VI - SCERT - The State Council Educational Research …scert.kerala.gov.in/images/text_books/txt_book/std6_t_s...Basic Science Std VI Part - I Tamil Medium Prepared by: State Council

VI

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2009

A•lT˚P A±ÆVpTœß - 1

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp

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Basic ScienceStd VIPart - I

Tamil Medium

Prepared by :State Council of EducationalResearch and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala.Website www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail [email protected]

© Government of Kerala • Department of Education • 2009

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State Council of Educational Research and TrainingVidyabhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012

Academic Co-ordinatorsSmt. Sobha Jacob

Dr.Ancy Varughese

Members participated in the Textbook workshop

Sri.Abubaker.PSri. Anil Kumar.ESri. Anil Kumar.S.SSri. Dileep.T.CSri. Hazeez.PSri. Madhusoodhanan.CSri. Manoj Kumar.P

Sri. Ravi.G.VSri. Sathyanathan.TSri. Seraphin Pin HiroSri. Shaji.M.VSri. Sunandan.T.PSri. Vasudevan.P

ArtistsSri. Abhilash.T.KSri. Bimal Kumar.SSri. Divakaran.M.MSri. Sajith Sudhakar

ExpertsDr. Jayaraman.P.RSri. Mohankumar.CSri. K.PappoottiDr. Subash BabuSri. K.Suresh BabuDr. Vijayakumaran Nair

National ExpertsDr. Vinod Raina

Dr.Anitha Ramphal

Tamil Version

Smt. Jeya, T Dr. Nainar, M Sri. Srinivasan,S. P

Academic Co-ordinator

Dr. Sahaya Dhas, D

Sri. Thobias, KSri. Thanislas, MDr. Vijayalakshmi, T

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

14

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

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÷i‘´oLfim Èf£dLh”lTÙh•tœl TVuT”jRl

T”°u\].

Æ˚[ ®XeL∞p LÙQlT”m ©\ £±V E´¨]eLs VÙ˚Y? C˚Y Æ˚[fN¤dœj æ˚U

Æ˚[Æd°u\]YÙ?

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

16

""C˙RÙ” ø ˘RÙ˚XkRÙn''

ß™o LÙhPÙ˙R.......... SÙu

Uh”UpX øŸm E]’ Y⁄m

R˚Xÿ˚\Ÿm ˘RÙ˚XVjRÙu

˙TÙ°»oLs

Èf£L˚[d Lh”lT”jR Cufl ˘T⁄U[Æp ©uTtfl°u\ÿ˚\ VÙ’?

øeLs LiP˚PkR ÿ˚\L˚[ Y˚LlT”j’eLs.

Èf£d˘LÙp≠ TVuTÙ” Èf£L˚[ Uh”UÙ

RÙdœ°u\]? ˙Yfl GYt˚\˘VpXÙm

RÙdœm? œ±l©”eLs.

CVkßWdLh”lTÙ” E´¨]d Lh”lTÙ” ˙Yß´Vp Lh”lTÙ”

˘TÙ±˚YjRp Yi”L˚[l TVuT”jßl

Èf£L˚[ AØjRp ˙TÙo˙PÙ LX˚Y ˘R∞jRp

................................... ...................................... ........................................

................................... ...................................... .........................................

................................... ...................................... .........................................

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

17

˙Yßl Èf£d˘LÙp≠Ls U≤R‡dœm, —tfll ◊\jßtœm BTjRÙ] Æ˚[‹L˚[

HtT”j’T˚YVÙœm.

B]Ùp U≤R‡dœm

— t fl l ◊ \ j ß t œ m

æeœÆ˚[ÆdLÙR’m

BeLÙe˙L RVÙ¨dLl

T”Y’UÙ] Èf£d

˘LÙp≠Lfim Es[].

A q Y l T œ ß L ∞ p

S ˚ P ÿ ˚ \ ´ ¤ s [

H˙R‡m E´¨]l

Èf£d˘LÙp≠L∞u

˘Nnÿ˚\ EeLfidœj ˘R¨ŸUÙ?

CjR˚LV Èf£dLh”lTÙh” ÿ˚\L˚[ SÙm Æ[mTWlT”jR ˙YiPÙUÙ? ˙Yßl

Èf£d˘LÙp≠Ls HtT”j’m —LÙRÙWm Utflm —tfll◊\ ©WfN˚]Ls Gu\ R˚Xl©p J⁄

L⁄jRWeœ SPjR ˙Yi”m. ˙Y[Ùi A¤YX⁄Pu ˙SoÿLm LÙQp, ˙Y[Ùi

UÙRCRrLs, ÆYNÙ´LfiPu LXk’˚WVÙPp ˙TÙu\Yt˚\j RLYp ˙N™jR¤dLÙLl

TVuT”jRXÙm.

˘Nnÿ˚\

YWm Gufl ®˚]j˙RÙm..... B]Ùp.....

Èf£d˘LÙp≠ TVuTÙh•p HtThP J⁄ ˘T⁄m UÙt\jßtœd LÙWQm

•.•.t±. (dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane) ´u Li”©•lTÙœm.

—ÆhNoXÙk’ SÙh”dLÙWo ˙TÙs˘aoUu ÿs[o Gu\ A±ÆVXÙ[o

C˚Rd Li”©•jRÙo. ˘LÙ—, ˘Rsfi, DdLs, Íh˚PlÈf£ ˙TÙu\

Èf£L˚[, AØlTRtLÙ] ß\u •.•.t±dœ Ei” G]d Li”©•jRRtLÙL

1948 ˛Cp ÿs[⁄dœ ˙SÙTpT¨— °˚PjR’. ˙Y[Ùi Æ˚[fNpL˚[j

RÙdœm A˙]L C]l Èf£L˚[ AØlTRtœ •.•.t± £\kR’ G] ®Ï©dLl

ThP˙RÙ” EXL˘Ueœm C˚Rl TVuT”jRj ˘RÙPe°]o.

B]Ùp CjR˚LV Èf£d˘LÙp≠Ls U≤R‡dœm, ÆXeœLfidœm,

—tfll◊\jßtœm æ˚U˚V Æ˚[Æd°u\]. AR]Ùp CkßVÙ EhTP

TX SÙ”L∞¤m CRu TVuTÙ” æÆWUÙLd Lh”lT”jRlTh”s[’.

Gu˙PÙNp@TÙu, ˚Pd˙LÙ˙TÙs, ©. Gf.£, ≠u˙Pu ˙TÙu\˚Y

TWYXÙLl TVuT”jRlT”°u\ ˙Yß Èf£d˘LÙp≠L[Ùœm.

◊˚L´˚X F\p

LÙnL±L∞p Èf£dLh”lTÙh•tœ ◊˚L´˚X F\p

™Lf£\kR’. J⁄ °˙XÙ°WÙm ◊˚L´˚X˚V £fl

’i”L[Ùd° 15 ≠hPo RiΩ¨p F\˚YdL ˙Yi”m

A˚R Y•Lh• G”j’ Aßp 100 °WÙm NX˚Y NÙl˚TŸm

L˚Wj’ ◊˚L´˚X F\p RVÙ¨dLlT”°\’. Èf£j

RÙdœRpL∞u A[Æt˙LtT CkR F\˚X øol©j’

TVuT”jRXÙm.

A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI

18

22222

J¸ı˚VdLPjß Æ”m J¸ı˚V ¡[˚Ydœm

˘TÙ⁄hLs ˘TÙ⁄hLs

J¸ıŸ™›m LÙ™WÙ˚Yl TVuT”jßl ◊˚LlTPm G”lT˚RŸm, ≈•˙VÙ TP˘U”dL Bt\p

YÙnkR J¸ıÆ[dœL˚[l TVuT”j’Y˚RŸm TÙojRßp˚XVÙ?

CqÆ[dœLs GRtLÙLl TVuT”jRlT”°u\]?

˘TÙ⁄hL∞p J¸ıÆ›m˙TÙ’ Gu] SPdœm? C˚Rd

LiP±V J⁄ ˙NÙR˚]˚Vf ˘Nn’TÙodLXÙm.

G]’ Etfl ˙SÙdLp

LiQÙ• Su\Ù]Ùp

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs: ◊ßV vºp Rh”, LiQÙ•

(glass), B• (mirror), ˘R∞kR øo,..........

PÙof TVuT”jß Cl˘TÙ⁄hL∞p J¸ı˚V ÆZf˘NnV

˙Yi”m.

A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI

19

J¸ı ¡[p

(Reflection of Light)J¸ı J⁄ ˙UtTWl©p Æ›k’ ß⁄m©

Y⁄Y˚RjRÙu J¸ı¡[p Gu°˙\Ùm.

T[T[lTÙ]’m J›eLÙ]’UÙ] R[eLs

J¸ı˚V Su\ÙLl ©WßT≠d°u\].

˘NÙW˘NWlTÙ] R[eLs J¸ı˚V Su\ÙLl

©WßT≠lTßp˚X. Yk’Æ›m J¸ıdLß˚Wl

T”Lßo Guflm, ß⁄m©f ˘Np¤m J¸ıd

Lß˚W ¡sLßo Guflm ˘NÙpXXÙm.

∫l◊m, Ah˚Pl˘Th•Ÿm TVuT”jßd

Lßol˘Th• E⁄YÙd° J¸ı˚V B•´p

ÆZf˘NnV ˙Yi”m. B•´p Æ›m

J¸ı´‡˚PV‹m ß⁄m© Y⁄m J¸ı

´‡˚PV‹m TÙ˚R˚Vd LÙi°»o

L[Ù? ClTÙ˚RLfid°˚P˙V H˙R‡m

˘RÙPo◊ Es[RÙ?

Lßol˘Th•˚Vl TVuT”jß SÙeLs

˘NnR ˙NÙR˚].

˙NÙR˚] ÿ˚\

Etfld LY≤jR˚Y

◊˚LYØ˙V LÙQXÙm

Lßol˘Th•dœl TßXÙL ˙XNo PÙof—m ◊˚Ll ˘Th•Ÿm TVuT”jß J⁄ ˙NÙR˚] ˘Nn’

TÙodLXÙm.

L⁄ÆLs : ◊˚Ll ˘Th•, F’ Tjß, æl˘Th•, B•, ˙XNo PÙof.

A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI

20

A

B

B•

T”Lß

o

T”˙LÙi

¡s˙L

Ùi

¡sLß

o

XmTm

J¸ı´u ¡[p

T”RÙ]m

˙NÙR˚]

F’Tjß˚V G¨V˚Yj’ ˙U˚N´u¡’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m. ◊˚Ll˘Th•˚V ARu˙Up

R˚X∏ZÙL ˚YdL˙Yi”m. ˘Th•´p ◊˚L ®˚\kR ©u ˙XNo PÙof£u J¸ı˚V A Gu\

TdLm YØVÙL B•´p Æ›mT•f NnV˙Yi”m. T”Lß⁄m ¡sLß⁄m R¨°\’ ApXYÙ?

˙YflThP ˙LÙiL∞p J¸ı˚V ÆZf˘Nn’ ˙NÙR˚]˚V ¡i”m ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. T”Lßo,

¡sLßo ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ A±ÆVp ◊jRLjßp Y˚WdL‹m.

◊˚Ll˘Th• E⁄YÙdLXÙm

ø[UÙ] J⁄ Ah˚Pl˘Th•˚V G”j’l

TPjßp Es[’ ˙TÙufl A, B TdLeL˚[f

N’WY•Æp Yh• UÙt±V ©u◊ LiQÙ•d

LÙ°Rm JhP˙Yi”m. ˘Th•´u A•l

TÙLj˚R Yh• UÙt\˙Yi”m. 'A' u Gßo

TdLjßp B•˚V Jh•˚YdL ˙Yi”m.

T”RÙ]jßp J⁄ XmTj˚Rd

LtT˚] NnŸeLs. T”Lß⁄dœm

XmTjßtœm C˚P´¤s[

˙LÙi T”˙LÙi (angle ofincidence) Bœm. XmTjßtœm

¡sLß⁄dœm C˚P´¤s[

˙LÙi ¡s˙LÙi (angle ofreflection) Bœm.

ÿLm TÙolTRtœ

B•´p SU’ E⁄Ym Su\ÙLj ˘R¨°\RpXYÙ. B]Ùp J⁄ £pYo Rh•˙XÙ A¤™≤Vm

Rh•˙XÙ CqY[‹ ˘R∞YÙL E⁄Ym ˘R¨VÙR’ Hu?

A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI

21

J›eLÙ]¡[v

J›eLt\ ¡[v

Bm◊Xu—L∞u ÿu Tœß´p AMBULANCE Gufl GqYÙfl G›RlTh”s[’? GRtLÙL

AqYÙfl G›RlT”°\’?

B•´p LÙ‘m ©mTjßu £\l©Vp◊Ls Gu˘]u]?

˙U˚N´u¡’ ˙YflThP C˚P˘Y∞L∞p J˙W

T⁄U‡˚PV ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ˚Yj’ B•´u YØVÙL

AYt±u ©mTeL˚[ Etfld LY≤ŸeLs. ©mTe

L∞u T⁄Uu, ÁWm, ©\ R≤jRu˚ULs TÙu\Yt˚\

EtfldLY≤j’ ÿ•‹L˚[d œ±j’ ˚YŸeLs.

SÙu LiP˚PkR ÿ•‹Ls

J›eLÙ] ¡[¤m J›eLt\ ¡[¤m

T[T[lTÙ]’m NUR[UÙ]’m B] ˙UtTWl

©p Æ›m C˚QVÙ] J¸ıdLßoLs J¸ı

¡[¤dœl ©u◊ C˚QVÙLf ˘Np°u\].

C’˙Y J›eLÙ]¡[p. ˘NÙW˘NÙWlTÙ]

NUR[Ut\ ˙UtTWl©p Æ›m LßoLs ¡[X

˚Pk’ TX ß˚NL∞p ˘Np°\’. C’ J›eLt\

¡[p Bœm.

EeL[’ ˘TV˚W J⁄ LÙ°Rjßp G›ß B•´u

˙SWÙLl ©•ŸeLs. B•˚Vl TÙoj’l ˘TV˚W YÙ£dL

ÿ•°\RÙ? Gu] ˙YflTÙh˚Pd LÙi°»oLs?

A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI

22

©mTeLs HWÙ[m

ReL S˚LdL˚P´p

CjR˚] AßLm S˚LLs

EiPÙ? B•L[Ùp HtT”m

RkßWm ApXYÙ

A’?

UÙ±l ˙TÙœm

TdLeLs

J⁄ B•´p LÙQlT”m ©mTjßp

˘TÙ⁄∞u CP’TdLm ©mTjßu

YX’TdLUÙL‹m, ˘TÙ⁄∞u YX’

TdLm ©mTjßu CP’TdLUÙL‹m

˙RÙufl°\’. CjR≤j Ru˚U˚Vl

TdLUÙt\m (lateral inversion) Gufl

˘NÙpXXÙm.

C’ GqYÙfl S˚P˘Tfl°\’? SUdœ J⁄ ˘NVpTÙ” ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.

A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI

23

˙LÙQeL∞u A[‹ ©mTeL∞u Gi¶d˚L

300

450

600

900

1200

˘Yq˙Yfl ˙LÙQeL∞p B•L˚[ ˚Ydœm˙TÙ’ HtT”m ©mTeL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚V

EtfldLY≤j’ AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊eLs.

B•Lfid°˚P´¤s[ ˙LÙQeL∞u A[Ætœm, ©mTeL∞u Gi¶d˚Ldœm C˚P˙V

H˙R‡m ˘RÙPo◊ Es[RÙ?

NÙd¿v˘Th•´p J⁄ Èk˙RÙhPm

J⁄ NÙd¿v˘Th•´u EhTœß´p, S⁄dœ˙So Y⁄m ÆRjßp C⁄ B•L˚[ Jh• YdL

˙Yi”m. ˘Th•dœs ˘Yq˙Yfl ®\eLfis[ CWi˙PÙ, Íu˙\Ù ÈdLs ˚YdL˙Yi”m.

˘Th•´u J⁄ TdLjßp £fl ’˚[´h” AlTœß˚V Jh• B•´u WNm ÈNlThP

Tœß˚Vf £±’ ALt\ Yi”m. Cj’˚[´u YØVÙLl Th•´u EhTÙLj˚Rl TÙ⁄eLs.

J˙W T⁄U‡˚PV CWi” B•L˚[ ˘Yq˙Yfl ˙LÙQeL∞p ˚Yj’ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u

©mTeL˚[ E⁄YÙd°l TÙodL‹m.

A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI

24

SÙu Etfld LY≤jR˚Y

NÙd¿v ˘Th•dœs SÙuœ TdLeL∞¤m B•L˚[ ˙S⁄dœ ˙So JhP˚Yj’

˙NÙR˚]˚V ¡i”m ˘NnŸeLs. ÿ•‹L˚[ A±ÆVp ◊jRLjßp œ±j’d

˘LÙsfieLs.

C’˙TÙufl ˘RÙPo J∞¡[˚Xl TVuT”j’m Gk˘RkRd L⁄ÆL˚[

E⁄YÙdLXÙm?

L≠˙PÙv˙LÙl

10 N.¡ ø[ÿm 3 N.¡ ALXÿm Es[ 3 B•j’i”L˚[l

TPjßp LÙh•Ÿs[’ ˙TÙufl J›eL˚Uj’f ˘N˙XÙ˙Pl

TVuT”jß JhP ˙Yi”m. ß\kR TdLeL∞p Ju˚\

LiQÙ•d LÙ°Rm TVuT”jß ÍP˙Yi”m. £±’ Y˚[Vp

’i”L˚[ Es˙[ ˙TÙh”l TÙ⁄eLs. Gu]

LÙi°»oLs?

˘T¨v˙LÙl

E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm

TPjßp LÙhPlTh”s[˚Rl ˙TÙufl J⁄

˘Th•´p CWi” B•L˚[ 450 ´p ˚Yj’l

˘T¨v˙LÙl˚T E⁄YÙdLXÙm. ˘Th•dœl TßXÙLl

©.Æ.≥ œZÙŸm, Gp˙TÙdLfim TVuT”jß]Ù¤m ˙TÙ’m.

CdL⁄Æ´u TVuLs VÙ˚Y?

A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI

25

Gk˘RkRf „r®˚XL∞¤m L⁄ÆL∞¤m B•Ls TVuT”jRlT”°u\]? LiP±k’

G›’eLs.

B• ˙UtTWl◊ ©mTm

NUR[ B• J›eLÙ]’ ˘TÙ⁄∞u A˙R A[‹

œØVÙ•

œÆ B•

L⁄Æ/ TVu T”j’mLÙWQm

„r®˚X B•

©mTm

B•L˚[l TVuT”j’m £X L⁄Æ

L˚[ SÙm E⁄YÙd°˙]Ùm. ÿLm

TÙolTRtœm CjR˚LV B•L˚[j

RÙ˙] TVu T”j’°˙\Ùm? YÙL]e

L∞¤s[ B•, NYW B•, ˙TÙu\˚Y

CjR˚LV B•L[Ù? ˙NÙßj’l

TÙ⁄eLs. Gu˘]u] ˙YflTÙ”L˚[

øeLs LiºoLs?

NUR[B•, œÆVÙ•, œØVÙ• ˙TÙu\

˚YL˚[l T¨˙NÙßj’ ˙UtTWl

©‡˚PV‹m ˘Yq˙Yfl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ˚Yj’ B•´p HtT”m ©mTeLfi˚PV‹m

R≤jRu˚UL˚[d LiP±ŸeLs.

B•Ls TX Y˚L

J¸ı Su\ÙL ¡[X˚PVf Nn°u\ R[eLs

RÙu B•Ls. B•´u ¡[pR[m J›e

LÙ]’ Gu\Ùp A˚R NUR[ B• (planemirror)Guflm, ¡[pR[m ˘Y∞˙V

Ekß´⁄kRÙp AqYÙ•˚V œÆVÙ•

(convex mirror). Guflm, ¡[pR[m Es˙[

Y˚[kß⁄kRÙp A’ œØVÙ• (concavemirror) Guflm ˘NÙpXXÙm.

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

26

˙SÙl

£˚X”

°∞l

B•

LiQ⁄œ

˘Xuv

33333—tfll◊\j˚Rd LY≤ŸeLs. GjR˚] GjR˚] RÙYWeLs!

Gu˘]u] ÆXeœLs! GpXÙm Jufl ˙TÙXYÙ Es[]?

Jq˘YÙ⁄ RÙYWjßtœm Gu˘]u] £\l©Vp◊Ls? J˙W

RÙYWjßu TX TœßLfim J˙W ˙TÙXYÙ C⁄d°u\]? C˚X,

Ri”, ˙Yo ˙TÙu\˚Y GqYÙfl ˙YflTh”s[]?

Cq˙YflTÙ”LfidLÙ] LÙWQm Gu]?

J⁄ RÙYWjßu ˘Yq˙Yfl TœßL˚[ ˘Xu˚Nl TVuT”jß

Etfld LY≤ŸeLs.

RÙYWlTœßL˚[l ˘T¨VRÙLl TÙojæoL[pXYÙ. AYt±u ÷i¶V TœßL˚[j

˘R∞YÙLl TÙodL ÿ•°\RÙ?

AßL ˙NÙR˚]dLÙL SÙm ÷i˙QÙd°˚Vl (Microscope) TVuT”jRXÙm.

÷i˙QÙd°˚Vl TVuT”j’m˙TÙ’

$ ÷i˙QÙd°´¤s[ B•˚Vf £˚X•p J¸ıÆ›m

ÿ˚\´p ˚YdL˙Yi”m.

$ `hP˚Wf N¨˘Nn’ ˙R˚YVÙ] A[‹ J¸ı˚Vd

LPjR ˙Yi”m.

$ øeLs TÙodL ˙Yi•V ˘TÙ⁄˚[d LiQÙ•

£˚X•p ˚Yj’d LYo °[Ù£]Ùp ÍP˙Yi”m.

°∞l˚Tl TVuT”jßf £˚X˚P A˚NVÙUp YdL

˙Yi”m.

$ LiQ⁄œ ˘Xuv (eye piece) YØVÙLl TÙ⁄eLs.

˘TÙ⁄s ˘R∞YÙLd LÙ‘mT• ÷i˙QÙd°´¤s[

ß⁄œL˚[f N¨˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

C˚Y Jq˘YÙu±‡˚PV‹m ™L ˘Up≠V ˙RÙ˚Xf ∫ÆG”j’ ÷i˙QÙd°´u

YØVÙL EtfldLY≤ŸeLs. v˘P´u ˙Noj’d LY≤jRÙp ™Lj ˘R∞YÙLd LÙQXÙm.

EP≠u £t\˚\Ls

RÙYWl Tœß Etfl ˙SÙdL≠u ÿ•‹

˙Yo

Ri”

C˚X

È

Gu˘]u] RÙYWlTœßL˚[ EtfldLY≤dLXÙm?

˙Nm◊ C˚X, ˙Nm◊jRi”, ˘Yt±˚X, ˘NmT⁄jßlÈ, YÙ˚Z´u C[m˙Yo, ˘YeLÙVj

˙RÙp, C˚Xÿ˚[f£, Íe°p œ⁄j’, LmÎ≤vh Tf˚N´u C[kRi”.

A•lT˚P A±ÆVpVI

27

˘Xu˚Nl TVuT”jß EtfldLY≤jR˙TÙ’ Gu] UÙt\j˚Rd LiºoLs?

£fl£fl A˚\L˚[ A”d° ˚YjR’˙TÙp ˙RÙufl°\RÙ?

˘YeLÙVj˙RÙ˚X ÷i˙QÙd°´p ˚Yj’ EtfldLY≤j’ ARu TPj˚R Y˚WŸeLs.

Etfld LY≤jR œ±l◊L˚[ G›’eLs.

WÙToh Õd

©\ RÙYWlTœßL˚[Ÿm ÷i˙QÙd° YØVÙL Etfld LY≤j’d LiPYt˚\Ÿm

TPj˚RŸm A±ÆVp ◊jRLjßp œ±j’ ˚YŸeLs.

A±ÆVp ◊jRLjßp Y˚WkR TPeL˚[f ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ TPeLfiPu Jl¿” NnŸeLs.

Etfld LY≤jR ÿ•‹

C˚X´¤s[ £t\˚\Ls˘YeLÙVj˙RÙ≠¤s[ £t\˚\Ls

£t\˚\ YWXÙfl

XiP≤¤s[ WÙVp ˘NÙ˚Nh•´p L⁄ÆL˚[l TÙ’LÙdœm

˘TÙfllTÙ[WÙL C⁄kRÙo WÙToh a˜d (Robert Hook). RÙu E⁄YÙd°V

÷i˙QÙd°´u YØVÙLj Rd˚L´u (LÙod) ˘Up≠V ’i”L˚[

EtfldLY≤jR ˙TÙ’ ˙Ru·h” A˚\L˚[l ˙TÙufl £fl A˚\L∞u

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CjR˚LV YÙŸdL˚[ T—˚U≈h” YÙŸdLs G]XÙm. CYt±u LÙWQUÙL È™´u

Y∞UiPXjßp ˘YlTm ®˚X˘Tfl°\’. CYt±u A[‹ AßL¨jRÙp Y∞UiPXjßu

˘YlT®˚X ARt˙LtT ·”m. C˚R È˙LÙ[ ˘YlT®˚X (global watrming) Gu°u\]o.

C’ ˘T⁄m CVt˚Lf ∫t\eLfidœm LÙX®˚XUÙt\eLfidœm LÙWQUÙ°\’.

A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI

37

Á£ TWl©

Y∞UiPXm UÙN˚PRXÙp HtT”m

£X —t\l◊\l ©WfN˚]L˚[d Liºo

L[pXYÙ. C’ SU’ EPp SX˚]l

TÙßd°\RÙ?

K˙NÙu TÙßl◊ (Ozone Depletion)È™´u Y∞UiPXjßp ™Ldœ˚\kR A[Æp LÙQlT”m YÙŸRÙu J˙NÙu.

—UÙo 20 ÿRp 25 °˙XÙ¡hPo EVWjßp C’ AßLUÙLd LÙQlT”°\’.

„¨V≤P™⁄k’ Y⁄m BTjRÙ] £X ◊\ FRÙdLßoL˚[ (Ultra Violet Rays)K˙NÙu TPXm R˚P ˘Nn°\’. CqYÙfl AdLßoLs È™˚V A˚PVÙUp

TÙ’LÙd°\’. B]Ùp œ[Ù˙WÙ ◊fi˙WÙ LÙoTuLs (CFC) ˚ShW_≤u

Bd˚^”Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y Y∞UiPXjßu ˙UpTœß˚Vf ˘Nu\˚PRp

J˙NÙu TPXjßu TÙßl©tœd LÙWQUÙ°\’. ≥.Gl.≥ £˚Rk’ E⁄YÙœm

œ˙[Ù¨u K˙NÙu TPXj˚R SÙNU˚PVf ˘Nn°\’. œ∞o NÙR]l ˘Th•,

HoLi•`]o, SflUQ v©˙WdLs ˙TÙu\˚YL∞p ≥.Gl.≥, TVu

T”jRlT”°\’. œ∞o NÙR]l ˘Th•´¤m, HoLi•`]oL∞¤m ˘TÙ’YÙL

BTj˚R Æ˚[ÆdLÙR YÙŸdLs ≥.Gl.≥dœl TßXÙL TVuT”jRj

˘RÙPe°Ÿs[]o. K˙NÙu TPXjßu ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd œ±j’m, CRu

TÙßlTÙp HtT”m ©WfN˚]L˚[d œ±j’m UdLfidœ ÆØl◊Qo˚Y

HtT”jR GpXÙ Y⁄Pÿm ˘NlPmTo 16˛m SÙs EXL K˙NÙu ß]m

˘LÙiPÙPlT”°\’.

K˙NÙu ß]m ˛ G]’

Ts∞´p

EeL[’ Ts∞´p K˙NÙu ß]d ˘LÙiPÙhPm

˘RÙPoTÙL SPjRlT”m ˘NVpTÙ”Ls VÙ˚Y.

$ £fl œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnRp

$

$

SiToLfiPu ˙Nok’ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ßhPl

T”j’eLs.

K˙NÙu SU’

TÙ’LÙl◊dLYNm!

TÙ’LÙl˙TÙm!

GßoLÙXjßtLÙL

A•lT˚PA±ÆVpVI

38

÷˚W¬W≠u UÙߨ

E⁄YÙdLXÙm.

LÙt˚\ Es∞›dœm ˙TÙ’m

(Es—YÙNm) ˘Y∞Æ”m ˙TÙ’m

(˘Y∞—YÙNm) ÷˚W¬W≠p —⁄e°

ƨRp GqYÙfl S˚P˘Tflm?

÷˚W¬W≠u UÙߨ˚Vj RVÙ¨j’

T¨˙NÙߟeLs.

C›j’d Lh•V TÌ≤u S”l

Tœß˚V ˘U’YÙLd ∏r˙SÙd°

C›eLs. œZÙ´p ˘TÙ⁄jßV

TÌuLfidœ Gu] UÙt\m

®L›m?

CqYÙfl —YÙ£lTRtœ Cu]¤flm ©\ „r®˚XL˚[d Li”©•ŸeLs

$

$

UÙN˚PkR LÙt˚\ —YÙ£dœm˙TÙ’ LÙtflPu ©\A—jReLfim —YÙN Efll◊dL˚[f

˘Nu\˚P°u\]. C˚Y —YÙN Efll◊dL˚[ ™L‹m TÙßd°u\].

—YÙ£jR≠p ˘NVpT”m Efll◊Ls VÙ˚Y?

$

$

—YÙN UiPXm (Respiratory System)

—YÙ£jRp

Íd°u YØVÙL Es˙[ Np¤m LÙtfl

—YÙNdœZÙnYØVÙL ÷˚W¬W¤dœs

Es[ £fl LÙt\˚\L˚[ (alveoli)A˚P°\’. Aeœd LÙt±¤s[

Bd≥_u WjRd œZÙndœsfim,

Wj’jߤs[ LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^”

LÙt±¤m LXd°u\]. CdLÙt˚\

÷˚W¬Wp ˘Y∞˙Vtfl°\’. Es∞

›dLlT”m LÙt±¤s[ Bd≥_≤u

J⁄ £flTœß˚V Uh”˙U EPp TVu

T”j’°\’,

J⁄ ©[Ùv•d œl©˚Vl

TÙßVÙL ˘Yh• G”dL‹m.

Í•´p ’˚[´h” 'Y' œZÙ˚Vf

˘NÙ⁄L˙Yi”m. 'Y' œZÙ´u

C⁄ ÿ˚]L∞¤m TPjßp

LÙhPl Th”s[’ TÙufl TÌu

˚Yj’ LhP˙Yi”m. œl©´u

ß\kR Tœß˚Vl TÌ]Ùp

C›j’d Lh• A˚PdL Yi”m.

E⁄YÙdœm ÿ˚\

Íf—d œZÙn

÷˚W¬Wp

CRVm

ERWÆRÙ]m

RU≤£˚W

A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI

39

÷˚W¬W≠p LÙtfl ÷˚ZY’m ˘Y∞˙VflY’m GqYÙfl Gufl —YÙNUiPXjßu TPj˚Rl

TÙoj’m ˙NÙR˚]´u A•lT˚P´¤m ÆY¨ŸeLs.

K• YkRÙp

—YÙ£jR≠u ˙YLm Gl˙TÙ’m J˙W˙TÙp Es[RÙ? NÙRÙWQUÙL J⁄ ®™Pjßp GjR˚]

ÿ˚\ —YÙ£jRp S˚P˘Tfl°\’ Gufl Gi¶l TÙ⁄eLs. ˚URÙ]jßp CWi˙PÙ,

ÿu˙\Ù ®™Pm K•V©u◊ —YÙNGi¶d˚L˚V ¡i”m T¨˙NÙߟeLs. ÆjßVÙNm

Es[RÙ?

K”YRtœ ÿu◊ K•V ©u◊

EsÍf—m Y∞Íf—m:

$ ˘Y∞f—YÙNd LÙt±p LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^•u A[‹ AßL¨dLd LÙWQ˘Uu]?

$ ˘Y∞f—YÙNd LÙt±p Bd≥_≤u A[‹ œ˚\Vd LÙWQ˘Uu]?

$ Es—YÙNdLÙt±¤m ˘Y∞—YÙNdLÙt±¤m UÙt\™pXÙR LÙW¶ VÙ’? GR]Ùp?

AhPY˚Q˚Vl T¨˙NÙßj’d LiP±kRYt˚\ A±ÆVp ◊jRLjßp

œ±j’˚YŸeLs.

AßL ˙YLjßp —YÙ£dœm ˙Yfl „r®˚XL˚[f ˘NÙp¤eLs.

$

$

$

LÙW¶Ls Es—YÙNdLÙt±p ˘Y∞f—YÙNd LÙt±p

Bd≥_u 21 % 18 %

˚ShW_u 78 % 78 %

LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^” 0.04 % 3 %

øoA[‹ œ˚\‹ ·”Rp

Íf£˚Wl◊

EPp Æ˚]Lfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] Bt\p

EtTjßdœ Bd≥_u ˙R˚YVÙœm.

™LdL•]UÙ] Y˚XLfidœ ·”Rp Bt\p

˙R˚YlT”m. Al˙TÙ’ AßL ˙YLjßp

—YÙ£d°˙\Ùm.

A•lT˚PA±ÆVpVI

40

◊jRL ÷˚W¬Wp

GpXÙ ÆXeœLfim —YÙ£lT’ J˙W ÿ˚\´XÙ?

—YÙ£jRp TXY˚LUi◊› YÙŸUÙt\m SPj’Y’ RÙp YØVÙœm. ¡u

˘N‹s (gills) YØVÙLf —YÙ£d°\’. RY˚[

RiΩ¨p Es[ ˙TÙ’ ˙RÙpYØVÙL‹m, R˚W´p

Es[ ˙TÙ’ ÷˚W¬Wp YØVÙL‹m —YÙ£dœm.

£Xkß´u —YÙN Efll◊ ◊jRL÷˚W¬Wp (booklungs) G]lT”°u\’.

◊˚L©•dœm˙TÙ’:

SU’ ÷˚W¬Wp ™L‹m ˘Uu˚UVÙ]’. C˚Rl TÙ’LÙlT’ ™L‹m AY£Vm. ARtLÙ]

TÙ’LÙl◊ ÿ˚\Ls SU’ EP≠p Es[]. Íd°‡s LÙQlT”m WÙUeLs Es˙[ Np¤m

LÙt±¤s[ Á£L˚[j R”j’ ®flj’°u\]. Á£ ®˚\kR LÙt˚\f —YÙ£lT’m UÙN˚PkR

LÙt˚\f —YÙ£lT’m EPpSXj˚Rl TÙßd°u\’.

˘TÙ’ CPeL∞p ◊˚L ©•dLj

R˚P

˙T⁄k’®˚XVm, U⁄j’YU˚], ◊˚LYi• ®˚XVm

˙TÙu\ ˘TÙ’ CPeL∞p ◊˚Ll©•dLj R˚PÆßd

LlTh”s[RÙL AWNÙeLm A±Æj’s[’.

˘TÙ’ CPeL∞p ◊˚L©•dLj R˚P ÆßdLlThPRu ˙SÙdLm Gu]?

◊˚Ll©•jRXÙp HtT”m EPpSXl ©WfN˚]Ls VÙ˚Y?

A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI

41

◊˚L©•lTRÙ¤m UÙN˚PkR LÙt˚\ —YÙ£lTRÙ¤m HtT”m EPp SXl ©WfN˚]Ls œ±jR

RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨ŸeLs.

U⁄j’Yo, EPp SX

A¤YXoLs, —LÙRÙWj’˚\,

£flLh”˚WLs, EPp SX

SÙ∞RrLs

®d˙LÙh•u◊˚L´˚X´p ®d˙LÙh•u Gu\

˙Yßl˘TÙ⁄s APe°Ÿs[’. C’ ’o

SÙt\ÿ˚PV’. ®d˙LÙh•u SWm◊

UiPXj˚Rj Ái•Æ”YRÙp ◊˚L©•l

TYoLfidœ RtLÙ≠L FdLm °˚Pd°\’

B]Ùp A’ ÷˚W¬Wp, SWm◊ UiPXm

˙TÙu\Yt±uÆ˚]L˚[j R˚Pl

T”jR‹m ˘Nn°u\’. ◊˚L´˚X´u

˘RÙPof£VÙ] TVuTÙ” ◊tfl ˙SÙndœd

LÙWQUÙ°\’. Ti˚PV LÙXm ÿRp Èf£d

˘LÙp≠ U⁄kRÙLl ◊˚L´˚X F\˚Xl

TVuT”jß Y⁄°˙\Ùm GuT’ ◊˚L´˚X

´p Sf—l˘TÙ⁄s APe°´⁄lTRtLÙ]

NÙu\pXYÙ.

Ge°⁄k’

˘R¨k’˘LÙs[XÙm.

SU’ LÙtfl

LÙtfl UÙN˚PR¤dœ SÙmRÙ˙]

˘TÙfllTÙ∞Ls? YÙL]eL∞u

Gi¶d˚L´p HtThP EVo‹

SLWeL∞p ˘T⁄U[‹ LÙtfl UÙN˚PR¤dœd LÙWQUÙ°u\’. ˙TÙdœYWj˚Rd Lh”l

T”j’m A¤YXoLs ÿLÍ• A¶Y’

LÙt±¤s[ ßPUÙ—dL˚[j R”lTRtLÙœm.

LÙtfl UÙN˚PR˚Xj R”dLÙÆhPÙp Án˚U

VÙ] LÙtfl CpXÙR J⁄ ®˚X HtTPXÙm.

EeLs Tœß´p LÙtfl UÙN˚PR¤dLÙ]

„r®˚XLs Es[]YÙ?

LÙtfl UÙN˚PVÙUp C⁄dL SmUÙp Gu˘]u]

˘NnV CV¤m?

$

$

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Ts∞d·Pjߤm, —tfll◊\jߤm LÙtfl UÙN˚PVÙUp C⁄lTRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ]

˘NVpTÙh” YØÿ˚\L˚[j ßhP™h” S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR‹m.

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

42

CWjR£Yl◊ A‘dLs

CWjR Ys˚[ A‘dLs

©[Ùh Xh”Ls

©[ÙvUÙ

CRVm ’•dœm TÙ’55555

C’ ˙TÙu\ —Y˘WÙh•L˚[ øeLs Ge˙LVÙY’ TÙojR’iPÙ?

WjRRÙ]m E´o RÙ]m Gufl ˘NÙpY’ GR]Ùp?

WjRRÙ]m ˘NnV ˙Yi•V „r®˚XLs VÙ˚Y?

EeLs WjRj˘RÙœß G’ Gufl ˘R¨ŸUÙ? SiToL∞u WjRj ˘RÙœßLs G˚Y G]

ÆNÙ¨j’j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙsfieLs.

WjR RÙ]m ˘NnV ˙Yi•V „r®˚XLs.

WjR RÙ]mB˙WÙd°Vÿs[ J⁄Yo 6 UÙRjßtœ J⁄ÿ˚\ WjRRÙ]m

˘NnVXÙm. RÙ]m ˘NnR WjRm —jRUÙdLlTh” WjRYe°´p (BloodBank) TÙ’LÙdLl T”°\’. Gp˙XÙ⁄˚PV WjRÿm Gp˙XÙ⁄dœm

˘TÙ⁄kRÙ’. WjRjߤs[ £X LÙW¶L∞u ˙YflTÙ˙P CRtœd

LÙWQm. CRu A•lT˚P´p WjRj˚R TX RÙœßL[ÙLl ©¨dLXÙm.

WjRm (Blood)©[ÙvUÙ Gu\ ßWYm, WjRf£t\˚\L[Ù°V £Yl◊

WjRf£t\˚\Ls, ˘Ys˚[WjRf £t\˚\Ls

©[Ùh˘Xh”Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y RÙu WjRjߤs[

ÿd°V LÙW¶Ls. WjRm E´o ®˚X ˙Tt±tœ

™L‹m ˙R˚YVÙœm. B˙WÙd°VUÙ] J⁄YW’

EP≠p 5˛6 ≠hPo Y˚W WjRm LÙQlT”m. J⁄YW’

G˚Pdœm T⁄U‡dœm HtT A[Æp ˙YflTÙ”

YWXÙm. WjRjßtœf £Yl◊ ®\j˚Rd ˘LÙ”lT’

Õ˙UÙ œ˙[Ù©u Gu\ ◊WR˙U. Cßp APe°Ÿs[

ÿd°V LÙW¶ C⁄m◊ Bœm. EPp £t\˚\Lfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] EQ‹

Nj’dL˚[Ÿm, Bd≥_˚]Ÿm ˘LÙi” ˘NpY’ WjRm Bœm.

WjRRÙ]m E´o RÙ]m! WjRm RÙ]m

˘Nn≈o! A¨V E´˚Wd LÙl¿o!!.

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

43

EP≠u GpXÙ TœßLfidœm WjRm TW‹YRtœ Gk˘RkR

Efll◊dLs ER‹°u\]?

WjRdœZÙnL˚[d LÙQXÙm

EeL[’ ˚L˚V UPd°l TXUÙLl ©•ŸeLs. ◊\e˚L˚V

EtflLY≤ŸeLs. Gu] LÙi°»oLs?

SiT≤u Li C˚U˚V ƨj’d ∏rdLi C˚Udœs TÙ⁄eLs.

WjRdœZÙnLs ˘R¨°\RÙ? ÿu]o LiPYt±≠⁄k’ H˙R‡m

˙YflTÙ” EiPÙ?

EeLs ∏r ERh˚Pƨj’d LiQÙ•´p TÙ⁄eLs.

øeLs Etfl˙SÙd°V ˘Yq˙Yfl WjRdœZÙnL∞u ®\m, T⁄Uu

˙TÙu\˚Y J˙W ˙TÙufl RÙu C⁄kRÙ]YÙ?

øeLs LiP ˙YflTÙ”L˚[d œ±j’˚YŸeLs.

WjRd œZÙnLs

CRVjß≠⁄k’ EP≠u GpXÙ TÙLeLfidœm WjRm LÙi” Np¤m

WjRd œZÙnL˙[ RU≤Ls (arteries). EP≠u ˘Yq˙Yfl

TÙLeL∞≠⁄k’ CRVjßtœ WjRj˚Rd ˘LÙi” Y⁄m œZÙnLs

RÙu £˚WLs (veins). RU≤L˚[Ÿm £˚WL˚[Ÿm C˚Qdœm

÷i¶V WjRd œZÙnLs Rk’°Ls (capillaries) Bœm. CRVm.

WjRdœZÙnLs, WjRm TÙu\˚Y APe°V Efll◊L∞u UiPXj˚R

WjR KhP UiPXm (circulatory system) GuTo.

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

44

©[Ùv•dœZÙn

©[Ùv•d

œZÙn

PVlWm

YY•Yd œZÙn

EP≠u ˙Yfl Gk˘RkRl TœßL∞p C’ ˙TÙu\ ’•l◊ EQWlT”°\’?

v˘PRv˙LÙl˚Tl TVuT”jß SiToL∞u CRVj’•l˚Tl T¨˙NÙߟeLs. J⁄ ®™Pjßp

GjR˚] ÿ˚\ CRVm ’•d°\’?

CRVj’•l◊

U⁄j’YoLs ˙SÙVÙ∞L∞u ˚L˚Vl©•j’l

T¨˙NÙßlT’ GRtLÙL?

TPjßp LÙiT’ ˙TÙufl SiT≤u ˚L˚V˙VÙ,

AYWYW’ ˚L˚V˙VÙ ©•j’TÙ⁄eLs. øeLs Gu]

EQ⁄°»oLs?

v˘PRv˙LÙl(Stethoscope)EP≠u ˘Yq˙Yfl TœßLfidœ WjRj˚Rf ˘N¤j’Y’ CRVm

Bœm. CRVm —⁄eL‹m, ƨV‹m ˘NnY’ RÙu CRVj’•l◊

(heart beat). CRVj’•l˚T A[lTRtœ TVuT”j’m L⁄Æ RÙu

v˘PRv˙LÙl.˙SÙVÙ∞´u EPp TœßL∞p v˘PRv˙LÙl˚T

˚Yj’ v˘PRv˙LÙl©¤s[ PV@TWjßu AßoÆu ÍXUÙL

CRVj ’•l©u Ru˚U˚V U⁄j’Yo ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs°\Ùo.

©[Ùv•d œZÙn, ◊]p, TÌu, Y-Y•YdœZÙn TÙu\Yt˚\l

TVuT”jß J⁄ v˘PRv˙LÙl˚T E⁄YÙdLXÙUÙ? CkR

v˘PRv˙LÙl˚T TVuT”jß ≈h•¤s[YoL∞u CRVj

’•l˚Tl T¨˙NÙߟeLs.

CRVm

EP≠u ™L‹m ÿd°VUÙ] Ko Efll◊ CRVm. SU’ CRVjßu

˘NVpTÙ”®ufl ÆhPÙp Gu] ®L›m?

CRVjßu NVpTÙh˚Pd œ±j’ G]dœj R¨kR ÆYWeLs.

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

45

˘TÙ¨dœm TÙ’.

J⁄ ’i” Yt\˚X (£lv) Dod°≠p œjß G”j’ ˘U›œYojß´u —P¨p LÙh”eLs.

øeLs Gu] LÙi¿oLs?

Gi˘Qn´p ˘TÙ¨jR ˙Yfl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jß Cf˙NÙR˚]˚V ¡i”m ˘Nn’

TÙ⁄eLs. Gi˘Qn´p ˘TÙ¨jR EQ‹l ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ AßLUÙL EiTYoL∞Pm SÙu

˘NÙpX Æ⁄m◊Y’.

LØ‹l˘TÙ⁄hLs

EP≠u GpXÙ TœßLfidœm Bd≥_˚]Ÿm, Nj’ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[Ÿm ˘LÙi” ˘NpYßp

WjRm ÿd°V Teœ Y°d°\’. EPp Æ˚]L∞u LÙWQUÙL EP¤dœj ˙R˚YVt\ £X

˘TÙ⁄hLfim ˙RÙufl°u\]. CjR˚LV TX ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d ˘LÙi” ˘NpY’m WjRUÙœm.

UÙ± UÙ±Y⁄m SU’ EQ‹ÿ˚\ CRVjßu TÙßl©tœd LÙWQUÙ°u\RÙ? LXk’˚WVÙPp

ÍXUÙLd LiP±ŸeLs.

CRV ˙SÙŸm EQ‹ ÿ˚\ŸmAßL A[Æp ˘LÙ›l◊ ®˚\kR EQ‹l ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[j

˘RÙPok’ TVuT”j’TYoLfidœ CRV˙SÙnLs

Y⁄YRtLÙ] YÙnl◊i”. LÙ›l◊ WjRd œZÙ´u —Y¨p

T•YRÙp WjR KhPjßp R˚PHtT”m. CRVj˚Rl

TÙ’LÙdLd ˘LÙ›l◊ œ˚\kR EQ‹l˘TÙ⁄hL˚[

EiT’Pu, ÿ˚\VÙ] EPtT´t£ ˘NnV‹m U⁄j’Yo

A±‹flj’Y’i”. A[Ætœ AßLUÙL El˚T

TVuT”j’Y’ CRVSXjßtœ SpXRpX.

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

46

£fløWLeL∞u ˘NVpTÙ” R˚PThPÙp Gu˘]u] C˚PÎflLs HtT”m?

£fl øWLm

£fløo˚T

£fl øo œZÙn

£˚W

RU≤

˘SlWÙu

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

48

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50

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

51

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

52

˙NÙR˚]Ls Utflm, LiP±kRYt±u A•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ °WLQ ˙SWjߤm „¨Vu,

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

53

NkßW≤u —tfllTÙ˚Rj R[m

È™´u —tfllTÙ˚Rj R[m

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R[jßp Cp˚X. È™´u —tfllTÙ˚R R[jß≠⁄k’ 5

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI

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(Information Technology)