PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH INTERNATIONAL …scert.kerala.gov.in/images/text_books/unit 12.pdf · formed in areas of environmental issues, sustainable development, human rights etc.

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Standard X - Social Science I

12

Mankind has suffered a long chain of miseries like war, terroristactivities, natural calamities, climate change, epidemics, depletionof (natural) resources and so on. These are not confined to anindividual, a community or a nation alone. Don't these pose athreat to peaceful life and security of the whole of human beingsacross the globe? These problems cannot be solved by onecountry alone.

Collective global decisions and actions are required to tackle theabove noticed problems. Formal associations of nations andnongovernmental informal organizations are working toward thisend.

PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

167

PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

States (and) or governments come togetherto form official (formal) internationalintergovernmental organizations. TheUnited Nations Organization, EuropeanUnion, South Asian Association for RegionalCooperation (SAARC) are such internationalinter-governmental organizations. Activitiesof these organizations encourage friendship,co-operation and unity between the memberstates and strengthen their relationship/s.

Non-governmental organizations areformed in areas of environmental issues,sustainable development, human rights etc.They have regional, national andinternational domains of activities. TheInternational grouping together of suchorganizations is known as international non-governmental organizations.

Both these type of organizations worktowards world peace and security.

The advancement in science and technologyenhances comforts of life of human beings,but also poses threats to the very survivalof mankind. Threats against peace andsecurity and efforts to solve them along withorganizational activities will furtherstrengthen world peace.

The Congress of Vienna (1815) marked thebeginning of formal organizations at theinternational level. France, Britain, Austriaetc., participated in this Congress. ThisCongress encouraged the states to solvecommon problems and disputes throughdiplomatic means. Official organizationslike Universal Postal Union, InternationalTelegraph Union were formed in 1860.

League of NationsLeague of Nations emerged through theTreaty of Versailles (1920) which wasmeant for ending the Ist World War. Thisinternational organization had 42 states asmembers. League was founded to promotepeace and security among states along withensuring the right of self determination ofstates. It aimed at designing a securitysystem based on collective efforts, stressingthe norm, 'all for each and each for all'.League urged states to consider an attackagainst one state as an attack against all thestates. Protecting the health of the worldpopulation safe guarding the interests of theworkers of the world were also theobjectives of the League.

• Prepare a note on the circumstances that ledto the collapse of League of Nations. Presentit in the class and hold a discussion.

• Why did League of Nations created forpreserving world peace show concern for thehealth of people of the world and interests ofworkers?

• Can the avoidance of war alone ensure thesecurity of mankind? Discuss.

League of Nations was formed to wipe outthe phenomenon of war. It was not able toattain the aim. Not only did it failed toprevent the out break of war but it alsohelplessly witnessed the most devastating

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of wars ever fought and the consequentdestructions and miseries. The unceasingefforts to form a more effective organizationto promote collective security and peaceresulted in the birth of the United NationsOrganization (in 1945). The League ofNations was formally dissolved in 1946.Functioning of the United Nations is acontinuum of the objectives of the Leagueof Nations.

United Nations OrganizationUnited Nations was formed in a globalsituation that longed for transformation ofthe human mind to a state of calm and peace

formed as the one organisation which willrepresent the whole of mankind and willpreserve peace and security.

Objectives of the United Nations• Protect the future generation from the fear

of war.

• Ensure human rights and protect therights of nations, small and large alike.

• Create circumstances that respectinternational laws and agreements thataim at social progress and highterstandards of life.

• Promote relationship based on toleranceand peace between neighbouring states.

• To cooperate for world peace andsecurity.

• To ensure not to use military forces forpurposes other than welfare of the wholemankind.

• To make use of international arrange-ments only for the economic and socialprogress of mankind.

Attempts to form the United Nations weremade during the period of II world war itself.This aimed at promoting the prosperity andwelfare of all people of all the nations,without considerations of size (small or big)and status (poor or rich). In addition to theaim of eradicating war situations it alsosought to solve, through collective efforts,common problems that affect society in areaslike education, human rights, health,poverty, employment, science andtechnology, environment etc.

• Which states played prominent role inthe formation of the United Nations?

• Who were the important political leadersparticipated?

UN Head Quarters

from the frightening memories of war. It isthe dream and aspiration of the conscienceof the world for a representative body. It was

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The organization takes shapeThe United Nations was formed after prolonged and detailed thinking and discussions.Observe the course of development of the formation of organization of the United Nations.

1941 June 12Inter Allied Declaration urged the free people of the world to actunited in war and peace.

1941 August 14

1942 January 1

1943 December 1

1944 September 21

Keeping in view of the objective of peaceful internationalco-existence in order to maintain peace and security, President ofthe United States of America, Franklin Roosevelt and PrimeMinister of Great Britain, Winston Churchil signed the AtlanticCharter.

Representatives from 26 nations assembled at Washingtondeclaring support for the Atlantic Charter. The name (UnitedNations) for the first time was used by President of the UnitedStates of America in this convention/conference.

Moscow conference of nations including like the Soviet Union,Britain, United States of America and China with the aim ofcreating an International organization for world peace.

Teheran conference of the states, including the Soviet Union,United States of America and Britain.

1943 October 30

The draft of the aims, structure and functioning of the unitednations was prepared by the representatives of the Soviet Union,United States of America, Britain and China who assembled atDumbarton Oaks in the United States of America.

1945 April 11

Proposals on the international organization for world peace wereproclaimed jointly by the President of The United States ofAmerica, Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister of Britain, WinstonChurchill and President of Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin whoassembled at Yalta.

1945 June 25 Representatives of 50 states who assembled at San Franciscoapproved the Charter of the United Nations with 111 Articles.

1945 October 24United Nations came into existence officially consisting of 51founding members including India.

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Find out• How many member states are there now

in the United Nations?

• Which state last joined the UnitedNations as a member?

• Name the states that are not members ofthe United Nations.

The structure of the UnitedNations

The General AssemblyUnited Nations General assembly is knownas parliament of Nations. It has to assembleat least once in a year. Every/each member

Has any Indian ever been elected to the posi-tion of President of United Nations GeneralAssembly?

The Security Council

The power to take policy decisions inmatters relating to maintenance ofinternational peace and security is vestedwith the Security Council. Its Head quartersis in New york. The Security Councilcomposed of 15 members have 10 non -permanent and 5 permanent members. ThePermanent members of the council areChina, Britain, France, Russia and the UnitedStates of America. Non-permanent membersare elected for a period of 2 years by theGeneral Assembly. India was elected in 2010as non-permanent member of the securitycouncil. Election of non permanentmember/s is with a 2/3 majority in theGeneral Assembly. Permanent members canexercise veto power on policy decisions.

Veto PowerDecisions of the Security Council requiresupport of all the permanent members.The power to oppose a decision and Castvote against the decision is veto power.Veto power by a permanent member willrender a decision invalid.

GeneralAssembly

U.N. Genreal Assembly

state can send a team of 5 representatives,but in the proceedings of the Assembly amember state can cast only one vote. Duringeach session the assembly elects a presidentand a vice president.

SecurityCouncil Secretariat

TrusteeshipCouncil

Economic andSocial Council

InternationalCourt of Justice

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• Find out those who were elected asSecretary General of the United Nations.Prepare a table of their name/s, countryand year of election as SecretaryGeneral.

Economic and Social Council -ECOSOC

This organ of the United Nations coordinatesthe activities that come under the UN suchas health, employment, human rights etc.The Economic and Social Council that has54 members work under the control of theUN General Assembly. Head Quarters is inNew York.

Trusteeship CouncilThe trust properties that were under thecontrol of the League of Nations after itsdissolution came under the UN. They aretrust properties. Trusteeship Council hasthe duty of control, supervision and

Permanent member states of Security council

Prepare a note by examining the map and the questions.

The SecretariatSecretariat has the responsibility to carry outroutine administrative functions of theUnited Nations. It's head quarters is in NewYork. Secretariat implements the decisionsof the General Assembly, the SecurityCouncil and other organs of the UnitedNations as routine administrative work. TheGeneral Assembly elects the secretaryGeneral for a period of four (04) years withapproval of the security council.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon

Is it compatible with democratic spirit to treat a few states only as perma-nent members?

The people of which continents remain unrepresented in the list of perma-nent members of the security council?

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preparation of the trust territories for self-government. The five permanent membersof the Security Council are the members ofthe Trusteeship Council now. The lastterritory prepared for self-government byTrusteeship Council is the Pacific island'Palau'. The Head Quarters of TrusteeshipCouncil is in New York. This organ of theUN is under suspended animation from 1stNovember 1994.

International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice with Headquarters at The Hague, Netherlands has 15judges. Judges are elected for a period of 9years by the General Assembly and theSecurity Council. Disputes between states

that are brought before the Court can bedecided by this Court. It also has power toprovide advice to the organs and agenciesof the UN when they so ask for.

• Collect information regarding theintervention by the International Court ofJustice in any one of the disputesbetween member states.

In addition to the organs we have alreadydiscussed 18 other agencies function underthe United Nations towards the welfare andsecurity of the world. They are known asSpecialized Agencies. Below given in thetable are the details of some importantagencies.

Specialized agencies of UN Name of Organisation Year of Head Functions

establishment QuarterTo work for the progress of agriculturalsector, to provide food assistance tomember states in emergency situationsand during calamitiesTo provide directions and help tomember states for progress in the fieldsof education, Culture and Science.

To ensure health of the people ofmember states, to prevent epidemicsand fatal diseases and to strengthenresearch in such areas.To design activities and programmesthat will provide stability to worldeconomic order.To Intervene in the complexities of theeconomic order.To facilitate financial and technicalassistance to developing countries.To provide direction in matters relatingto Protection of employment, standardsof work and hours of workTo coordinate and supervise functionsrelating to the generation, consumptionand development of atomic energy inthe member states.

Rome

Paris

Geneva

WashingtonDC

WashingtonDC

Geneva

Vienna

1945

1946

1946

1945

1944

1946

1957

Food and AgriculturalOrganisation-FAO

United NationsEducational, Scientific andCultural Organisation-UNESCO

World HealthOrganisation-WHO

International MonitoryFund-IMF

World Bank

International LabourOrganisation-ILO)

International AtomicEnergy Agency-IAEA

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We have understood that the UnitedNations takes care and intervene in areas ofeconomic growth, progress and action plansin the health sector of member states.Member countries that require help andprotection in the above areas are assisted bythe United Nations. The UN has plannedand implemented 14 programmes andprovided funds toward this end. Importantamong these are United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP), UnitedNations Environment Programme (UNEP),United Nations Children's Fund ( UNICEF),

Society. The uncontrolled humaninterference in nature causes wide spreaddestructions of the environment. Theeconomic, industrial and military activitiesof advanced states like United States ofAmerica cause gigantic environmentalproblems. Ecocide is caused by plasticwaste, waste and effluents from industrial,biological, atomic and electronic productsand uncontrolled emission of Green HouseGases. Huge calamity and injury of this fallupon the developing nations.

Global commonsThere are many things in the earth andenvironment that fall beyond the sover-eign control of states. They are treated asglobal commons. The important amongthese are the international high seas,seabed, outer space and the Antartica.Severe threat is caused to the global com-mons due to waste dumping by states.

Environmental pollution is an issue thatrequires solutions through political decisionby states of the world. Hence theInternational organization of governmentson climate change and its functions are veryimportant. Nobel peace prize for 2007 wasgiven to this organization. Dr.Sureshpachouri, the Indian environmental scientistworks in link with this organization. Theworld commission for environmentalprotection and development appointed in1987, popularly known as BrundtlandCommission observed thus; 'The earth isone, but the world is not'.

A situation helpful for the sustenance to allliving creatures of the earth should exist, andall human beings should be able to livewithout discrimination. The United Nationsobserved 2010 as the year of bio-diversity

Discuss• Which are the domains of functions of UN

through specialized agencies and developmentProgrammes?

• How does the UN attempt to intervene andsuggest solutions to the basic problems ofmember States?

• Peace is not merely the absence of war, it isalso the peace and progress of human kind.

• Evaluate this statement in the light offunctions of UN

Inter Governmental Panel onClimate ChangeThe UN attaches much importance tofunctions meant for solving problemsrelating to changes in climate conditions. In1988 an International forum of governmentswas formed for studying changes in climateconditions and their consequences on the

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with the aim of protecting all livingcreatures. We are able to live because thebygone generation preserved the earth and

Efforts for peace and interventionsby United Nations OrganisationFor the purposes of encouraging friendshipbetween states and for maintaininginternational peace and security UnitedNations intervene in disputes betweennations of the world. Interventions byUnited Nations are by way of peacemissions, diplomatic methods and peacekeeping force. Peace keeping force will becomposed of armed forces of member statesof United Nations. Armed forces of memberstates including India are part of the peacekeeping force deployed in Congo now. Sofar 64 such interventions have been madeby UN peace keeping force. Observe the

WTO Head Quarters

What can we do to reduce the use of plastic products and to control emission of greenhouse gases that destroy the environment?

World Trade OrganisationMany goods that are produced abroad arereadily available in our market. How dothese reach our country? Are there anyregulations to this? Regulation of commercebetween member states is by the WorldTrade Organisation. The WTO emerged outof the General Agreement on Trade andTariff (GATT).

General agreement on Trade and Tariff wasmeant for creating a free trade situation by

removing obstructions, in the form of Quotaand Tariffs, in tnternational commerce andtrade. Prolonged negotiations wereconducted from 1947, year of GATTformation, to 1994, the end of GATT, TheUruguay round of 1994 ended the GATTnegotiations. The world Trade Organisationwas formed at Geneva in 1995. WTOperforms the duties aimed at solving thetrade dispute between states and attainingof higher growth for world trade.

Find out five foreign goods available in our market and locate the nations wherethese are produced. Find out and list them.

world map given below and find outexamples for intervention in specified areasby UN peace keeping force.

the resources therein for us. And we have aresponsibility to handover the same, withoutdestruction, to the posterity.

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In 2006 the UN created the CounterTerrorism Implementation Task Force forantiterrorist activities. It has the purpose ofproviding leadership to functions forpreventing terrorism world over.

The United Nations has made manyinterventions relating to environment.Instances for this can be cited by referringactivities like Green Fest held in Australia,Cultural Fest at Oslo against global warmingin 2007 and Art Fest at Brussels in 2007under the guidance of United NationsEnvironment Programme. An assessment ofthe achievement of United Nation will revealthat it is not a military establishment. It is tobe remembered that the UN is a world publicforum that works for security of humankindby stressing on social and economicprogress, peace and sustainabledevelopment.

Waiting for food : View of a refugee camp

• Look at the World map and findout specified areas of intervention by the UN peacekeeping force

United Nations Organisation intervenes inareas like refugee settlement, relief workand in works for protection of environment.In 2005 Peace Building Commission (PBC)under the UN was set up to ensure peace,development and progress of areas whereconflicts exist at the global level.

Terrorism is something faced by the presentworld with fear and caution.

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United Nations : LimitationsThe United Nations organization has toshoulder new challenges in the process ofkeeping peace and security in addition toresolving disputes between member states.Security challenges of the new periodinclude racial and ethnic conflicts, terroristactivities, climate changes and sustainabledevelopment. Traditional or conventionalmeasures of peace maintenance areinadequate to meet newer challenges. Thusnew peace programme are required.Increased financial expenses, militaryrelated technology attainments andmodernization are also required inemerging situations. The United Nations

has many in built limitations due to theabsence of efficient officialdom, shortage offinancial recourses, expensive bureaucraticadministration and member states failingto contribute their financial share to the UNtreasury.

The UN has to work in conformity with theinterest of developed Western nations whoare the main providers of finance to the UN.Continuing conflicts between the developedand developing nations are also emerging.The developed states demand that thereshall be more of contributions from the sideof developing societies who are more innumber in the UN. All these challenges arefaced by the UN.

Some examples for the intervention of the UN Peace Keeing Force

UN destribute food in refugee camp inLiberia

UN Medical mission in Congo

DiscussWhat are the drawbacks in the organization of the UN?

What are the suggestions to make UN more democratic and to overcomeits limitations?

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Non-aligned movement (NAM)In the earlier chapter, "The Second WorldWar and the collapse of colonialism". Welearned about the post Second World Warscenario characterized by a bipolar worldand the Cold War. We also learned that thepost Second World War period witnessedthe emergence of two opposing powerblocks led by the Soviet Union and theUnited States of America. It involvedcompetition, both of ideas and armaments.The world then still not free from the shockof the Second World War, had to live in thisfrightening atmosphere, expecting anotherwar.

This period witnessed the birth of newindependent sovereign states in Asia, Africa

and South America which had been coloniesof European powers till then. These newlyindependent states opted to keep away fromthe American-Soviet competition, givingmore importance to domestic developmentand world peace. This idea led to the originof the Non-Aligned Movement. We alreadyknow about the international conferencesthat led to the formation of the Non-AlignedMovement and the architects of thismovement.

The Non-Aligned Movement permitsmember states to adopt an independentstand in international relations and to followa foreign policy based on peace andcooperation. It denounces all kinds ofdiscrimination based on colour and race.

Find out• Which nation holds the office of the Chairman of the Non-Aligned

Movement now?

• Discuss the relevance of the Non-Aligned Movement in a period markedby the end of bipolarity, and when climate change, terrorism andglobalization have become international issues.

International Inter GovernmentOrganisationsThere are different kinds of relationsbetween states. They cooperate in areas likescience, technology, culture, commerce,trade etc. Organizations formed forstrengthening such relations areinternational intergovernmentorganizations. United NationsOrganization, Non-Aligned Movement etcare also international intergovernmentorganizations. The table below furnishesdetails of some other importantorganizations.

International NonGovernmental OrganisationsYou might have noticed certain individualsand associations around us responding toand interfering in issues relating to humanrights, environment etc. Silent Valleyprotection committee, Periyar protectioncommittee and the agitation at Plachimadaare examples.

Nongovernmental Organizations aremovements that originate and work atregional and national levels under theinitiative of individuals and groups. Theyfocus on protection of human rights,environment, peace, development of cordialsocial relations, preserving the rights of local

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people on natural resources, protection ofhabitat and resources and so on. Suchorganizations work either in cooperationwith government or otherwise. At timesfunctions of these organizations expandbeyond the boundaries of state and becomeinternational associations. Internationalnongovernmental organizations areunofficial organizations. International Intergovernment organizations are officialorganizations. Some of the importantInternational nongovernmentalorganizations can be just examined.

Green peaceThis organisation also known as'Environmental Commandos' Startedfunctioning in 1960, Green Peace functionstowards the protection of habitat andecology and the prevention of pollution ofoceans, rivers, and atmosphere.

LOBAYANThis movement was originated in India tochampion the course of protecting trees andvegetations. Its functions have expandedto Europe too.

Chipko movementChipko movement was started to protect thetrees and plants of the Himalayas. This wasunder the leadership of Sri.Sunder LalBahuguna.

Amnesty InternationalThis organization provides emergencyassistance to areas that are afflicted by wars,natural calamities and uncontrolledepidemics. They try to create situationsconducive for solving issues in areasconfronted with racial riots and violationsof human rights.

Inter National Committee ofREDCROSSThere are more than 100 Red Cross societiesworld over. This organization provides helpand solace to areas affected by war andnatural calamities. Nobel peace prize for theyears 1914 and 1963 were awarded to thisorganization.

Green belt movementThis movement was inaugurated by theenvironment protection activist of Kenya,Mrs.Wangari Matthai. This movementworking toward the protection of earth andtrees, planted 80 lakh trees by organizingwomen.

International Cricket Council, Federation ofInternational Foot ball Association are alsointernational intergovernmentorganizations.

• Discuss how far the functions of theseorganizations are helpful for peace andsecurity?

• Do any of these above organizations orassociates of such organizations work inyour area or educational institution?What are their activities?

World Social ForumThe World Social Forum first assembled in2001, in Brazil with the purpose of creatinga world order capable of opposing theconsequences of globalization. Thismovement aims at a new world order devoidof discrimination based on race, colour andgender. The movement believes thatdemocracy can be reinvented by ensuringeconomic, social and political equality. The10th conference of the world social forumwas held at Porto Alegre in Brazil, inJanuary, 2010.

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Summits and ConferencesIt is through global Summits andconferences that United Nations framespolicies and programmes and implementsthem for peace and security. The heads of

UN Conference on climate change August 2010

states, high officials and diplomatsparticipate in summits and conferences.The table below provides understandingabout some important summits.

Summits/Conferences Place Year Areas of Concern

Earth Summit

Kyoto Protocol

World Summit forSustainable Development

Copenhegan Protocol onclimate change

Rio de Janeiro(Brazil)

Kyoto (Japan)

Johannesberg (South Africa)

Copenhagen(Denmark)

1992

1997

2002

2009

Protection of environment, change inclimate by global warming to be treatedas common problems of mankind; Thecontrol of emission of green house gasesfrom industry, agriculture, automobileand domestic sources.

To bring down the emission of greenhouse gases by 2012, 5% below the 1990level.

Environment friendly and sociallyoriented development, eradication ofpoverty, Preservation of pure waterresources, hygiene and organic farming.

Reduce the emission of green housegases, reduce the increasing ofatmospheric temperature for preventingglobal warming.

Activity

• What are the factors that threaten peace and security at present?

• Are organizations, associations and interventions able to solve these?

• Discuss and present a Seminar in the Class room.

• Prepare an album by collecting information and pictures ofinternational Summits and Conferences?

PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH INTERNATIONAL …scert.kerala.gov.in/images/text_books/unit 12.pdf · formed in areas of environmental issues, sustainable development, human rights etc.

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