I Ind i INDIAN TWO WHEELER INDUSTRY n wo Wheeler Industry ndiaWheelerIndustry Indian Two wheeler industry, Key players and Types of two-wheelers India is the second largest producer and manufacturer of two-wheelers in the world. Indian two-wheeler industry has got spectacular growth in the last few years. Indian two-wheeler industry had a small beginning in the early 50's. The Automobile Products of India (API) started manufacturing scooters in the country. Bikes are a major segment of Indian two wheeler industry, the other two being scooters and mopeds. Indian companies are among the largest two-wheeler manufacturers in the world. Hero Honda and Bajaj Auto are two of the Indian companies that top the list of world companies manufacturing two-wheelers. The two-wheeler market was opened to foreign companies in the mid 1980s. The openness of Indian market to foreign companies lead to the arrival of new models of two-wheelers into India. Easy availability of loans from the banks, relatively low rate of interest and the discount of prices offered by the dealers and manufacturers lead to the increasing demand for two-wheeler vehicles in India. This lead to the strong growth of Indian automobile industry. Kinetic Honda was introduced in the Indian market during the mid 80s. The main feature of Kinetic Honda is its ease of use. This helped the youngsters and the women to buy scooters. Key players in the Two-wheeler Industry : After facing its worst recession during the early 1990s, the two-wheeler industry bounced back with a 25% increase in volume sales in February 1995. The scooters are considered as family vehicles. There are many two-wheeler manufacturers in India. Major players in the 2- wheeler industry are Hero Honda Motors Ltd (HHML), Bajaj Auto Ltd (Bajaj Auto) and TVS Motor Company Ltd (TVS). The other key players in the two-wheeler industry are Kinetic Motor Company Ltd (KMCL), Kinetic Engineering Ltd (KEL), LML Ltd (LML), Yamaha Motors India Ltd (Yamaha), Majestic Auto Ltd (Majestic Auto), Royal Enfield Ltd (REL) and Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India (P) Ltd (HMSI). Types of Two-wheelers in India : There are mainly three types of two-wheelers available in India. They are Motorcycles, Scooters and Scooterettes/Mopeds. Motorcycles in India : Bikes comprise a major segment of Indian two wheeler industry.
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I Ind i INDIAN TWO WHEELER INDUSTRY n wo Wheeler Industry ndiaWheelerIndustry
Indian Two wheeler industry, Key players and Types of two-wheelers
India is the second largest producer and manufacturer of two-wheelers in the world. Indian two-wheeler industry has got spectacular growth in the last few years. Indian two-wheeler industry had a small beginning in the early 50's. The Automobile Products of India (API) started manufacturing scooters in the country.
Bikes are a major segment of Indian two wheeler industry, the other two being scooters and mopeds. Indian companies are among the largest two-wheeler manufacturers in the world. Hero Honda and Bajaj Auto are two of the Indian companies that top the list of world companies manufacturing two-wheelers.
The two-wheeler market was opened to foreign companies in the mid 1980s. The openness of Indian market to foreign companies lead to the arrival of new models of two-wheelers into India. Easy availability of loans from the banks, relatively low rate of interest and the discount of prices offered by the dealers and manufacturers lead to the increasing demand for two-wheeler vehicles in India. This lead to the strong growth of Indian automobile industry.
Kinetic Honda was introduced in the Indian market during the mid 80s. The main feature of Kinetic Honda is its ease of use. This helped the youngsters and the women to buy scooters.
Key players in the Two-wheeler Industry :After facing its worst recession during the early 1990s, the two-wheeler industry bounced back with a 25% increase in volume sales in February 1995. The scooters are considered as family vehicles. There are many two-wheeler manufacturers in India. Major players in the 2-wheeler industry are Hero Honda Motors Ltd (HHML), Bajaj Auto Ltd (Bajaj Auto) and TVS Motor Company Ltd (TVS).
The other key players in the two-wheeler industry are Kinetic Motor Company Ltd (KMCL), Kinetic Engineering Ltd (KEL), LML Ltd (LML), Yamaha Motors India Ltd (Yamaha), Majestic Auto Ltd (Majestic Auto), Royal Enfield Ltd (REL) and Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India (P) Ltd (HMSI).
Types of Two-wheelers in India :There are mainly three types of two-wheelers available in India. They are Motorcycles, Scooters and Scooterettes/Mopeds.
Motorcycles in India :Bikes comprise a major segment of Indian two wheeler industry.
Scooters in India :The scooter and the scooterette share in the Indian two wheeler market is 13.4%. The main models available in India are Bajaj Chetak, Honda Eterno, Kinetic Blaze, LML NV SPL and LML Select II.
Scooterettes/Mopeds :TVS Motors launched India's first 50cc, 2 seater moped: TVS Moped 50. TVS also launched India's first indigenous scooterette: Scooty in 1994. This segment has about one-fourth share in the Indian two wheeler industry. The major models available in India are Bajaj Wave, Bajaj Kristal DTSi, Bajaj Blade DTSi, Hero Honda Pleasure, Kinetic Kine, Kinetic 4S, Kinetic Nova, Kinetic Zoom, Kinetic V2 Range, Kinetic King 100, Kinetic Luna Super, Kinetic Luna TFR, Yo Smart, Honda Dio, Honda Activa, TVS Scooty and TVS XL.
TWO WHEELERS IN INDIAThe feeling of freedom and being one with the Nature comes only from riding a two wheeler. Indians prefer the two wheelers because of their small manageable size, low maintenance, pricing and easy loan repayments. Indian streets are full of people of all age groups riding a two wheeler. Motorized two wheelers are seen as a symbol of status by the populace. Thus, in India, we would see swanky four wheels jostling with our ever reliable and sturdy steed: the two wheelerIndia is the second largest producer and manufacturer of two-wheelers in the world. It stands next only to Japan and China in terms of the number of two-wheelers produced and domestic sales respectively. Indian two-wheeler industry has got spectacular growth in the last few years. Indian two-wheeler industry had a small beginning in the early 50's. The Automobile Products of India (API) started manufacturing scooters in the country.Bikes are a major segment of Indian two wheeler industry, the other two being scooters and mopeds. Indian companies are among the largest two-wheeler manufacturers in the world.In the initial stages, the scooter segment was dominated by API; it was later overtaken by Bajaj Auto. Although various government and private enterprises entered the fray for scooters, the only new player that has lasted till today is LML.
The motorcycle segment was initially dominated by Enfield 350cc bikes and Escorts 175cc bike.The two-wheeler market was opened to foreign competition in the mid-80s. And the then market leaders - Escorts and Enfield - were caught unaware by the onslaught of the 100cc bikes of the four Indo-Japanese joint ventures. With the availability of fuel efficient low power bikes, demand swelled, resulting in Hero Honda - then the only producer of four stroke bikes (100cc category), gaining a top slot.The first Japanese motorcycles were introduced in the early eighties. TVS Suzuki and Hero Honda brought in the first two-stroke and four-stroke engine motorcycles respectively. These two players initially started with assembly of CKD kits, and later on progressed to indigenous manufacturing. In the 90s the major growth for motorcycle segment was brought in by Japanese motorcycles, which grew at a rate of nearly 25% CAGR in the last five years.The industry had a smooth ride in the 50s, 60s and 70s when the Government prohibited new entries and strictly controlled capacity expansion. The industry saw a sudden growth in the 80s. The industry witnessed a steady growth of 14% leading to a peak volume of 1.9mn vehicles in 1990.In 1990, the entire automobile industry saw a drastic fall in demand. This resulted in a decline of 15% in 1991 and 8% in 1992, resulting in a production loss of 0.4mn vehicles. Barring Hero Honda, all the major producers suffered from recession in FY93 and FY94. Hero Honda showed a marginal decline in 1992.The reasons for recession in the sector were the incessant rise in fuel prices, high input costs and reduced purchasing power due to significant rise in general price level and credit crunch in consumer financing. Factors like increased production in 1992, due to new entrants coupled with the recession in the industry resulted in company either reporting losses or a fall in profits.
Key players in the Two-wheeler Industry:
There are many two-wheeler manufacturers in India. Major players in the 2-wheeler industry are Hero Honda Motors Ltd (HHML), Bajaj Auto Ltd (Bajaj Auto) and TVS Motor Company Ltd (TVS).
The other key players in the two-wheeler industry are Kinetic Motor Company Ltd (KMCL), Kinetic Engineering Ltd (KEL), LML Ltd (LML), Yamaha Motors India Ltd (Yamaha), Majestic Auto Ltd (Majestic Auto), Royal Enfield Ltd (REL) and Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India (P) Ltd (HMSI).
Types of Two-wheelers in India:
There are mainly three types of two-wheelers available in India. They are Motorcycles, Scooters and Scooterettes/Mopeds.
Motorcycles in India: Bikes comprise a major segment of Indian two wheeler industry.
Company : Bajaj Auto Ltd Company : HERO HONDA* Bajaj Avenger* Bajaj CT 100* Bajaj Platina* Bajaj Discover DTSi* Bajaj Pulsar DTSi* Bajaj Wave* Bajaj Wind 125* Sonic DTSi * Hero Honda Achiever* Hero Honda CD Dawn* Hero Honda CD Deluxe* Hero Honda Glamour* Hero Honda Glamour-Fi* Hero Honda Karizma
* Hero Honda Passion Plus* Hero Honda Pleasure* Hero Honda Super Splendor* Hero Honda Splendor NXG* Hero Honda CBZ X-TremeCompany : Kinetic Motor Company Company : TVS Motor Company : Yamaha Motor India * Kinetic Aquila* Kinetic Boss* Kinetic Challenger* Kinetic Comet* Kinetic GF* TVS Apache* TVS Centra* TVS Fiero* TVS Star* TVS Victor * Yamaha CruxS* Yamaha G5* Yamaha GladiatorPROFILE OF HERO HONDA
History:The joint venture between India's Hero Group and Honda Motor Company, Japan has not only created the world's single largest two wheeler company but also one of the most successful joint ventures worldwide. During the 80s, Hero Honda became the first company in India to prove that it was possible to drive a vehicle without polluting the roads. The company introduced new generation motorcycles that set industry benchmarks for fuel thrift and low emission.Over 19 million Hero Honda two wheelers tread Indian roads today. These are almost as many as the number of people in Finland, Ireland and Sweden put together! Hero Honda has consistently grown at double digits since inception; and today, every second motorcycle sold in the country is a Hero Honda.Hero Honda bikes currently roll out from two globally benchmarked manufacturing facilities based at Dharuhera and Gurgaon in Haryana. These plants together are capable of churning out 3.9 million bikes per year. A third state of the art manufacturing facility at Hardwar in Uttranchal will soon be commissioned to cope with sustained customer demand. Hero Honda's extensive sales and service network now spans over 3000 customer touch points.Hero Honda values its relationship with customers having reached an unassailable pole position in the Indian two wheeler market, Hero Honda is constantly working towards consolidating its position in the market place. The company believes that changing demographic profile of India, increasing urbanization and the empowerment of rural India will add millions of new families to the economic mainstream. This would provide the growth ballast that would sustain Hero Honda in the years to come. As Brijmohan Lall Munjal, the Chairman, Hero Honda Motors succinctly points out, "We pioneered India’s motorcycle industry, and it's our responsibility now to take the industry to the next level. We'll do all it takes to reach there.''
Hero Honda’s Mission: Hero Honda’s mission is to strive for synergy between technology, systems and human resources, to produce services that meet the quality, performance and price aspirations of its customers. At the same time maintain the highest standards of ethics and social responsibilities.
mission is what drives Hero Honda to new heights in excellence and helps the organization forge a unique and mutually beneficial relationship with all its stake holders.
MR. BRIJMOHAN LAL MUNJAL, CHAIRMAN AND MR. PAWAN MUNJAL, MD.
Hero Honda’s Mandate: Hero Honda is a world leader because of its excellent manpower, proven management, extensive dealer network, efficient supply chain and world-class products with cutting edge technology from Honda Motor Company, Japan. The teamwork and commitment are manifested in the highest level of customer satisfaction, and this goes a long way towards reinforcing its leadership status.HERO HONDA KARIZMA
Hero Honda Karizma was the first real sports bike in India. The bike addresses to those who have a passion for speed and styling and head-turning looks. It has 17 ps power thrust and picks up 0-60 in 3.8 heart-stopping seconds. The bike is based on power and styling. Disc breaks and Mag wheels makes Karizma the safest jet on the road.
Company Stroke Maximum Power DisplacementHero Honda Motors India Ltd. 4-Stroke 16.8 bhp @ 7000 rpm 232 cc
Striking Features:1 Style 2 Sporty position of the seat. 3 It stands on its feet even at speeds reaching up to 130 kmph.4 Fuel Efficiency.
Indian Two-Wheeler Industry
ICRA Sectoral Analysis - Jan 2005
INTRODUCTION
The Indian automotive industry consists of five segments: commercial vehicles; multi-utility vehicles & passenger cars; two-
wheelers; three-wheelers; and tractors. With 5,822,963 units sold in the domestic market and 453,591 units exported during the first nine months of FY2005 (9MFY2005), the industry (excluding tractors) marked a growth of 17% over the corresponding previous. The two-wheeler sales have witnessed a spectacular growth trend since the mid nineties.
Two-wheelers: Market Size & Growth
In terms of volume, 4,613,436 units of two-wheelers were sold in the country in 9MFY2005 with 256,765 units exported. The total two-wheeler sales of the Indian industry accounted for around 77.5% of the total vehicles sold in the period mentioned.
Figure 1Segmental Growth of the Indian Two Wheeler
Industry (FY1995-2004)
After facing its worst recession during the early 1990s, the industry bounced back with a 25% increase in volume sales in FY1995. However, the momentum could not be sustained and sales growth dipped to 20% in FY1996 and further down to 12% in FY1997. The economic slowdown in FY1998 took a heavy toll of two-wheeler sales, with the year-on-year sales (volume) growth rate declining to 3% that year. However, sales picked up thereafter mainly on the strength of an increase in the disposable income of middle-income salaried people (following the implementation of the Fifth Pay Commission's recommendations), higher access to relatively inexpensive financing, and increasing availability of fuel efficient two-wheeler models. Nevertheless, this phenomenon proved short-lived and the two-wheeler sales declined marginally in FY2001. This was followed by a revival in sales growth for the industry in FY2002. Although, the overall two-wheeler sales increased in FY2002, the scooter and moped segments faced de-growth. FY2003 also witnessed a healthy growth in overall two-wheeler sales led by higher growth in motorcycles even as the sales of scooters and mopeds continued to decline. Healthy growth in two-wheeler sales during FY2004 was led by growth in motorcycles even as the scooters segment posted healthy growth while the mopeds continued to decline. Figure 1 presents the variations across various product sub-segments of the two-wheeler industry between FY1995 and FY2004.
Demand Drivers
The demand for two-wheelers has been influenced by a number of factors over the past five years. The key demand drivers for the growth of the two-wheeler industry are as follows:
▪ Inadequate public transportation system, especially in the semi-urban and rural areas;
▪ Increased availability of cheap consumer financing in the past 3-4 years;
▪ Increasing availability of fuel-efficient and low-maintenance models;
▪ Increasing urbanisation, which creates a need for personal transportation;
▪ Changes in the demographic profile;
▪ Difference between two-wheeler and passenger car prices, which makes two-wheelers the
entrylevel vehicle;
▪ Steady increase in per capita income over the past five years; and
▪ Increasing number of models with different features to satisfy diverse consumer needs.
While the demand drivers listed here operate at the broad level, segmental demand is influenced by segment-specific factors.
MARKET CHARACTERISTICS
Demand
Segmental Classification and Characteristics
The three main product segments in the two-wheeler category are scooters, motorcycles and mopeds. However, in response to evolving demographics and various other factors, other subsegments emerged, viz. scooterettes, gearless scooters, and 4-stroke scooters. While the first two emerged as a response to demographic changes, the introduction of 4-stroke scooters has followed the imposition of stringent pollution control norms in the early 2000. Besides, these prominent sub-segments, product groups within these sub-segments have gained importance in the recent years. Examples include 125cc motorcycles, 100-125 cc gearless scooters, etc. The characteristics of each of the three broad segments are discussed in Table 1.
Table 1
Two-Wheelers: Comparative Characteristics
Scooter Motorcycle Moped
Price*(Rs. as in January 2005)
> 22,000 > 30,000 > 12,000
Stroke2-stroke, 4-stroke
Mainly 4-stroke
2-stroke
Engine Capacity (cc) 90-150100, 125, > 125
50, 60
Ignition Kick/ElectronicKick/Electronic
Kick/Electronic
Engine Power (bhp) 6.5-9 7-8 and 2-3
above
Weight (kg) 90-100 > 100 60-70
Fuel Efficiency (kms per litre)
50-75 50-80+ 70-80
Load Carrying High Highest Low
*Ex-showroom MumbaiCompiled by INGRES
Segmental Market Share
The Indian two-wheeler industry has undergone a significant change over the past 10 years with the preference changing from scooters and mopeds to motorcycles. The scooters segment was the largest till FY1998, accounting for around 42% of the two-wheeler sales (motorcycles and mopeds accounted for 37% and 21 % of the market respectively, that year). However, the motorcycles segment that had witnessed high growth (since FY1994) became larger than the scooter segment in terms of market share for the first time in FY1999. Between FY1996 and 9MFY2005, the motorcycles segment more than doubled its share of the two-wheeler industry to 79% even as the market shares of scooters and mopeds stood lower at 16% and 5%, respectively.
Figure 2 Trends in Segmental Share in Industry Sales
(FY1996-9MFY2005)
While scooter sales declined sharply by 28% in FY2001, motorcycle sales reported a healthy growth of 20%, indicating a clear shift in consumer preference. This shift, which continues, has been prompted by two major factors: change in the country's demographic profile, and technological advancements.
Over the past 10-15 years the demographic profile of the typical two-wheeler customer has changed. The customer is likely to be salaried and in the first job. With a younger audience, the attributes that are sought of a two-wheeler have also changed. Following the opening up of the economy and the increasing exposure levels of this new target audience, power and styling are now as important as comfort and utility.
The marketing pitch of scooters has typically emphasised reliability, price, comfort and utility across various applications. Motorcycles, on the other hand, have been traditionally positioned as vehicles of power and style, which are rugged and more durable. These features have now been complemented by the availability of new designs and technological innovations. Moreover, higher mileage offered by the executive and entry-level models has also attracted interest of two-wheeler customer. Given this market positioning of scooters and motorcycles, it is not surprising that the new set of customers has preferred motorcycles to scooters. With better ground clearance, larger wheels and better suspension offered by motorcycles, they are well positioned to capture the rising demand in rural areas where these characteristics matter most.
Scooters are perceived to be family vehicles, which offer more functional value such as broader seat, bigger storage space and easier ride. However, with the second-hand car market developing, a preference for used cars to new two-wheelers among vehicle buyers cannot be ruled out. Nevertheless, the past few years have witnessed a shift in preference towards gearless scooters (that are popular among women) within the scooters segment. Motorcycles, offer higher fuel efficiency, greater acceleration and more environment-friendliness. Given the declining difference in prices of scooters and motorcycles in the past few years, the preference has shifted towards motorcycles. Besides a change in demographic profile, technology and reduction in the price difference between motorcycles and scooters, another factor that has weighed in favour of motorcycles is the high re-sale value they offer. Thus, the customer is willing to pay an up-front premium while purchasing a
motorcycle in exchange for lower maintenance and a relatively higher resale value.
Supply
Manufacturers
As the following graph indicates, the Indian two-wheeler industry is highly concentrated, with three players-Hero Honda Motors Ltd (HHML), Bajaj Auto Ltd (Bajaj Auto) and TVS Motor Company Ltd (TVS) - accounting for over 80% of the industry sales as in 9MFY2005. The other key players in the two-wheeler industry are Kinetic Motor Company Ltd (KMCL), Kinetic Engineering Ltd (KEL), LML Ltd (LML), Yamaha Motors India Ltd (Yamaha), Majestic Auto Ltd (Majestic Auto), Royal Enfield Ltd (REL) and Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India (P) Ltd (HMSI).
Figure 3 Shares of Two-Wheeler Manufacturers in Industry Sales
(FY2000-9MFY2005)
Although the three players have dominated the market for a relative long period of time, their individual market shares have undergone a major change. Bajaj Auto was the undisputed market leader till FY2000, accounting for 32% of the two-wheeler industry volumes in the country that year. Bajaj Auto dominance arose from its complete hold over the scooter market. However, as the demand started shifting towards motorcycles, the company witnessed a gradual erosion of its market share. HHML, which had concentrated on the motorcycle segment, was the main beneficiary, and almost doubled its market share from 20% in FY2000 to 40% in 9MFY2005 to emerge as the market leader. TVS, on the other hand, witnessed an overall decline in market share from 22% in FY2000 to 18% in 9MFY2005. The share of TVS in industry sales fluctuated on a year on year basis till FY2003 as it
changed its product mix but has declined since then.
Technology
Hitherto, technology transfer to the Indian two-wheeler industry took place mainly through: licensing and technical collaboration (as in the case of Bajaj Auto and LML); and joint ventures (HHML).
A third form - that is, the 100% owned subsidiary route - found favour in the early 2000s. A case in point is HMSI, a 100% subsidiary of Honda, Japan. Table 2 details the alliances of some major two-wheeler manufacturers in India.
Besides the below mentioned technology alliances, Suzuki Motor Corporation has also followed the strategy of joint ventures (SMC reportedly acquired equity stake in Integra Overseas Limited for manufacturing and marketing Suzuki motorcycles in India).
Table 2
Technological tie-ups of Select Players
Nature of Alliance Company Product
Bajaj Auto Technological tie-up Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd, Japan
Motorcycles
Technological tie-up Tokya R&D Co Ltd, Japan Two-wheelers
Technological tie-up Kubota Corp, Japan Diesel Engines
HHML Joint Venture Honda Motor Co, Japan Motorcycles
KEL Technological tie-up Hyosung Motors & Machinery Inc
Motorcycles
KEL Tie up for manufacturingand distribution
Italjet, Italy Scooters
LML Technological tie-up Daelim Motor Co Ltd Motorcycles
Hero Motors
Technological tie-up Aprilia of Italy Scooters
Compiled by INGRES
With the two-wheeler market, especially the motorcycle market, becoming extremely competitive and the life cycle of products getting shorter, the ability to offer new models to meet fast changing customer preferences has become imperative. In this context, the ability to deliver newer products calls for sound technological backing and this has become one of the critical differentiating factor among companies in the domestic market. Thus, the players have increased their focus on research and development with some having indigenously developed new models as well as improved technologies to cater to the domestic market. Further, with exports being one of the thrust areas for some Indian two-wheeler companies, the Indian original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have realised the need to upgrade their technical capabilities. These relate to three main areas: fuel economy, environmental compliance, and performance. In India, because of the cost-sensitive nature of the market, fuel efficiency had been an interest area for manufacturers.
It is not only that the OEMs are increasing their focus on in-house R&D, they also provide support to the vendors to upgrade the technology and also assist them striking technological alliances.
TRENDS IN THE TWO-WHEELER INDUSTRY
Companies raising capacity to meet the growing demand
All the major two-wheeler manufacturers, viz. Bajaj Auto, HHML, TYS, HMSI and others, have increased their manufacturing capacities in the recent past. The total capacity of these players stood at 7.8 million units per annum (FY2003) as against total market sales of 3.8 million units in FY2002. Most of the players have either expanded capacity, or converted their existing capacities for scooters and mopeds into those for manufacturing motorcycles. The move has been prompted by the rapid growth reported by the motorcycles segment since FY1995.
HHML increased the capacity of its plants from 1.8 million units in FY2003 to 2.25 million in FY2004 and has been able to achieve 92% capacity utilisation. In light of the increase in demand for motorcycles, the company plans to set up a new plant. Since its entry in the Indian market during FY2002, HMSI has aggressively expanded its capacity.
Niche markets also witnessing intense competition
A significant trend witnessed over the past five years is the inclination of consumers towards products with superior features and styling. Better awareness about international models has raised expectations of consumers on some key attributes, especially quality, styling, and performance. High competitive intensity has prompted players to launch vehicles with improved attributes at a price less than the competitive models.
In an effort to satisfy the distinct needs of consumers, producers are identifying emerging consumer preferences and developing new models. For instance, in the motorcycles segment, motorcycles with engine capacity over 150cc, is a segment that has witnessed significant new product launches and hence, become more competitive. The indigenously launched Pulsar 150 had met with success on its launch and thereafter, a host of models have been launched in this segment by various players. While Bajaj Auto launched the Pulsars (150 and 180 cc) with digital twin spark technology (DTSi) that offers a powerful engine and fuel efficiency of 125 cc models, model launches by other players include LML's Graptor/Beamer, HMSI's Unicorn besides the HHML's CBZ (improved version launched in 2003-04) and TVS' Fiero F2. Moreover, in the recent past, the motorcycle segment has witnessed launch of vehicles with higher engine capacity (higher than 150cc) and power (higher than 15bhp). These include models such as Bajaj Auto Eliminator and Royal Enfield's Thunderbird followed by HHML's Karisma. Besides these, KEL has launched premium segment motorcycles GF 170 and GF Laser besides launching products from the portfolio of its technology partner (Hyosung's Aquila and Comet 250). The products in this segment cater for style conscious consumers. Quite a few players are developing models combining features such as higher engine capacity" optimum mix of power and performance, and superior styling. However, the extent of shift to these products would depend on the positioning of such products in terms of price.
In the scooters segment, the market for plastic-bodied variomatic scooters continues to witness growth in the scenario of overall decline in scooter volumes. Higher volumes and growth are especially true for certain scooter models, such as Honda Activa, that brought in new technology (besides variomatic transmission) to further differentiate themselves. Thus, the need to differentiate and create a niche has led to companies strengthening their research and development (R&D) capabilities and reducing the development time for new models.
Increasing focus on exports
For the first nine months of FY2005, two-wheeler exports increased by 37% over the corresponding previous, led mainly by motorcycles even as exports of other two-wheelers were healthy. While motorcycle exports increased by 40%, scooter and moped exports increased by 29% and 27% respectively.
Motorcycle exports by Bajaj Auto, HHML and TVS have reported a tobust growth in FY2005 and are expected to increase further in the medium term.
Although the Indian two-wheeler manufacturers have forayed on their own in their target export markets, there have been instances of tie-ups with the technology partners. Bajaj Auto's tie-up with Kawasaki to jointly market Bajaj products in Philippines is a case in point. Under the tie-up, M/s Kawasaki Motors Philippines Corporation has been appointed as exclusive distributors to market select Bajaj two-wheelers that include Byk, Caliber 115 and Wind 125. These vehicles are being sent to Philippines in the completely built unit (CBU) form. Other strategy of expanding international presence considered by few players is that of setting up assembly lines in select South East Asian countries either on their own or in partnership with local players. Besides, plans of select overseas technology partners to source from their Indian partners and plans of global majors to develop their Indian manufacturing unit as a sourcing hub may also lead to increase in two-wheeler exports from India.
Companywise two-wheeler exports since FY2000 are presented in the following Table 4.
Total 83237 111138 103681 179682 264669 33.5 256378
Source: SIAM
Vehicle Emission Norms
Emission norms for all categories of petrol and diesel vehicles at the manufacturing stage were introduced for the first time in India in 1990 and were made stricter in 1996. When the 1996 norms were introduced, it resulted in certain models being withdrawn from the market. With Stage I India 2000 emission norms coming into place, the cost of developing suitable technology has remained high.
The emission norms that are currently in force for two-wheelers and three-wheelers are more stringent than the Euro II norms. The roadmap suggested for emission norms for two/three-wheelers by the Expert Committee on Auto Fuel Policy is as follows:
For two-/three-wheelers the emission norms are recommended to be the same in the entire country:
For new vehicles:
Bharat Stage II norms throughout the country from April 1, 2005
Bharat Stage III norms to be applicable preferably from April 1, 2008 but not later than April 1, 2010.
For reducing pollution from in-use vehicles
▪
New pollution under control (PUC) checking system for all categories of vehicles to be put in place by April 1, 2005
▪ Inspection & maintenance (I&M) system for all categories of vehicles to be put place by April 1, 2010
▪ Performance checking system of catalytic converters and conversion kits installed in vehicles to be put in place by April 1, 2007.
Table 5 presents the emission norms for two-wheelers that were in place in the past, the India 2000 emission norms, and the norms that have been implemented for April 2005 (Stage II) and proposed for 2008 (Stage III).
Table 5
Exhaust Emission Norms
VehiclePollutan
tsOld
Norms 1996
2000
2005*
2008/10**
Tow-wheelers(gm/Km)
CO 12-30 4.5 2.0 1.5 1
HC+Nox 8-12 3.6 2.0 1.5 1
Three-wheelers(petrol)
CO 12-30 6.8 4.0 2.25 1.25
HC+Nox 8-12 5.4 1.5 2 1.25
Three-wheelers(Diesel)
CO 1 1.1
HC+Nox 0.85 1
PM 0.10 0.05
CO: Carbon Monoxide; HC: Hydrocarbon; Nox: Nitrogen Oxide, PM: Particulate Matter, * Maximum Sulphur parts per million (ppm) permissible of 150 and ** Maximum Sulphur ppm permissible of 50 Compiled by INGRES
To be able to meet the exhaust norms, the Auto Fuel Policy has suggested following technologies:
Table 6
Technologies for meeting the emission norms for Spark Ignited Vehicles
2/3 - wheelers
Level of Emission Norms
2-Stroke Technology 4-Stroke Technology
Euro I/India 2000 Intake, exhaust, combustionoptimisation Catalytic converter
4-Stroke enginetechnology
Euro II/Bharat Stage II Secondary air injection CaatalyticConverter
Hot tube Secondaryair injection
Euro III/Bharat Stage III
Fuel injection Catalytic converter
Fuel injectionCarburetor + catalytic converter
Euro IV/Bharat Stage IV
To be developed Learn burn Fuel injection+ catalytic converter
Source: National Auto Fuel Policy
The adoption of new technologies for compliance with stricter emission norms may affect the prices of vehicles. Some two-wheeler manufacturers are testing electronic fuel injection systems for motorcycles. To begin with, electronic systems are likely to be introduced in premium segment motorcycles.
Fiscal Policy
The Union Budget for 2001-02 had lowered the excise duty on two-wheelers (with engine capacity in excess of 75 cc) from 24% to 16%. The manufacturers responded to this by passing on a relatively large part of the excise cut to customers. The Union Budget thereafter have left the excise duty on two-wheelers unchanged. But the Union Budget 2004-05 provides for a weighted deduction of 150% for investments in R&D. This may facilitate increasing R&D allocations and allow for improvement in the technical as well as product development skills of the Indian companies.
Indian Auto Policy 2002
The Government of India approved a comprehensive automotive policy in March 2002, the main proposals of which are as under:
Foreign direct investment : Automatic approval is proposed to be granted to foreign equity investment up to 100% for manufacture of automobiles and components.
Import tariff : Import tariffs are proposed to be fixed at a level such that they facilitate the development of manufacturing capabilities as opposed to mere assembly.
Incentives for R&D : The weighted average tax deduction under the Income Tax Act, 1961 for automotive companies is proposed to be increased from current level of 125% (The weighted average deduction for R&D was increased to 150% in the Union Budget 2004-05). Further, the policy proposes to include vehicle manufacturers for a rebate on the applicable excise duty for every 1% of the gross turnover of the company expended during the year on R&D.
Environmental aspects : Adequate fiscal incentives are proposed to promote the use of low-emission auto fuel technology (in line with the Auto Fuel Policy). The auto policy states the Government's intent to align domestic policy with the international practice of imposing higher road tax on old vehicles so as to discourage their use.
Two
wheeler Industry in India
The two-wheeler industry in India has grown rapidly in the country since the announcement of the process of liberalization in 1991 by the then finance minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, now Prime Minister of India.
Previously, there were only a handful of two-wheeler models available in the country. Currently, India is the second largest producer of two-wheelers in the world. It stands next only to China and Japan in terms of the number of two-wheelers produced and the sales of two-wheelers respectively. In the year 2005-2006, the annual production of two-wheelers in India stood at around 7600801 units.
The trend of owning two-wheelers is due to a variety of facts peculiar to India. One of the chief factors is poor public transport in many parts of India. Additionally, two-wheelers offer a great deal of convenience and mobility for the Indian family.
Bajaj auto began trading in imported Vespa Scooters in 1948. Meanwhile Automobile Products of India (API) commenced production of scooters in the country in the early 50’s. Until 1958, API and Enfield were the only producers of two-wheelers in India. However, Bajaj signed a technical collaboration in 1960 with Piaggio of Italy to produce Bajaj Scooters. This deal expired in 1971.
The condition of motorcycle manufacturers was no different. Until the mid 80’s, there were only three major motorcycle manufacturers in India namely Rajdoot, Escorts, and Enfield. The two-wheeler market was opened to foreign manufacturers in the mid 80’s. The industry, which had seen a smooth ride before, faced fierce foreign competition.
Motorcycle companies like the Yamaha, Honda, and Kawasaki, set up shop in India in collaboration with various Indian two-wheeler companies. Companies like Escorts, Rajdoot and faced immense competition from smaller 100 cc Japanese technology
motorbikes. Bikes manufactured by Hero Honda, the only company manufacturing four-stroke bikes at that time, gained massive popularity.
In the mid 80’s, Kinetic introduced a variomatic gearless scooter in collaboration with Honda. This scooter became instantly popular with the younger generation, especially people who found it difficult to use geared scooters. The introduction of scooterettes created another segment for people such as women and teenagers who could not get used to driving either motorcycles or gearless scooters. Many companies such as Kinetc, TVS, and Hero also started manufacturing mopeds that proved immensely popular with people who wanted a simple riding machine.
The change in the government’s policy owning to pollution control norms and the Kyoto agreement saw the phasing out of two stroke two-wheelers from production. Currently there are around 10 two-wheeler manufacturers in the country, they being Bajaj, Hero, Hero Honda, Honda, Indus, Kinetic, Royal Enfield, Suzuki, TVS, and Yamaha.
The latest trend in the two-wheeler market is the introduction of electrically operated vehicles from a range of manufacturers such as Indus and Hero. These can be recharged from convenient household electrical points. The only disadvantage is speed, which is restricted to around 25 miles per hour.
Currently, the motorcycle market is witnessing a demand for higher volume engines. Previously, the 100 c bikes were very popular owning to the high fuel efficiency offered. However, the market is maturing fast. Sensing this movement, Bajaj has introduced the Bajaj Pulsar, with 150, 180 and 200 cc engines with Dual Twin Spark Ignition (DTSi) technology
History of Two Wheelers
motorcycles have made their debut around the 1950s; this section looks at the two wheelers which have over the years caught the imagination of country. It was in the year 1954 that the Indian government ordered for total number of 800 motorcycles to man the Pakistani borders. In came the Bullets which were initially launched in England as a 350cc bike and it was upgraded to 500cc a year or so later. These bikes have remained unaltered, barring some cosmetic changes which have undergone over the years. Thus one can say without much of a doubt that the 1955 Bullet was one of the initial hits of the Indian two-wheeler industry and till today it continues to be a darling of the motorcycle enthusiasts.
Enfield Bullet had a close competition with another sturdy bike named Rajdoot; as the bike was strong enough to handle the rough Indian roads. The company had roped in Indian He-man Dharmendra for the promotion of the bike. With more than 1.6 million
vehicles on the road the Rajdoot motorcycle was one of the initial hits of the earlier years of two-wheeler history in the country.
When heavy motorcycles were the order of the day, a relatively lighter bike had caught on the imagination of the Indian two wheeler user. Ind- Suzukia bike launched by the then TVS Suzukigroup was an instant hit; however the bike could not sustain it's initial success due to the high import content in the vehicle and less of localization.
In scooters Bajaj Chetak has been hugely responsible for adding momentum to the transport system of the country, till today it remains one of the most successful brands to have come out of the Bajaj stable.
The scooter is named after the horse of legendary Rana Pratap Singh. These sets of two wheels have become a part of the Indian milieu and are often considered a representative of the Indian middle class aspiration. Very few two-wheelers have been able to emulate the success, which Bajaj Chetak has achieved over the years.
Similarly LML Motors enjoyed a reasonable success with the launch of LML Select which came with new age technology and improved performance.
Today newer models of two-wheeler are entering the market everyday, slowly pushing these names down the memory lane. However names like Chetak, Rajdoot and Bullet will always find a mention in the history of two-wheelers in the country.
HERO HONDA
Hero Honda Motors Ltd. is a result of the joint venture between India's Hero Group and Japanese Honda Motors Company in the year 1983. This joint venture has not only created the world's single largest two wheeler company but also one of the most
successful joint ventures worldwide. Hero Honda is globally known of being the most fuel-efficient and the largest CBZ selling Indian motorcycle company.
This is a relationship so harmonious that Hero Honda has managed to achieve indigenisation of over 95 percent, a
Honda record worldwide.
The below chart shows the golden years in the history of HERO HONDA :-
1985 CD-100
1989 SLEEK
1991 CD-100 SS
1994 Spelendor
1997 Street
1999 CBZ
2001 PASSION
2002 DAWN, AMBITION
2003CD-DAWN, SPLENDOR +, PASSION +,KARIZMA
2005SUPER-SPLENDOR, CD-DELUX, GLAMOUR, ACHIEVER
The company is committed to provide the customer with excellence. A rich background of producing high value products at reasonable prices led the world's largest manufacturer of motorcycles to collaborate with the world's largest bicycle
manufacturer. During 80s, Hero Honda became the first company in India to prove that it was possible to drive a vehicle without polluting the roads. They company possess three manufacturing units based at Dharuhera, Gurgaon and Haridwar are capable to
produce 4.4 million units per year. They introduced new generation motorcycles that set industry benchmarks for fuel thrift and low emission.
The unique features like fuel conservation, safety riding courses and mobile workshops helped the group reach in the interiors of the country. Well-entrenched in the domestic market, Hero Honda Motors Ltd. turned its attention overseas, and exports have been
steadily on the rise.
Over the years, the Company has received its share of accolades, including the National Productivity Council's Award ( 1990-91), and the Economic Times - Harvard Business School Association of India Award, against 200 contenders. The gross sales of Hero
Honda by March end'2008 was 33,371,43 Crores
TWO WHEELERS
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