IRREGULAR VERBS
IRREGULAR VERBS
A
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
AbideAbode/AbidedAbode/Abided/AbiddenTo continueTo
reside\live
Aby/AbeyAboughtAboughtTo make amends for something wrong
AlightAlit/AlightedAlit/AlightedTo get off a bus, train,
etc.
AriseAroseArisenTo originateTo get up from horizontal position,
out of bedTo come into existence
AwakeAwokeAwokenTo stop sleeping and become conscious
B
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
BackbiteBackbitBackbittenTo speak badly about someone
BackfitBackfitBackfitTo fit new parts into an older machine that
weren't available when the machine was made
BacklightBacklitBacklitTo illuminate from behind
(photography)
BackslideBackslidBackslid/BacksliddenTo stop making progress and
start regressing
BeWas/WereBeenTo exist, live or occur.To have as a quality or a
stateAn auxiliary verb
BearBoreBorn/BorneTo carryTo tolerateTo give birth to
BeatBeatBeatenTo hit repeatedly
BecomeBecameBecomeTo come into existence
BedightBedight/BedightedBedight/BedightedTo adorn, decorate
BefallBefellBefallenTo happenTo happen to somebody or
something
BegetBegot/BegatBegottenTo cause something to happenTo
procreate
BeginBeganBegunTo start something
BegirdBegirt/BegirdedBegirtTo encircle
BehightBehightBehight/BehotenTo promise or vowTo order
BeholdBeheldBeheldTo become conscious of by seeing
BelayBelaid/BelayedBelaid/BelayedTo secure a boat with a ropeTo
tie up
BendBentBentTo curve something by distorting its shape
BereaveBereftBereft/BereavedTo lose a relative through their
deathTo deprive
BeseechBesought/BeseechedBesought/BeseechedTo ask someone very
insistently to do something
BesetBesetBesetTo be restricted and occupied by difficulties
BespeakBespokeBespokenTo be a signal or symbol of something
To set aside or reserve something
To ask for
BestrewBestrewedBestrewed/BestrewnTo cover a surface by throwing
things about randomly
BestrideBestrodeBestriddenTo sit or stand with one leg on either
side of something
BetBetBetTo risk money against the result of a future event
BetakeBetookBetakenTo go to a place
BethinkBethoughtBethoughtTo think about somethingTo remind
yourself
BeweepBeweptBeweptTo cry for or over someone or something
BidBidBidTo make an offer of money or services
BidBadeBiddenTo command or urge someone to do something
BideBided/BodeBidedTo wait forTo tolerateTo withstand
BindBoundBoundTo tie something with string, or similar, to hold
it
BiteBitBittenTo cut or hold with teeth
BlawBlawedBlawnTo blow
BleedBledBledTo lose blood through a cut in the skin
BlendBlended/BlentBlended/BlentTo mix together
BlessBlessed/BlestBlessed/BlestTo wish or confer happinessTo
make holy
BlowBlewBlownTo move air, wind and gases
Bottle-feedBottle-fedBottle-fedTo feed a baby with a bottle
BowstringBowstrung/BowstringedBowstrungTo strangle with the
string from a bow
BreakBrokeBrokenTo cause something to separate into at least two
pieces
Breast-feedBreast-fedBreast-fedTo feed a baby with breast
milk
BreedBredBredTo produce animals or plants by controlling their
reproduction
BringBroughtBroughtTo carry or convey something to the place
where you are going
BroadcastBroadcast/BroadcastedBroadcast/BroadcastedTo transmit
radio or TV signals
BrowbeatBrowbeatBrowbeat/BrowbeatenTo put pressure on someone or
bully them to do something
BuildBuiltBuiltTo construct
BurnBurnt/BurnedBurnt/BurnedTo consume or be consumed by
fire
BurstBurstBurstTo break something open, usually by internal
pressure, such as a balloon with too much air in it
BustBustBustTo break
BuyBoughtBoughtTo acquire something in exchange for money
C
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
CastCastCastTo throw or project something
CatchCaughtCaughtTo receiveTo stop and hold a moving object,
usually with your handsTo make something unable to escape
CheerleadCheerledCheerledTo cheer and support a team in an
organised group
ChideChidChid/ChiddenTo tell somebody off when they have done
something wrong
ChooseChoseChosenTo select
ClapClapped/ClaptClapped/ClaptTo hit your hands together to make
a sound to show approvalTo make a loud noise, like thunder
Clear-cutClear-cutClear-cutTo cut down all trees in an area
CleaveCleft/Cleaved/CloveCleft/Cleaved/ClovenTo separate or
divide something, often with forceTo stick or hold together
CleekClaught/Claucht/CleekedCleekedTo grasp or take hold of
ClepeClepedCleped/Ycleped/YcleptTo call or name
ClingClungClungTo hold on to or to stick to
ClotheClad/ClothedClad/ClothedTo dress someone or provide them
with clothes
ColorbreedColorbredColorbredTo breed an animal to be of a
particular color
ColorcastColorcastColorcastTo broadcast in color
ComeCameComeTo move towards or to arrive at a specified place,
time or situation
CostCostCostThe amount of money required to buy something; it
costs five dollars.
Cost-cutCost-cutCost-cutTo redcuce costs or expenditure
CounterdrawCounterdrewCounterdrawnTo copy by tracing
CounterlightCounterlitCounterlitTo light something directly from
opposite sides
CowriteCowroteCowrittenTo write with someone
Crash-diveCrash-dived/Crash-doveCrash-divedTo go down very
quickly
CreepCreptCreptTo move along the ground lying down
Creep-feedCreep-fedCreep-fedTo feed young animals in a special
area that adult animals can't get in
Crib-biteCrib-bitCrib-bittenTo bite its manger and swallow air
(of a horse)
Cross-biteCross-bitCross-bittenTo thwart or stop something
happening by deception
Cross-stringCross-strungCross-strungTo place bass strings on a
piano across the treble strings
CrossbreedCrossbredCrossbredTo breed animals or plants of
different species, like a mule, which is a crossbreed of a donkey
and a horse
CrosscutCrosscutCrosscutTo move between scenes or stories in a
film or narrative
CrosslightCrosslitCrosslitTo illuminate from different sides,
but not directly opposite
CrowCrowed/CrewCrowedTo boastTo utter a sound indicating
pleasure
CutCutCutTo break the surface of something with a knife or
similar tool
D
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
DareDared/DurstDaredTo have sufficient courage
DaydreamDaydreamt/DaydreamtDaydreamt/DaydreamtTo have dream-like
thoughts when a wakeTo have a fantasy
DealDealtDealtTo distribute, especially playing cards in
games
Deep-freezeDeep-frozeDeep-frozenTo freeze or store frozenTo
suspend progress or activity
DigDugDugTo make a hole in the ground
DightDight/DightedDight/DightedTo dictate orders
DispreadDispreadDispreadTo spread out
DisproveDisprovedDisproven/DisprovedTo prove that something is
fale or wrong
DiveDived/DoveDivedTo jump head first into waterTo fall
quickly
DoDidDoneTo perform or carry out
DogfightDogfoughtDogfoughtTo fight in aeroplanesTo arrange a
fight between dogs for sport
DowDought/DowedDought/DowedTo have the ability to do somethingTo
do well
DrawDrewDrawnTo make a picture using a pen or pencil
DreamDreamt/DreamedDreamt/DreamedTo see visual images while
sleeping
DrinkDrankDrunkTo consume liquids
Drip-feedDrip-fedDrip-fedTo feed someone with fluids going into
the veinTo release information very slowly, bit by bit
DriveDroveDrivenTo operate and control a car or other
vehicle
DwellDweltDweltTo reside or live somewhere
E
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
EatAteEatenTo consume solid food
End-runEnd-ranEnd-runTo avoid doing something by cheating or
deceit
EngirdEngirtEngirtTo encircle, encompass
EngraveEngravedEngraved/EngravenTo carve letters or a pattern
into the surface of something
EnwindEnwoundEnwoundTo make into a coilTo wrap around
something
F
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
FallFellFallenTo move downwards or to the ground
FarebeatFarebeatFarebeatenTo avoid paying fares when using
public transport
Fast-cutFast-cutFast-cutTo cut quickly from one scene to another
in a film
FeedFedFedTo give or supply food
FeelFeltFeltTo sense by touchTo experience an emotion, or
sensation
FightFoughtFoughtTo try to hurt or kill someone in combat or
war
FindFoundFoundTo discover something either by chance or when
looking for it
FitFit/FittedFit/FittedTo be the correct size, for clothes, etc.
(fit/fit/fit)To measure someone for size (fit fit/fitted/
fit/fitted)
Flash-freezeFlash-frozeFlash-frozenTo freeze food very rapidly
to preserve taste and nutrients
FleeFledFledTo run away in order to find safety
FlingFlungFlungTo throw or move something suddenly
FloodlightFloodlitFloodlitTo use powerful lights to illuminate
something outside at night
FlyFlewFlownTo move through the airTo travel by aeroplane
FlyblowFlyblewFlyblownTo contaminate by laying eggs, the way a
fly does
ForbearForboreForborne/ForbornNot to use or talk about
something
ForbidForbade/ForbadForbiddenTo prohibit
Force-feedForce-fedForce-fedTo feed someone who refuses or
doesn't want to eat
Fordo/ForedoFordidFordoneTo ruin or destroy
ForecastForecast/ForecastedForecast/ForecastedTo predict the
future
ForefeelForefeltForefeltTo have a feeling before something
happensTo have a premonition
ForegoForewentForegoneTo preceed somethingTo go without
something
ForeknowForeknewForeknownTo know something beforehand
ForerunForeranForerunTo go before somethingTo show that
something is going to happen
ForeseeForesawForeseenTo predict or see the future
ForeshowForeshowedForshowed/ForeshownTo show something or make
it known beforehandTo foretell
ForespeakForespokeForespokenTo predictTo speak of something
beforehand
ForetellForetoldForetoldTo predict the future
ForgetForgotForgottenTo be unable to remember something
ForgiveForgaveForgivenTo pardon or stop being angry with someone
who has offended you
ForleseForloreForlornTo lose completely
ForsakeForsookForsakenTo give something upTo abandon
ForswearForsworeForswornTo make a false promise or oath
FraughtFraught/FraughtedFraught/FraughtedTo stockTo load a ship,
etcTo hire a ship, etc
Free-fallFree-fellFree-fallenTo drop or fall suddenlyTo fall
through the air without opening a parachute
FreezeFrozeFrozenTo make liquids into solids by cold
temperaturesTo store food below zero degrees centigrade
FrostbiteFrostbitFrostbittenTo injure or damage part of the body
through extreme cold
G
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
GainsayGainsaidGainsaidTo contradict or deny
GaslightGaslit/GaslightedGaslit/GaslightedTo frighten and
confuse someone so much that they think they are going mad
GeldGelded/GeltGelded/GeltTo castrate an animal
GetGotGot/GottenTo obtain, catch or receive
GhostwriteGhostwroteGhostwrittenTo write for someone else, who
will put their name as the author
GildGilt/GildedGilt/GildedTo cover something with a thin layer
of gold
GinGanGanTo begin something
GirdGirded/GirtGirded/GirtTo secure or encirle something with a
belt or bend
GiveGaveGivenTo offer something as a present
GnawGnawedGnawed/GnawnTo bite or chew
To cause worry
GoWentGone/BeenTo travel to a place
GraveGravedGraven/GravedTo digTo carveTo fix in the memory
GrindGroundGroundTo break something into a powder
GrowGrewGrownTo increase in size
H
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
HagrideHagrodeHagriddenTo torment or cause nightmares
HalterbreakHalterbrokeHalterbrokenTo break a horse in, to get it
used to wearing a halter
HamstringHamstrung/HamstringedHamstrung/HamstringedTo make
things difficult for someone doing something
Hand-feedHand-fedHand-fedTo give food by hand
Hand-rideHand-rodeHand-riddenTo control an animal by hand
HandsewHandsewedHandsewn/HandsewedTo sew by hand
HandwriteHandwroteHandwrittenTo write with a pen or pencil
rather than a word processor
HangHung/HangedHung/HangedTo suspend from a supportTo execute
someone by supending them by the neck
HaveHadHadTo possessTo doAn auxiliary verb
HearHeardHeardTo detect or perceive sound
HeaveHeaved/HoveHeaved/HoveTo lift something heavyTo throw
something heavy
HewHewedHewnTo cut things into pieces
HideHidHiddenTo conceal or put something where it cannot be
seen
HightHote/HightHotenTo nameTo promiseTo command
HitHitHitTo touch somebody or something with force
HoiseHoised/HoistHoised/HoistTo hoist or lift
HoistHoist/HoistedHoist/HoistedTo raise or lift using ropes,
etc
HoldHeldHeldTo secure something in your handTo contain
House-sitHouse-satHouse-satTo stay in someone's house to look
after it while they are away
HousebreakHousebrokeHousebrokenTo train an animal to live in a
house
HurtHurtHurtTo cause pain, injury or stressTo experience pain,
injury or stress
I
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
InbreedInbredInbredTo produce babies with health problems by
sexual relations between close relatives
IndwellIndweltIndweltTo inhabitTo exist as a guiding
principle
InholdInheldInheldTo have as an inherent characteristic
InlayInlaidInlaidTo put a different material inside another for
decoration, with a flat surface
InputInput/InputtedInput/InputtedTo enter data into a
computer
InsetInsetInsetTo put a picture or graphic inside a lerger
one
InterblendInterblended/InterblentInterblended/InterblentTo blend
things together
InterbreedInterbredInterbredTo mix species or groups
sexually
IntercutIntercutIntercutTo move between different scenes or
stories in a film or narrative
IntergraveIntergravedIntergraved/IntergravenTo carve or engrave
in alternate sections
InterlayInterlaidInterlaidTo place among or between things
IntersetIntersetIntersetTo set among or between things
InterweaveInterwoveInterwovenTo join or mix together
InterwindInterwoundInterwoundTo wind together or intertwine
InweaveInwove/InweavedInwoven/InweavedTo weave things
together
InwindInwoundInwoundTo wrap or coil around
J
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
Jerry-buildJerry-builtJerry-builtTo build something cheaply and
badly
K
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
KeepKeptKeptTo have possessionTo make somebody or something stay
in a particular place
KenKent/KennedKent/KennedTo know
KneelKnelt/KneeledKnelt/KneeledTo support yourself on your
knees
KnitKnit/KnittedKnit/KnittedTo make clothes such as pullovers
out of wool
KnowKnewKnownTo be acquainted withTo have correctly in your
memory
L
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
LadeLadedLaden/LadedTo load (put goods onto) a ship
LandslideLandslid/LandslidedLandslid/LandslidedTo win a
convincing and easy victory in an election
LayLaidLaidTo put something in a horizontal position
LeadLedLedTo take someone somewhere or guide themTo be in
command
LeanLeant/LeanedLeant/LeanedTo place something at an incline for
support against something
LeapLeapt/LeapedLeapt/LeapedTo jump
LearnLearnt/LearnedLearnt/LearnedTo acquire knowledge
LeaveLeftLeftTo go out of a place
LendLentLentTo give somebody money that must be returned
LepLeptLeptTo leap
LetLetLetTo allow something to happenTo allow someone to do
something
LieLayLainTo get into or be in a horizontal position
LightLitLitTo make something burn
LinebreedLinebredLinebredBreed animals from a particular
family
Lip-ReadLip-ReadLip-ReadTo work out what someone is saying from
the movements of their mouth
LoseLostLostNot to have something because you do not know where
it is
M
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
MakeMadeMadeTo create or construct somethingTo cause somebody to
do somethingTo perform an action
MeanMeantMeantTo signifyTo intend
MeetMetMetTo make somebody's acquaintanceTo be in the same place
as somebody
MeltMeltedMolten/MeltedTo change from solid into a liquid as the
temperature goes up
MisbecomeMisbecameMisbecomeNot to suit
MiscastMiscastMiscastTo choose the wrong actor for a role
MischooseMischoseMischosenTo choose wrongly
MiscutMiscutMiscutTo cut something wrongly or badly
MisdealMisdealtMisdealtTo distribute playing cards wrongly in a
game
MisdoMisdidMisdoneTo harm or injure
MisfallMisfellMisfallenTo happen unluckily
MisfeedMisfedMisfedTo feed incorrectlyTo jam printers,
photocpiers, etc, by feeding the paper incorrectly
MisgiveMisgaveMisgivenTo become suspicious or worried
MishearMisheardMisheardTo hear something incorrectly
MishitMishitMishitTo hit a ball badly or inaccurately
MisknowMisknewMisknownTo have the wrong idea about something
MislayMislaidMislaidTo lose or put something where you cannot
find it
MisleadMisledMisledTo make someone behave wronglyTo deceive
MislearnMislearnt/MislearnedMislearnt/MislearnedTo learn
wrongly
MisreadMisreadMisreadTo read something incorrectly
MissayMissaidMissaidTo say something incorrectlyTo talk badly
about someone
MissendMissentMissentTo send to the wrong place or person
MissetMissetMissetTo set or place wrongly or incorrectly
MisspeakMisspokeMisspokenTo say or pronounce something
wrongly
To say something that is incorrect or inaccurate
MisspellMisspelt/MisspelledMisspelt/MisspelledTo write a word
without using the correct letters
MisspendMisspentMisspentTo waste time or money
MisswearMissworeMisswornTo swear or make an oath falsely
MistakeMistookMistakenNot to understandTo confuse somebody with
someone else
MisteachMistaughtMistaughtTo teach wrongly or incorrectly
MistellMistoldMistoldTo tell something wrongly
MisthinkMisthoughtMisthoughtTo have mistaken thoughts or
ideas
MisunderstandMisunderstoodMisunderstoodNot to understand
MiswearMissworeMiswornTo wear badly
MiswedMiswed/MisweddedMiswed/MisweddedTo marry wrongly
MiswriteMiswroteMiswrittenTo write something incorrectly
MoonlightMoonlitMoonlitTo have a second job or to work illegally
without paying tax
MowMowedMownTo cut grass or cereals
N
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
NaysayNaysaidNaysaidTo oppose or criticise
Nose-diveNose-dived/Nose-doveNose-dived/Nose-doveTo dive or
plunge nose first (aircraft)
O
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
OffsetOffsetOffsetTo compenaste or counterbalance
OutbidOutbidOutbidTo offer more money than someone in an auction
or sale
OutbreedOutbredOutbredTo breed faster than others
OutdoOutdidOutdoneTo do better than someone
OutdrawOutdrewOutdrawnTo pull outTo pull a gun faster than an
opponent
OutdrinkOutdrankOutdrunkTo drink more than someone else, usually
alcohol
OutdriveOutdroveOutdrivenTo drive faster or better
OutfightOutfoughtOutfoughtTo fight better than someone
OutflyOutflewOutflownTo fly faster or further
OutgrowOutgrewOutgrownTo grow faster than something or someoneTo
become too big or mature for something
OutlayOutlaidOutlaidTo spend money for a particular purpose
OutleapOutleapt/OutleapedOutleapt/OutleapedTo jump or leap
further or higher
OutputOutput/OutputtedOutput/OutputtedTo put out or produce
OutrideOutrodeOutriddenTo ride faster than someone
OutrunOutranOutrunTo run or go faster than someone
OutseeOutsawOutseenTo see furtherTo have greater foresight
OutsellOutsoldOutsoldTo sell more than something or someone
OutshineOutshoneOutshoneTo be better than someone
OutshootOutshotOutshotTo shoot faster or better
OutsingOutsangOutsungTo sing better or louder than someone
OutsitOutsatOutsatTo sit for longer than someone
OutsleepOutsleptOutsleptTo sleep for longer than someone
OutsmellOutsmelt/OutsmelledOutsmelt/OutsmelledTo have a better
sense of smell
OutspeakOutspokeOutspokenTo speak better or more than
someone
OutspeedOutspedOutspedTo go faster than someone or something
OutspendOutspentOutspentTo spend more than someone
OutspinOutspunOutspunTo finish or die
OutspringOutsprangOutsprungTo spring or jump out
OutstandOutstoodOutstoodTo be clearly different or better
OutswearOutsworeOutswornTo exceed someone in swearing- oaths or
bad language
OutswimOutswamOutswumTo swim faster or further than someone
OuttellOuttoldOuttoldTo be better or exceed in telling or
calculating
OutthinkOutthoughtOutthoughtTo think better ideas than
someone
OutthrowOutthrewOutthrownTo throw further or more accurately
OutwearOutworeOutwornTo last longer (of materials, clothes,
etc)
OutwindOutwoundOutwoundTo unloose
OutworkOutworked/OutwroughtOutworked/OutwroughtTo work harder or
better
OutwriteOutwroteOutwrittenTo be better at writing
OverbearOverboreOverborneTo use force or authority to
control
OverbidOverbidOverbidTo bid more something is worthTo bid more
than you can win in a card game
OverblowOverblewOverblownTo become subduedTo blow awayTo force
too much
OverbreedOverbredOverbredTo breed too much so that features
become excessive
OverbuildOverbuiltOverbuiltTo build too much, overdevelop
OverbuyOverboughtOverboughtTo buy too much
To pay too much
OvercastOvercastOvercastTo become cloudyTo sew with overcast
stitiches (long slanting stitches)
OvercomeOvercameOvercomeTo master a problem or difficult
situationTo become helpless because of excessive emotions or
physical difficulties
OvercutOvercutOvercutTo cut down more trees than permitted
OverdoOverdidOverdoneTo do something to excessTo cook something
too much
OverdrawOverdrewOverdrawnTo take money out of an account so that
a negative balance results
OverdrinkOverdrankOverdrunkTo drink too much
OverdriveOverdroveOverdrivenTo drive or work something too
hard
OvereatOverateOvereatenTo eat too much
OverfeedOverfedOverfedTo give too much food
OverflyOverflewOverflownTo fly over a place
OvergrowOvergrewOvergrownTo grow too big or beyond a limit or
boundary
OverhangOverhungOverhungTo be above something
OverhearOverheardOverheardTo hear something accidently that was
not said to you
OverlayOverlaidOverlaidTo cover something with a layer
OverleapOverleapt/OverleapedOverleapt/OverleapedTo jump over
OverlearnOverlearnt/OverlearnedOverlearnt/OverlearnedTo continue
learning afer having reached a basic proficiency
OverlieOverlayOverlainTo lie on top of
To kill by lying on top of
OverpassOverpast/OverpassedOverpast/OverpassedTo cross, pass
over
OverpayOverpaidOverpaidTo pay too much
OverrideOverrodeOverriddenTo ride through an enemy's country
OverrunOverranOverrunTo floodTo invade and take control
OverseeOversawOverseenTo observe people's work to make sure that
it is done properly
OversellOversoldOversoldTo sell too muchTo publicise too
much
OversetOversetOversetTo overpower
OversewOversewedOversewn/OversewedTo sew two edges together with
stitches overlapping both
OvershootOvershotOvershotTo go past a limit
OversleepOversleptOversleptTo sleep too late
OversowOversowedOversown/OversowedTo sow on land that has
already be sown
OverspeakOverspokeOverspokenTo speak too long or use too many
words
OverspendOverspentOverspentTo spend more than allowed or
budgeted
OverspillOverspilt/OverspilledOverspilt/OverspilledTo spill
overTo have a population that exceeds the space available
OverspinOverspunOverspunTo make something last too long
OverspreadOverspreadOverspreadTo cover something
OverspringOversprangOversprungTo jump over
OverstandOverstoodOverstoodLose a sale of deal by sticking to a
price or conditions unacceptable to the other party
OverstrewOverstrewedOverstrewed/OverstrewnTo sprinkle or strew
something onto another thing
OverstrideOverstrodeOverstriddenTo walk across or overTo walk
faster than someoneTo dominate
OverstrikeOverstruckOverstruckTo stamp a new value or
inscription on a old coin
OverstringOverstrungOverstrungTo tie a string too tightlyTo
string piano bass strings across treble strings
OvertakeOvertookOvertakenTo pass a vehicle that is going more
slowly
OverthinkOverthoughtOverthoughtTo think or plan too much
OverthrowOverthrewOverthrownTo remove someone forcibly from
government or power
OverwearOverworeOverwornTo wear something too much or often, or
wear it out
OverwindOverwoundOverwoundTo wind a clock or something too much
so it strains the spring
OverwithholdOverwithheldOverwithheldTo deduct too much tax from
a payment or salary
OverwriteOverwroteOverwrittenTo record data on top of existing
data, erasing the original
P
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
PartakePartookPartakenTo take part in something or a part of
something, usually food
PayPaidPaidTo give somebody money in exchange for things or
services
PenPent/PennedPent/PennedTo shut up or enclose in a cage,
etc
Pinch-hitPinch-hitPinch-hitTo bat instead of a player in
baseball, especially when a hit is needed
PleadPled/PleadedPled/PleadedTo tell a court that you are guilty
or innocentTo ask for special treatment by authorities, etc.
PotshotPotshot/PotshottedPotshotTo shoot at randomTo criticise
at random
Practice-teachPractice-taughtPractice-taughtTo teach as part of
training
PrebindPreboundPreboundTo bind before
PrebuildPrebuiltPrebuiltPrefabricate
PrecutPrecutPrecutTo cut something before selling or assembling
it
PredoPredidPredoneTo do something before a certain time of
stage
PremakePremadePremadeTo make something before a time or
stage
PrepayPrepaidPrepaidTo pay for something using it
PresellPresoldPresoldTo sell before a certain time
PresetPresetPresetTo arrange something before it is needed
PreshrinkPreshrankPreshrunkTo shrink a fabric before selling it
so that it will not become smaller when washed
PresplitPresplitPresplitTo split or divide before a certain
time
Price-cutPrice-cutPrice-cutTo cut or reduce prices
ProofreadProofreadProofreadTo read something checking carefully
for mistakes
ProveProvedProven/ProvedTo demonstrate that something is
true
PutPutPutTo place something in a specific position
Q
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
Quick-freezeQuick-frozeQuick-frozenTo freeze something
rapidly
QuitQuitQuitTo stop doing somethingTo resign from a job
R
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
RapRapped/RaptRapped/RaptTo be very affected by strong
emotion
Re-proveRe-provedRe-proven/Re-provedTo prove again
ReadReadReadTo look at written words and understand them
ReaveReft/ReavedReft/ReavedTo deprive
To take by force
ReawakeReawokeReawoken/ReawakenTo wake up again
RebidRebidRebidTo bid again
RebindReboundReboundTo cover a book again
RebroadcastRebroadcastRebroadcastTo transmit something on
televison or the radio again
RebuildRebuiltRebuiltTo build something again
RecastRecastRecastTo replace an actor or actress
RecutRecutRecutTo cut again or differently
ReddRedd/ReddedRedd/ReddedTo save or rescue
RedealRedealtRedealtTo deal playing cards again
RedoRedidRedoneTo do something again
RedrawRedrewRedrawnTo draw againTo change boundaries, frontiers,
etc
ReeveRove/ReevedRove/ReevedTo gather togetherTo thread something
through a hole
RefitRefitRefitTo repair a ship, plane or vehicle
To fit something again
RegrindRegroundRegroundTo grind againTo smooth worn engine
parts
RegrowRegrewRegrownTo grow again
RehangRehungRehungTo hang again or in a different position
RehearReheardReheardTo hear something again
ReknitReknit/ReknittedReknit/ReknittedTo knit againTo join back
together
RelayRelaidRelaidTo operate a system where things are replaced
as they become used or tired
RelearnRelearnt/RelearnedRelearnt/RelearnedTo learn again
RelightRelit/RelightedRelit/RelightedTo light or start something
burning again
RemakeRemadeRemadeTo make something again, such as a new version
of a film
RendRentRentTo tear or rip
RepayRepaidRepaidTo pay somebody money owed
RereadRereadRereadTo read again
RerunReranRerunTo show a film again
ResellResoldResoldTo sell something again
ResendResentResentTo send something again
ResetResetResetTo put something back to the original way it was
organised
ResewResewedResewn/ReswedTo sew again
ReshootReshotReshotTo shoot a film scene again
ResitResatResatTo take an exam or test again
ResowResowedResown/ResowedTo sow again
RespellRespelled/RespeltRespelled/RespeltTo spell again
RestringRestrungRestrungTo fit new strings on a musical
instrument or a bow
RetakeRetookRetakenTake again, especially exams and tests
ReteachRetaughtRetaughtTo teach again
RetearRetoreRetornTo tear again, usually of injuries
RetellRetoldRetoldTo tell something again
RethinkRethoughtRethoughtTo think again
RetreadRetrodRetroddenTo tread againTo cut new tread in a
tyre
RetrofitRetrofit/RetrofittedRetrofit/RetrofittedTo fit new parts
into an older machine that weren't available when the machine was
made
RewakeRewoke/RewakedRewoken/RewakedTo wake again
RewearReworeRewornTo wear again
ReweaveRewove/ReweavedRewoven/ReweavedTo weave again
RewedRewed/ReweddedRewed/ReweddedTo marry again
RewetRewet/RewettedRewet/RewettedTo wet again
RewinRewonRewonTo win again
RewindRewoundRewoundTo put a cassette or video back to the
beginning
RewriteRewroteRewrittenTo write something again, usually with
improvements
RidRid/RiddedRid/RiddedTo dispose of
RideRodeRiddenTo travel by horse, bike or motorbike
RingRangRungTo telephoneTo make sounds with a bell
RiseRoseRisenTo move upwards
RiveRivedRiven/RivedTo break apart ot split
Rough-hewRough-hewedRough-hewnTo make a rough version of
something
RoughcastRoughcastRoughcastTo prepare a rough form of
something
RunRanRunTo move quickly, so that both legs leave the ground
S
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
Sand-castSand-castSand-castTo make a cast by pouring metal into
a mold made of sand.
SawSawedSawn/SawedTo cut wood, etc, with a tool
SaySaidSaidTo speak words
SeeSawSeenTo notice with your eyes
SeekSoughtSoughtTo try to find something
Self-feedSelf-fedSelf-fedTo feed itself without assistance
Self-sowSelf-sowedSelf-sown/Self-sowedTo sow itself without
assistance
SellSoldSoldTo receive money in exchange for goods
SendSentSentTo cause something to be taken to a specific
destination, especially letters, message, etc.
SetSetSetTo place something somewhereTo fix something in a
particular position
SewSewedSewn/SewedTo join pieces of material together using
thread
ShakeShookShakenTo vibrateTo make something vibrate
ShaveShavedShaven/ShavedTo remove body hair
ShearShore/ShearedShorn/ShearedTo cut with scissors, especially
wool from sheep
ShedShedShedTo fall off or let something fall off; snakes shed
their skin
ShendShentShentTo shame or disgrace
ShewShewedShewn/ShewedShow
ShineShoneShoneTo give off or reflect bright light
ShitShat/ShitShat/ShitTo get rid of solid body waste
ShoeShodShodTo provide with shoes, especially horses
ShootShotShotTo fire a bullet from a gunTo kill or hurt somebody
with a gun
ShortcutShortcutShortcutTo use a shorter or quicker way of going
somehere or doing something
ShowShowedShownTo allow somebody to see something so that they
can become aware of it
ShrinkShrankShrunkTo become smallerTo make something smaller
ShriveShroveShrivenTo confess or listen to a confession, a
religious term
ShutShutShutTo close something
SidewindSidewoundSidewoundTo move like the sidewinder snake
Sight-readSight-readSight-readTo read music
SightseeSightsawSightseenTo visit famous monuments, etc
SingSangSungTo make music with your voice
SinkSankSunkTo move downwards in waterTo make something move
downwards in water
SitSatSatTo support your body with your buttocks not your feet,
with the back in a vertical position as on a chair
SkywriteSkywroteSkywrittenTo write in the sky with smoke
SlaySlewSlainTo kill
SleepSleptSleptTo be in a relaxed state with your eyes
closed
SlideSlidSlid/SliddenTo move on a smooth surface, such as
ice
SlingSlungSlungTo throw something somewhere
SlinkSlunkSlunkTo move in a suspicious and guilty way
SlitSlitSlitTo make a long thin cut in something
SmellSmelt/SmelledSmelt/SmelledTo detect odours with your noseTo
emit odours
SmiteSmoteSmittenTo hit
SnapshootSnapshotSnapshotTake a quick photograph
SneakSneaked/SnuckSneaked/SnuckTo move around guiltily or to
avoid being noticed
SoothsaySoothsaidSoothsaidTo predict the future
SowSowedSownTo plant seeds in the ground to produce plants or
cereals
SpeakSpokeSpokenTo say words with your mouthTo be able to use a
language
SpeedSped/SpeededSped/SpeededTo move quicklyTo drive faster than
legally permitted
SpellSpelt/SpelledSpelt/SpelledTo use the correct combination of
letters for a word
SpellbindSpellboundSpellboundTo put into a trance or
captivate
SpendSpentSpentTo Use money to buy thingsTo use time or energy
doimg something
SpillSpilt/SpilledSpilt/SpilledTo allow liquids out of their
containers accidentally
SpinSpan/SpunSpunTo turn repeatedly in circles around a fixed
pointTo make something turn repeatedly in circles
SpitSpat/SpitSpat/SpitTo eject saliva, liquid or food from the
mouth
SplitSplitSplitTo divideTo break open
SpoilSpoilt/SpoiledSpoilt/SpoiledTo let something go badTo go
bad
SpoonfeedSpoonfedSpoonfedTo give someone information in small
and very easy bits
SpreadSpreadSpreadTo cover the surface of one thing with
something else, like butter on bread
SpringSprangSprungTo jumpTo become active
Stall-feedStall-fedStall-fedTo feed or fatten an animal in a
stall
StandStoodStoodTo be in a vertical position with the weight on
the feetTo get into this position
StaveStove/Staved/StovedStove/Staved/StovedTo break a hole in
something
StealStoleStolenTo take property or money that is not yours
StickStuckStuckTo attach things with glueTo insert a sharp
object into something
StingStungStungTo feel pain caused by an insect or plant or in a
particular part of the body
StinkStankStunkTo smell very badly
StraphangStraphungStraphungTo hold a strap for support
StrewStrewedStrewn/StrewedTo distribute things randomly over a
surface
StrideStrode/StridedStriddenTo walk confidently
StrikeStruckStruck/StrickenTo stop working as a protest about
working conditionsTo hit
StringStrungStrungTo attach something using a cord
StripStript/StrippedStript/StrippedTo undressTo remove the
covering of something
StriveStroveStrivenTo try very hard to do something
SubletSubletSubletTo rent something you have rented
SunburnSunburned/SunburntSunburned/SunburntTo get red skin from
being in the sun for too long
SwearSworeSwornTo use words which are regarded as offensiveTo
promise
SweatSweat/SweatedSweat/SweatedTo perspire
SweepSwept/SweepedSwept/SweepedTo clean floors using a brush
SwellSwelledSwollenTo increase in size usually by filling with
liquids or gases
SwimSwamSwumTo travel in water by moving your arms and legs
SwingSwungSwungTo move from side to side from a fixed point
SwinkSwank/SwonkSwonkenTo work, toil or labour
Switch-hitSwitch-hitSwitch-hitTo bat right-handed against a
left-handed bowler, or vice versa, in baseball
T
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
TakeTookTakenTo perform an actionTo acquire
TeachTaughtTaughtTo instruct or train somebody
Team-teachTeam-taughtTeam-taughtTo teach with more than one
teacher for the class or group
TearToreTornTo make a hole or divide material, paper, etc.
TelecastTelecast/TelecastedTelecast/TelecastedTo broadcast on
TV
TellToldToldTo give somebody information
Test-driveTest-droveTest-drivenTo drive a car to test it before
buying
Test-flyTest-flewTest-flownTo test a plane
ThinkThoughtThoughtTo have an opinionTo use the brain
ThriveThrove/ThrivedThriven/ThrivedTo do very well because the
circumstances or situation is right
ThrowThrewThrownTo cause an object to leave your hand in such a
way that it travels through the air
ThrustThrustThrustTo push with force
ThunderstrikeThunderstruckThunderstruck/ThunderstrickenTo strike
with lightningTo shock
TineTint/TinedTint/TinedTo shut
TossTossed/TostTossed/TostThrow around
TreadTrodTroddenTo put your foot down
TroubleshootTroubleshotTroubleshotTo solve a problem
TypecastTypecastTypecastTo give an actor the same sort of role
repeatedly
TypesetTypesetTypesetTo compose type for printing
TypewriteTypewroteTypewrittenTo write with a typewriter
U
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
UnbearUnboreUnborn/UnborneTo remove a horse's rein and
straps
UnbendUnbentUnbentTo retore something to its original shape that
has been distorted
UnbindUnboundUnboundTo set something freeTo untie, remove ropes,
chains, etc..
UnbuildUnbuiltUnbuiltTo demolish
UnclotheUnclad/UnclothedUnclad/UnclothedTo remove clothes
UnderbidUnderbidUnderbid/UnderbiddenTo offer less money in an
auction or sale
UnderbuyUnderboughtUnderboughtTo buy for less than the real
value
UndercutUndercutUndercutTo sell at a cheaper price than a
competitor
UnderdelveUnderdelvedUnderdolven/UnderdelvedTo dive, dig,
explore under something
UnderdoUnderdidUnderdoneTo do less than necessaryNot to cook
enough
UnderfeedUnderfedUnderfedTo give too little food to someone or
an animal
UndergirdUndergirt/UndergirdedUndergirt/UndergirdedTo make
something secure underneathTo give moral support
UndergoUnderwentUndergoneTo suffer or go through an unpleasant
experience, such as surgery
UnderlayUnderlaidUnderlaidTo put underneath something
UnderletUnderletUnderletTo rent for less than the real value
UnderlieUnderlayUnderlainTo be the real reason, meaning or idea
behind something, usually hidden or not clear
UnderpayUnderpaidUnderpaidTo pay someone too little or pay less
than the price
UnderrunUnderranUnderrunTo pass or flow underneath something
UndersellUndersoldUndersoldTo sell at a lower price than a
competitor
UndershootUndershotUndershotTo shoot too shortNot to reach a
traget
UnderspendUnderspentUnderspentTo sepnd less money than allocated
in the department or company's budget
UnderstandUnderstoodUnderstoodTo know or come to know the
meaning of something
UndertakeUndertookUndertakenTo accept responsibility for doing
something
UnderthrustUnderthrustUnderthrustTo insert faulted rock under a
passive rock mass
UnderwriteUnderwroteUnderwrittenTo accept part or all of a
financial risk, especially insurance
UndoUndidUndoneTo ruin somebody's reputationTo 'open' clothes or
shoes before taking them off
UndrawUndrewUndrawnTo open a curtainTo withdraw
UndrawUndrewUndrawnTo open, draw back (curtains, etc)
UnfreezeUnfrozeUnfrozenTo make assets availably for useTo thaw
something
UnhangUnhungUnhungTo remove something that is hanging
UnhideUnhidUnhiddenTo expose something that was hidden
UnholdUnheldUnheldTo stop holding or not to hold
UnknitUnknit/UnknittedUnknit/UnknittedTo untie
UnladeUnladedUnladen/UnladedTo remove cargo, unload
UnlayUnlaidUnlaidTo untwist a rope
UnlearnUnlearnt/UnlearnedUnlearnt/UnlearnedTo try to forget or
change a habit or something that had been learned
UnmakeUnmadeUnmadeTo remove a decision
UnreeveUnrove/UnreevedUnrove/UnreevedTo remove a rope from a
hook
UnsayUnsaidUnsaidNot to say somethingTo take back something that
you said
UnsellUnsoldUnsoldTo convince someone that something is
worthless or false
UnsewUnsewedUnsewn/UnsewedTo undo someone sewed, remove the
stitches
UnslingUnslungUnslungTo remove something held in a sling
UnspeakUnspokeUnspokenTo take back what has been said or not to
say something
UnspinUnspunUnspunTo untwist or unravel
UnstickUnstuckUnstuckTo seperate things that have been stuck
togetherTo take off
UnstringUnstrungUnstrungTo open something secured with
string
UnswearUnsworeUnswornTo take back an oath
UnteachUntaughtUntaughtTo make someone forget something they
have learned
UnthinkUnthoughtUnthoughtTo remove something from your mind
UntreadUntrodUntroddenTo tread back, retrace your steps
UnweaveUnwoveUnwovenTo undo things that have been woven
together
UnwindUnwoundUnwoundTo relax
UnwriteUnwroteUnwrittenTo delete writing or not to write
UpbuildUpbuiltUpbuiltTo build up, develop on a large scale
UpholdUpheldUpheldTo support or confirm a decision
UppercutUppercutUppercutTo punch upwards towards someone's
chin
UpriseUproseUprisenTo get up, stand up, move upTo return from
the dead
UpsetUpsetUpsetTo make somebody unhappy or disturbed
UpspringUpsprangUpsprungTo jump or spring up
UpsweepUpsweptUpsweptTo sweep or brush upwards
UptearUptoreUptornTo tear into pieces
V
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
VexVext/VexedVext/VexedTo trouble or annoy
W
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
WakeWokeWokenTo stop sleeping and become consciousTo make
somebody stop sleeping
WaylayWaylaidWaylaidTo wait for or to stop somebody to rob
them
WearWoreWornTo have clothes on your body
WeaveWoveWovenTo make material
WedWed/WeddedWed/WeddedTo marry
WeepWeptWeptTo cry heavily
WendWended/WentWended/WentTo go, make your way
WetWet/WettedWet/WettedTo make something wet by applying a
liquid to it
WhipsawWhipsawedWhipsawn/WhipsawedTo cut with whipsaw (a saw for
two people)To victimise
WinWonWonTo be the best in a competition, game, election,
etc.
WindWoundWoundTo turn something round to make a mechanical
process operate
WinterfeedWinterfedWinterfedTo feed cattle in the winter when
they can't graze
WiredrawWiredrewWiredrawnTo make wireTo make something last a
long time, especially speech
WitWistWistTo know
WithdrawWithdrewWithdrawnTo remove money from a bankTo remove
something from a place
WithholdWithheldWithheldNot to let somebody have something
WithstandWithstoodWithstoodTo resist successfully
WontWontWont/WontedTo be accustomed
WorkWorked/WroughtWorked/WroughtTo make physical or mental
effort to produce or achieve something
WrapWrapped/WraptWrapped/WraptTo cover
To transport emotionally
WreakWreakedWreaked/WrokenTo cause or make something happen
WringWrungWrungTo put a lot of pressure on something to remove
liquids
WriteWroteWrittenTo put words onto paper using a pen or
pencil
Z
Base FormPast SimplePast ParticipleDefinition
ZincZinced/ZinckedZinced/ZinckedTo coat or cover something with
a layer of zinc