraki na asqmu mpi egwuregwu ndi n’akpo professional futbql

Lig. (sic)

Okwu nleba anya bu maka ibelata agha ana-ebu megide umunwanyi.

Udo na nchekwa di ezi mkpa maka mmepe ala anyi. Nyere ndi oru nche aka

iru oru ha. (sic)

Courtesy/Ebonyi

Nwunye aka nachi Ebonyi State, Odoziaku Josephine Josphe Elechi etola ndi uloru

Radio Nigeria, Unity FM Abakaliki maka ezi atumatu ihe omume ha. Odoziaku

Elechi nyere otuto ahu oge anabatara ndi isi ulq-qru ahu na obi goqment statia di na

Abakaliki. (sic)

Ogbakwara ha ume ka ha gharakwa ilaghachi azu na ezi qrx qma na ihe omume ha

ji ewulite mmq nke umuaka na ndi nne. Odoziaku Elechi kpqkwara oku ka

enwekwuo ngbasi-ukwu ike na ala na mmekorita di na etiti ndi oru ya na ndi unity

FM Ai. (sic)

107

Na mbu ka onye isi ulo qrx ahu bu Elder Ngwoke Ngwoke weliri odoziaku Elechi

aka elu nihi ezi qrx qma ya na ikwalite qdi mma ndi nne na umunwanyi site na

atumatu qrx igwq qria mgbapu akpa mamiri.(sic)

Killing/Ebonyi

Otu nwoke gbara afq iria buq na ato na ogbe Amqfia Okposi Eheku di na council

ime obodo Ohaukwu nke Ebonyi State ka aka ndi uwe oji nwuchiri kpichikqm ugbua

nihi na eboro ya ebubo igbu mmadu. Nwoke ahu ana-enyo aha ya bu Ifeanyi Igwe

ka asiri na ogburu otu nwoke gbara afo iri abuo na ano ebe ha na azq ekwenti. Na

okwu ogwara ndi ntakuko na ododua ka onu nekwuchitere ndi uwe oji nye oha-

obodo bu Mazi Sylvester Igbo siri na nwokea liri onye ahu ogburu nime ugbo. (sic)

Mazi Igbo kqwara na onye ahu ekere ajo ede ebe atukpuolara ya na ulo itiri. Ma

wepu okwu ya n’ulo ikpe. Osikwara na ndi uwe oji achqputatwala ebe ahu oliri ya

bu ozu kpom kwem. Onye oru uwe oji nmekorita oha n’eze ahu gara n’ihu kqwa na

aka n’agakwe nihu na nnyocha ichoputa ma onwere onye qzq aka ya di ya. (sic)

Ikwu/Ebonyi

Imerime ogbe ime obodo enwere na ala Igbo n’adi ahuta Ikwunne mmadu dika ihe

di oke mkpa. (sic)

Abia na ogbe Afikpo, ana ahuta qnqdua dika oke ihe nihi na ana enyekwa mmadu

ala na umu ihe nrite ndi qzq na ikwu nne ya. (sic)

Onye ntakuko anyi bu … onye gara ogbe ahu jikwa ukwa na-aka igba anyi ukwu

n’eze. (sic)

Collapse/Ebonyi

108

Nnukwu ulo ahu dara na Ologo didebere Coal Camp Enugu erimiela ndu nke

otu nwanyi di ime ma dose mmadu anq ndi qzq bikwa na ulo ahu na onodu odi ndu

onwu ka mma.Dika anya huru otu osi mee si kqwa, qbx oge oke mmiri ozuzo zochara

ka mkpamkpa ahu kpara. (sic)

Oge ndi ntakuko Radio Nigeria gara na ogige ulo-qgwx Eastern Nigeria

Medical Centre, Enugu bu ebe otu onye na ndi ahu meruru ahu nq bu mazi Chukwuka

Anyanwu ahutara na onaghi emeghari ahu, kama nwanne ya nwoke bu

Obinwune Anyanwu si na olileanya di. (sic)

Education/Abuja

Ndi omeiwu sinet ala anyi ga-echeputa atumatu di mma ha ga-eji gbochinata oke

abubqru anagba na ulo akwukwo mahadum ala anyi. Onyisi ulo-omeiwu ahu bu

David Mark mere ka nkea puta ihe na Abuja na ogbako izugbe mbu jikotara ndi ulo-

omiwu state na nke ala anyi nke gbadoro ukwu na etiti ndi otu committee okwu

agumakwukwo ha n’isi okwu nasi igbanwe ngalaba agumakwukwq ala Nigeria, oke

nke ndi ome iwu”. (sic)

Sineto Mark siri na ihe kpaliri mmq ha bu nihi oke abubqrx nke ndi otu jikotara ndi

nkuzi mahadu akporo ASSU naha mkpirisi Beke nakwa otu qzq metutara ndi oru na

akwukwo di elu. (sic)

Onyisi ahu nke onye nochitere anya ya bu onye ndu ndi ka qnx-ala bu Ganiyu

Solomon, ruturu aka na qdi ezi mkpa ka amaputa iwu ahu ka umu akwukwo nwe ike

na qnqsi ike na ulo akwukwo iji belata umu mpu na arx juru na obodo dika ntqri,

igba akwuna, nakwa nkusu digasi iche iche. (sic)

Mourning/Kenya

109

Ndi mba Kenya amalitela qnqdu iru-uju g’ewe ha abali atq nihi oke mkpa mkpa ahu

kpara na nkusu nke ndi otu agha nti ikpq Moslem kusuru na ebe ana-azu ahia na

ogbe Nairobi. Na ozi ya na igwe onyonyo bu TV, onye isi ala ha bu Uhuru Kenyatta

siri na ndi oru nchekwa mmadu isii sokwa n’ime mmadu iri isi na asaa ahu egburu

na ya bu nkusu. (sic)

Na okwu ya oge agabigachara qnqdua, onye isi ala ahu kowara na ndi agha isi ekwe

onwu ahu ise bu ndi egburu ebe mmadu iri n’otu nime ha ka aka ndi uwe oji kpara

ka odi ugbua. Akukq kqwara, na eleghi anya, imerime ndi qzq ka gaanwukwa. (sic)

Akuko-Egwuregwu

Onye isi otu egwu ball Enugu Rangers bu Godwin Ayalogu ekwuola na ndi otu ahu

a]uola iyi na ha ga enwetariri mmeri na asompi ahu aga agba taa n’etiti ha na ndi

Abukakar Bukola Sarraki Footbol clqb maka iko Nigeria Professional Football

League iji we kwanyere onye isi ha lagoro mmq ugwu bu Segu Martins. (sic)

Nkea bukwari na agbanyeghi na ufodu ndi otu egwu ha dika Chibuzor Madu,

ousmane Papa Sane nakwa Cyril Oriaku agaghi eso ha maka mmeru ahu nwere.

(sic)

Segu Martins onye nwuru nihi qrx obi, nke bukwa nwa afo Ogun state, ka

anakqwa na orxolara ndi otu egwu flying Antelopes oru ogologo oge tupu onwu na

ulo-qgwx di na Enugu nime ngwucha izu. (sic)

AKUKO MAKA QNWU MMADU (sic)

Ndi ezi n’ulo Akunwata Morgan Mbanefo na ogbe Ogbeonuiudei di na Onitsha,

Anambra State nakwa ezi n’ulo Sunday Onyeabor lagoro mmuo na ogbe ime obodo

Amaodudo di na Ugboawka, na okpuru ochichi ime obodo Nkanu East na State

Enugu ekwuputela onwu nwa ha nwanyi bu Odoziaku Tonia Ike Mbanefo.

110

Ogbara ofo iriato na isi tupu qnwuq nime abali iri abuo nke onwa anyi no nime ya.

Dika nhazi elimozu di ya weputere si di, ubochi Monde bu abali iri ato nke onwaa,

aga-akara ya uka qnwx na ulo-uka Saint Mary’s Catholic di na Onitcha Anambra Ma

ojiri okara gata elekere itolu ututu, ebe elimozu ya gadi na ngwuru be ha.

Ruo na onwu ya odoziaku Tonia Mbanefo nwuru anwu bu onye oru Radio Nigeria

na isi ulo-oru di na Abuja ma burukwa onye ngalaba oru ya bu na akuko ahuike.

Ndi ohapuru n’eruru ya uju gunyere di ya, Nne ya, xmxaka ya atq, imerime xmxnne

nd[ qzq, tinyere Odoziakx Obiageli Mbanefo, onye nch[kqta ngalaba akxkq xwa nke

FRCN Enugu. (sic)

111

Bulletin C

ZONAL NETWORK NEWS AT 3.00PM

GOOD AFTERNOON AND WELCOME TO ZONAL NETWORK

NOW HEADLINES

Anambra State government says the flood intervention fund is inadequate to

tackle the challenges of the disaster.

Lecturers of Federal College of Educaiton, Omoku, Rivers State, express

worry over incessant abduction of their colleagues.

Sixteen people reported dead as hurricane sandy continues its havoc in the

United States.

The effectiveness of our security agencies depends on our co-operation;

provide them with useful information to enable them to perform their duties.

Flood Fund Inadequacy/Anambra

As the flood gradually recedes, Anambra State Government says the five

hundred million naira fund set aside by the Federal Government as flood

intervention in the state is not adequate to tackle challenges posed by the disaster.

Secretary to the State Government and Chairman flood Disaster Relief

Coordinating Committee, Mr. Oseloka Obaze, expressed the worry when he received

relief materials worth millions of naira from the Special Adviser to President

Jonathan on inter-party Affairs, Senator Ndi Obi.

Our correspondent reports that over fifty communities in the State are still

devastated by the flood.

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Flood/Ebonyi

Flood, which is the overflow of water bodies such as rivers and lakes, have over the

years caused a lot of devastation across the globe. In Nigeria, particularly this year,

many parts of the country were submerged by water resulting from flooding. In this

report, our correspondent examines the positive and negative effects of the natural

disaster.

Lecture/Godfery Okoye

Most erosions are caused by human activities which impact negatively on the

environment. The Enugu State Commissioner for Environment, Mr. John Egbo,

made the assertion in a lecture on environmental degradation at Godfrey Okoye

University Enugu.

Collegelecturers/Rivers

Lecturers of Federal College of Education, (Technical) Omoku in Rivers State have

raised alarm over incessant abduction of their colleagues.

Chairman, Colleges of Education Academic Staff Union of the institution,

Comrade Peter Chima, while addressing newsmen in Port Harcourt, called on the

Federal Government to take proactive steps to stop the trend.

Compensation/Law School

Allotees of Federal Government Housing Estate in Agbani, Nkanu West Local

Government Area of Enugu State, are agitating for the payment of their

compensation by the Nigeria Law School at Agbani. The Enugu State Government

under Dr. Chimaroke Nnamani acquired the estate for the law school to

accommodate its staff.

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The property owners took the law school to court, but the law school requested

that the case be settled out of court. The National Assembly appropriated funds for

the payment of Compensation to the house owners in this year’s budget.

However, several months after the President has signed this year’s budget into

law, the law school authorities are yet to pay the compensation. Many house owners

had died while waiting for the payment of the compensation.One of the property

owners, Mr. Nnaji Ogbodo, said that his colleagues were determined to take the case

to EFCC for further investigation.

Authorities of the Nigerian law school, Agbani Campus declined to comment on the

matter referring Radio Nigeria to the Attorney-General of the Federation.

Supreme Court/Reaction

Bayelsa State Governor, Mr. Seriake Dickson, says he is now putting all petitions

and legal battles following his last February election behind him.

Governor Dickson who was reacting to the Supreme court verdict on the petition

filed by the Gubernatorial Candidate of the Change Advocacy Party, CAP, Dr. Imoro

Kubor, said the nation’s Judiciary had come of age with sound pronouncements in

recent times.

Our correspondent quotes Dr. Kubor as saying that he want to study the judgement

before making any official comment.

SEA DOGS/ENUGU

The National Association of Seadogs, Enugu State Chapter has started

enlightenment and awareness campaign to sensitize the public on the benefits of

blood donation.

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The president of the Association Mr. Kene Ogbodo stated this during a special blood

donation exercise at the NUJ Press Centre Enugu as part of activities to mark

National Blood Transfusion service NBTS in Enugu.

According to him, blood donation could save lives and the level of misconceptions

associated with blood donation due to misinformation.

The Enugu State Coordinator of NBTS Dr. Uche Ozoalor highlighted the benefits of

blood donation to include producing new cells and making body organs such as

heart, Kidney and liver to function well.

He cautioned that people with symptoms of malaria and those with body weight of

less than 50kg should not donate blood while males could donates blood once in

three months and females once in four months and females once in four months to

avoid decrease in blood volume which could result in loss of consciousness and

possible death.

The Public Relations Officer, Mr. Egbo Mon-Charles commended donor partners

and members for donating blood towards saving lives.

Coronation/Okpoama

President Goodluck Jonathan has urged the new Amanyanabo of Okpoama Kingdom

in Bayelsa State, King Ebitimi Banigo, to use his wealth of experience to ensure the

rapid development of the kingdom.

Speaking at the formal coronation of the monarch in Okpoama, President Jonathan,

described the new king as a man of great potential.

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Business News

Prices of garri, yam and local rice have come down at the market, while that of

foreign rice has gone up.

COMMENTARY

The Continued Deplorable Condition of Federal Highways especially the

Enugu-Port Harcourt and Enugu-Onitsha Expressway more than three years after

contract was awarded for its reconstruction has been posing a lot of threats to the

lives of commuters.

Bulletin C (Igbo Version)

O KXQLA ELEKERE ATQ NKE EHIHIE.

ANA M EKELE GI N’EBE AHU {NQ NA-EGE ANY{ NT{, ANY{ ABATALA

N’OGE AKXKQ XWA NKE MGBEDE A.

Gere Isiokwu Anyi.

Gqqment Anambra state ekwuola na ego ewetara iji nyere nd[ oke ide mmiri mebiri

ihe ha aka agaghi ezu inyere ha aka.

Nd[ nkuzi n’xlqakwxkwq Federal College of Education, Omoku di na Rivers,

ekwuputala etu o si e wute ha n’obi, maka ntqrx ano-atqrx ndi otu ha aghara aghara.

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Mmadx iri na isii ka ana-enwete ozi, na ha nwxrx n’ihe oke ebili mmiri a kporo

Hurricane Sandy bu nke gara n’ihu na-akpa ajo ike na mba United States.

Ndi nche [rx qrx ha nke qma dabere na nkwado any[ na-enye ha, nye ha ozi bara uru

nke ga eme ka ha rxa oru ha nke qma.

Gerezie Akxkq any[ n’uju.

Flood Fund Inadequacy/Anambra

Dika oke ide mmiri ji nwayq na-atalata, gqqment Anambra State ekwuola na nar[

nde naira ise gqqmnet etiti weputara maka nd[ oke ide mmiri mebiri ihe ha, na State

ahu agaghi ezu, iji nyere ha aka.

Odeakwxkwq gqqment State ahx ma bxrxkwa onye isi oche otu committee naahazi

ego enyemaka maka ndi ide mmiri ribidoro bx Mazi Oseloka Obaze, kwuputara etu

o si ewete ya n’obi, oge o natara ngwa enyemaka gburu otutu nde naira bx nke sitere

n’aka onye ndxmqdx onye isi n’ihe gbasara otu ndqrq ndqrq qch[ch[ na ibe ya bx

Senator Ndi Obi.

Onye nta akxkq any[ zitere ozi na obodo kar[r[ obodo iri ise na state ahx bx nd[ ya

bx oke ide mmiri ka ji aka qjqq.

Flood/Ebonyi

Oke ide mmiri, nke bx mmiri [sxfe ebe o tosiri ikwxsi, mmiri nd[ d[ka osimiri

na ezu, n’ime afq nd[ gara aga oke ide mmiri emebiela qtxtx ihe n’ebe d[ iche iche

na mba xwa. N’ala bx Nigeria, qkachasi n’afq a, n’qtxtx ebe n’ala any[ mmiri qtxtx

ihe ndi mmadu bx nke sitere n’oke ide mmiri. N’akuko a onye nta akuko anyi tulere

uru na qghqm ihe qdachi xwa ahx butere.

Lecture/Godfrey Okoye

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Qtxtx mbuze bx nke ihe mmadx na-eme na-ebutere ya ma bxrxkwa nke naemebesi

gburugburu any[. Commissioner na-ahx maka gburugburu n’Enugu state bx Maz[

John Egbo mere ka amata nke a, na nkuzi ya, nke isiokwu ya bx mmebisi gburugburu

any[ bx nke q kxziri na mahadum Godfrey Okoye University Enugu.

College Lectures/ Rivers

Ndi nkuzi, n’xlqakwxkwq Federal College of Education Technnical Omoku d[ na

Rivers State e tiela mkpu ka qha nxrx olu ha gbasara etu e si a tqrx ndi otu ha aghara

aghara.

Onye isi oche otu jikqrq nd[ nkuzi n’xlqakwxkwq ahx bx comrade Peter Chima, mere

ka amata nkea, oge q na-agwa nd[ nta akxkq okwu na Port Harcourt. Q kpqkuru

gooment etiti, ka q gbaa mbq pxtara iji kwusi abxbq qrx.

Compensation Law School

Ndi nyere ala ebe a rxrx xlq gqqment etiti, bx nke a kpqrq Federal gqqment Housing

Estate n’Agbani, di na kansul Nkanu West, n’Enugu State, na-akpo na-esi qnwx, ka

nd[ xlq akwxkwq Nigeria Law School di n’ Agbani kwxa ha ego iti aka n’obi.

Gqqment Enugu, State, gotere ala a hu oge Dr. Chimaroke Nnamani na-achi, maka

[rx ebe nd[ qrx n’xlqakwxkwq ahx ga-ebi.

Ndi ahx nwee ala kpxpxrx nd[ xlqakwxkwq Law School n’xlqikpe, mana nd[ xlq

akwxkwq ahu mechara r[q ka eweputa okwu ahx. Maka iji aka ha edozi ya. Nd[ xlq

nzukq ala anyi weputara ego aga-eji tiee nd[ ahu nwee ala aka n’obi, n’atxmatx ego

qrx nke afqa.

Kaosiladi, d[ka q gachara qtxtx qnwa onye isi ala jiri binye aka n’atxmatx ego qrx

nke afoa, nd[ isi xlqakwxkwq law a kwxbeghi ego iti aka n’obi qbxla. Qtxtx ndi

nwe xlq ebe ahu a nwuola ebe ha na-eche ego iti aka n’obi ahu. Otu n’ime ndi nwe

118

ala ebe ahx bu Mazi Nnaji Ogbodo, na-ekwu na ndi otu ya di njikere ibuga okwu

n’ihu nd[ xlq oru EFCC maka imekwu nnyocha.

Ndi isi xlqakwxkwq Nigerian Law School d[ na Agban[ ekweghi ekwu ihe qbxla

gbasara okwu ahx,ka ha gwara onye nta Radio Nigeria ka q gakwuru onye ji qkwa

Attorney General nke ala any[.

Supreme Court/ Reaction

Gqvanq Bayelsa State, bx Mazi Seriake Dickson, e kwuola na ewepuzi uche ya n’ihe

niile gbasara akwxkwq mkpesa yana xlqikpe niile ha, gara n’ihi nhqpxta e mere

n’qnwa Febuary gara aga.

Gqvanq Dickson, mere ka amata nkea, oge o na-ekwu gbasara mkpebi xlqikpe

ekpechaa q gwx ala anyi kpebiri gbasara akwxkwq onye ji aha otu change Advocacy

Party, CAP, bu Dr. Imoro kubor gbara, o kwuru n’xlqikpe ala any[ abxrxla nke na-

ekpe ikpe ziri ezi nso nsoa – …

Onye nta akxkq any[, mere ka amata na Dr. Kubor s[r[ na ya chqrq ileba anya n’ikpe

ahx, tupu ya a na-ekwu ihe qbxla.

Sea Dogs / Enugu

Otu a na-akpq National Association of Seadogs, ngalaba ha n’Enugu State, a malitela

atxmatx ha ji eme ka ndi mmadu mata maka uru q bara na ndi mmadx naaminyere

ndi qzq qbara.

Onye isi nd[ otu ahx bx Mazi Kene Ogbodo, kwuru nke a oge e mere mmemme pxrx

iche bu nke nd[ mmadx nq ya minyere ndi qzq qbara, bx nke e mere n’ogige NUT

Press Centre Enugu d[ka ihe so na mmemme nd[ ala any[ ji aminyere nd[ mmadx

qbara, bu nke e mere n’Enugu.

119

Dika o siri kwue [minyere mmadu qbara nwere ike [zqpxta ndx mmadx ya na ime

ka nd[ mmadx gbanwee etu ha si eche echiche gbasara iminyere ha qbara n’ihi ihe

n’abxgh[ eziokwu ha nxgoro.

Onye nlekqta otu NBTS, n’Enugu State bu Dr. Uche Ozoalor gxputara uru a naenwe

n’[minyere mmadu qbara, nke gxnyere inwe iwughar[ ime ahu d[ qhxrx ya na ime

ahx nd[ ozo d[ka obi, akxrq na imeju [na-arx qru nke qma.

Q dqrq aka na nt[ na nd[ nwere qr[a [ba agagh[ aminye qbra tinyere ndi alq ha erughi

kg iri ise, xmx nwoke nwere ike { na-aminye qbara otu ugboro n’onwa atq, ebe xmx

nwany[ nwere ike ina-aminyere mmadx qbara otu ugboro n’onwa atq, iji gbochie

qbara onye ahu idi ala, bxkwanx nke nwere ike ibutere mmadx [da mba, maqbx

qnwx.

Onye na-ahx maka mmekq otu ahu na qhaneze bu Mazi Mon-charles toro ndi niile

nyere qbara ha, iji hx na a zqrq ndx.

Coronation/Okpoama

Onye isi ala bx Goodluck Jonathan a gwala onye qhxrx a chiri Amanyanabo, nke

Okpoama d[ na Bayelsa State bx king Ebitimi Banigo, ka o were amamihe, hu na e

nwere ezi mmepe n’obodo ya.

N’Okwu ya, oge ana-echi ya Eze n’Okpoama, ka onye isi ala bx Jonathan, kqwara

Onye Eze qhxrx ahx d[ka nwoke nwere nnukwu Onyinye qnatarachi.

Akxkq gbasara Azxmahia

Qnx ah[a garri, ji na osikapa akqpxtara n’ala any[ d[z[ qnx ala n’ime ah[a, ebe qnx

ah[a osikapa e si na mba ofesi bubata rigoro elu qj[.

Ka anyi sonyere onye nta akxkq any[ na-ahu maka azxmah[a maka inuru akuko a

n’uju.

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Okwu na-eso Akxkq

Ajq qnqdx okporo xzq awara awara gqqment etiti nq na ya qkachas[ n’okporo xzq

awara awara si Enugu gaa Port Harcourt ya na nke si Enugu gaa Onitsha. Dika q gara

afq atq e ji nye qrx ngo maka [rxzighari ya, okporo xzq ahx aghqqla ihe iyi egwu

nye ndx ndi na-agba n’okporo xzq ahx.