Vaani presentation

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itapúa Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.

HYDROELECTRICITY

The Gordon Dam in Tasmania is a large hydro facility, with an installed capacity of430 MW.

GENERAL METHODS Conventional (dams)Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water to the turbine.Run-of-the-riverRun-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir capacity, so that the water coming from upstream must be used for generation at that moment, or must be allowed to bypass the dam. In the United States, run of the river hydropower could potentially provide 60,000 MW (about 13.7% of total use in 2011 if continuously available).

Cross section of a conventional hydroelectric dam

SIZES AND CAPACITIES OF HYDROELECTRIC FACILITIESMicroMicro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kW of power. These installations can provide power to an isolated home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks.  Micro hydro systems complement photovoltaic solar energy systems because in many areas, water flow, and thus available hydro power, is highest in the winter when solar energy is at a minimum. A micro-hydro facility

in Vietnam

Although no official definition exists for the capacity range of large hydroelectric power stations, facilities from over a few hundred megawatts to more than 10 GW are generally considered large hydroelectric facilities. Currently, only three facilities over 10 GW (10,000 MW) are in operation worldwide; Three Gorges Dam at 22.5 GW, Itapúa Dam at 14 GW, and Guri Dam at 10.2 GW.

LargeLarge

The Three Gorges Dam is the largest operating hydroelectric power station, at22,500 MW

DISADVANTAGES

Large reservoirs required for the operation of hydroelectric power stations result in submersion of extensive areas upstream of the dams, destroying biologically rich and productive lowland and reverie valley forests, marshland and grasslands. The loss of land is often exacerbated by habitat fragmentation of surrounding areas caused by the reservoir.

Ecosystem damage and loss of land

Hydroelectric power stations that use dams would submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a reservoir.

Methane emissions

Lower positive impacts are found in the tropical regions, as it has been noted that the reservoirs of power plants in tropical regions produce substantial amounts of methane. According to the World Commission on Dams report, where the reservoir is large compared to the generating capacity and no clearing of the forests in the area was undertaken prior to impoundment of the reservoir, greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir may be higher than those of a conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant.

The Hoover Dam in the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility

NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social movement consisting a social movement consisting of adivasis, farmers, environmentalists, of adivasis, farmers, environmentalists, and human rights activists against a and human rights activists against a number of large dams being built across number of large dams being built across the Narmada river. The river flows the Narmada river. The river flows through the states of Gujarat, through the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh in Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh in India. Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat is India. Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on the river and one of the biggest dams on the river and was one of the first focal points of the was one of the first focal points of the movement. Friends of River Narmada is movement. Friends of River Narmada is the unofficial website of the NBA.the unofficial website of the NBA.Their mode of campaign includes hunger Their mode of campaign includes hunger strikes and garnering support from film strikes and garnering support from film and art personalities (notably Bollywood and art personalities (notably Bollywood actor Aamir Khan). Narmada Bachao actor Aamir Khan). Narmada Bachao Andolan, with its leading Andolan, with its leading spokespersons Medha Patkar and Baba spokespersons Medha Patkar and Baba Amte, received the Right Livelihood Amte, received the Right Livelihood Award in 1991.Award in 1991.

NARMADA BACHAO NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN LOGO ANDOLAN LOGO

HISTORY OF THE DAM PROJECT HISTORY OF THE DAM PROJECT Post-1947, investigations were carried out to evaluate mechanisms for using water from the Narmada River, which flows into the Arabian Sea after passing through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Due to inter-state differences in implementing schemes and sharing of water, the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal was constituted by the Government of India on 6 October 1969 to adjudicate over the disputes. This tribunal investigated the matters referred to it and responded after more than 10 years. On 12 December 1979, the decision as given by the tribunal, with all the parties at dispute binding to it, was released by the Indian government.As per the tribunal's decision, 30 major, 135 medium, and 3000 small dams, were granted approval for construction including raising the height of the Sardar Sarovar dam.

OVERVIEW OF NARMADA

FORMATION OF THE NARMADA BACHAO FORMATION OF THE NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN ANDOLAN There were groups such as Gujarat-There were groups such as Gujarat-based (Action Research in Community based (Action Research in Community Health and Development) and Narmada Health and Development) and Narmada Asargrastha Samiti (Committee for Asargrastha Samiti (Committee for people affected by the Narmada dam), people affected by the Narmada dam), Madhya Pradesh-based Narmada Ghati Madhya Pradesh-based Narmada Ghati Nav Nirman Samiti (Committee for a Nav Nirman Samiti (Committee for a new life in the Narmada Valley) and new life in the Narmada Valley) and Maharashtra-based Narmada Maharashtra-based Narmada Dharangrastha Samiti (Committee for Dharangrastha Samiti (Committee for Narmada dam-affected people) who Narmada dam-affected people) who either believed in the need for fair either believed in the need for fair rehabilitation plans for the people or rehabilitation plans for the people or who vehemently opposed dam who vehemently opposed dam construction despite a resettlement construction despite a resettlement policy.policy.While Medha Patkar established While Medha Patkar established Narmada Bachao Andolan in 1989, all Narmada Bachao Andolan in 1989, all these groups joined this national these groups joined this national coalition of environmental and human coalition of environmental and human rights activists, scientists, academics rights activists, scientists, academics and project-affected people with a non-and project-affected people with a non-violent approach.violent approach.

PROTEST FOR THE ANDOLANPROTEST FOR THE ANDOLAN

SUPREME COURT’S DECISION SUPREME COURT’S DECISION

The Supreme Court's decision is still The Supreme Court's decision is still pending, seeking stoppage of construction pending, seeking stoppage of construction of the Sardar Sarovar dam. The court of the Sardar Sarovar dam. The court initially ruled the decision in the Andolan's initially ruled the decision in the Andolan's favor, thereby effecting an immediate favor, thereby effecting an immediate stoppage of work at the dam and directing stoppage of work at the dam and directing the concerned states to first complete the the concerned states to first complete the rehabilitation and replacement process.rehabilitation and replacement process.[[

The Court deliberated on this issue further The Court deliberated on this issue further for several years but finally upheld the for several years but finally upheld the Tribunal Award and allowed the Tribunal Award and allowed the construction to proceed, subject to construction to proceed, subject to conditions. The court introduced a conditions. The court introduced a mechanism to monitor the progress of mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlement pari passu with the raising of resettlement pari passu with the raising of the height of the dam through the the height of the dam through the Grievance Redressal Authorities (GRA) in Grievance Redressal Authorities (GRA) in each of the party states. The court’s each of the party states. The court’s decision referred in this document, given in decision referred in this document, given in the year 2000 after seven years of the year 2000 after seven years of deliberations, has paved the way for deliberations, has paved the way for completing the project to attain full completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits. The court's final line of envisaged benefits. The court's final line of the order states, "Every Endeavour shall be the order states, "Every Endeavour shall be made to see that the project is completed made to see that the project is completed as expeditiously as possible"as expeditiously as possible"

RAIN WATER HARVESTING Rainwater harvesting is the Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer. Uses reaches the aquifer. Uses include water for garden, water include water for garden, water for livestock, water for livestock, water for irrigation, and indoor for irrigation, and indoor heating for houses etc.. In heating for houses etc.. In many places the water many places the water collected is just redirected to a collected is just redirected to a deep pit with percolation. The deep pit with percolation. The harvested water can be used harvested water can be used as drinking water as well as for as drinking water as well as for storage and other purpose like storage and other purpose like irrigation.irrigation.

A cistern for rainwater storage

WATERSHED MANAGEMENTWatershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed aimed at the sustainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal, and humans within a watershed boundary. Features of a watershed that agencies seek to manage include water supply, drainage, storm water runoff, water rights, and the overall planning and utilization of watersheds. Landowners, land use agencies, storm water management experts, environmental specialists, water use surveyors and communities all play an integral part in the management of a watershed.

At this point, the company is involved in six major projects affecting over 180 villages in Madhya Pradesh, North Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The projects are carried out in partnership with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), local community, and government agencies such as NABARD, or directly with state governments.

-Increase the groundwater recharge in the watershed area.

- Increase water use efficiency in agriculture and domestic sectors by ensuring the adoption of water management techniques.

Water is a limited resource. What each of us does in the world, how we live, does make a difference. As we learn the value of clean, safe water and how scarce it truly is, we can take steps to protect it and to get it to people who lack access today. Did you know that nearly 1 billion people, mostly in the developing world, have no access to safe water? More than double this number - about 2.4 billion - have no access to any form of improved sanitation facilities. They could use your help to get it.

NAME : VAANI BESWAL NAME : VAANI BESWAL

CLASS : X SECTION : ACLASS : X SECTION : A

REGISTRATION NUMBER : 240/04REGISTRATION NUMBER : 240/04

SUBJECT : ECONOMICAL SUBJECT : ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

TOPIC : GROUNDWATER TOPIC : GROUNDWATER

HISTORY (1950-1980)The first comprehensive groundwater bore database was assembled by the Geological Survey of Victoria in the late 1960s, with the introduction of the Groundwater Act 1969.  Up until the mid 1980s the bore locations were plotted on map sheets .  From the mid 1980s onwards a digital database, compiled from the existing records of all Government bores and private bores, was progressively assembled on mainframe computers.  From 1969, a permit to drill groundwater bores was required, and the information captured by the licensing process was added to the database.  This included groundwater investigation or observation bores drilled by other government agencies such as the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission and the Soil Conservation Authority and subsequent equivalents, although these agencies also kept their own bore databases. 

Section showing Borings at Bung Bong

CURRENT SCENARIO OF GROUNDWATERCURRENT SCENARIO OF GROUNDWATER

The Active Groundwater Level Network contains water levels and well information from more than 20,000 wells that have been measured by the USGS or USGS cooperators at least once within the past 13 months. This network includes all of these wells, regardless of measurement frequency, aquifer monitored, or the monitoring objective. 

COUNTRIES WHICH FACE COUNTRIES WHICH FACE THE PROBLEM OF THE PROBLEM OF DEPLETION OF DEPLETION OF GROUNDWATER GROUNDWATER TURKEYTURKEY- suffers from problems related to groundwater very frequently as the water reservoirs aren’t clean.AFRICA-AFRICA-This propose well and pump project will provide clean safe drinking water for an entire village of 400 people in Burkina Faso, Africa and 100% of public donations will directly fund this clean water project 

DEPLETION AND OVERUSE OF GROUNDWATER Groundwater is the largest source of Groundwater is the largest source of

usable, fresh water in the world. In usable, fresh water in the world. In many parts of the world, especially many parts of the world, especially where surface water supplies are not where surface water supplies are not available, domestic, agricultural, and available, domestic, agricultural, and industrial water needs can only be met industrial water needs can only be met by using the water beneath the ground.by using the water beneath the ground.Groundwater depletion is primarily Groundwater depletion is primarily caused by sustained groundwater caused by sustained groundwater pumping. Some of the negative effects pumping. Some of the negative effects of groundwater depletion:of groundwater depletion:Lowering of the Water TableLowering of the Water TableExcessive pumping can lower the Excessive pumping can lower the groundwater table, and cause wells to groundwater table, and cause wells to no longer be able to reach no longer be able to reach groundwater.groundwater.Increased CostsIncreased CostsAs the water table lowers, the water As the water table lowers, the water must be pumped farther to reach the must be pumped farther to reach the surface, using more energy. In extreme surface, using more energy. In extreme cases, using such a well can be cost cases, using such a well can be cost prohibitive.prohibitive.

GROUNDWATER PROJECT

NAME : VAANI BESWAL

CLASS : X SECTION : A

REGISTRATION NUMBER : 240/04

SUBJECT : BIOLOGY

TOPIC : WATER RECYCLING

Raw sewage is 99.9% water.  Large objects such as sticks and rags are removed from raw sewage as it passes through bar screens. 

Next, wastewater is slowed so that settle able organics settle to the bottom while fats, oils, and greases float to the top.

Step One Step Two

How is water recycled?Treatment of wastewater is actually a remarkably simple process that utilizes very basic physical, biological, and chemical principles to remove contaminants from water.  Use of mechanical or physical systems to treat wastewater is generally referred to as primary treatment, and use of biological processes to provide further treatment is referred to as secondary treatment.  Advanced secondary treatment usually involves applying chemical systems in addition to biological ones, such as injecting chlorine to disinfect the water.  In most of the United States, wastewater receives both primary and secondary treatment.  Tertiary treatment methods are sometimes used after primary and secondary treatment to remove traces of chemicals and dissolved solids.  Tertiary treatment is expensive and not widely practiced except where necessary to remove industrial contaminants.

Air is mixed with the partially treated wastewater so that microorganisms can survive to consume organic material in the water.

This is very high quality water. This tank is 12 feet deep, and note that clarity is excellent all the way to the bottom.

Step Three Step Four

USAGE OF RECYCLED WATER.

Using reclaimed water for non-potable uses saves potable water for drinking, since less potable water will be used for non-potable uses.It sometimes contains higher levels of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and Oxygen  which may somewhat help fertilize garden and agricultural plants when used for irrigation.The usage of water reclamation decreases the pollution sent to sensitive environments. It can also enhance wetlands, which benefits the wildlife depending on that eco-system. For instance, The San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant instituted a water recycling program to protect the Bay area's natural salt water marshes.

RECYCLED WATER

NAME : VAANI BESWALNAME : VAANI BESWAL CLASS : X SECTION : ACLASS : X SECTION : A

REGISTARTION NUMBER : REGISTARTION NUMBER : 240/04240/04

SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY

TOPIC : HARDNESS AND TOPIC : HARDNESS AND SOFTNESS OF WATER SOFTNESS OF WATER

HARDNESS OF WATER

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water").Hard drinking water is generally not harmful to one's health, but can pose serious problems in industrial settings, where water hardness is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment that handles water. In domestic settings, hard water is often indicated by a lack of suds formation when soap is agitated in water, and by the formation of lime scale in kettles and water heaters. Wherever water hardness is a concern, water softening is commonly used to reduce hard water's adverse effects.

A tap showing calcification left by the use of hard water.

Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cat ions in hard water. The resulting soft water is more compatible with soap and extends the lifetime of plumbing. Water softening is usually achieved using lime softening or ion-exchange resins.

SOFTNENIG OF WATER SOFTNENIG OF WATER

METHODS :--Ion exchange resin device -lime softening -Chelating agents -Distillation and rain water

Lime scale in PVC pipeLime scale in PVC pipe

REMOVAL OF HARDNESS FORM WATER

It is often desirable to soften It is often desirable to soften hard water. Most detergents hard water. Most detergents contain ingredients that contain ingredients that counteract the effects of hard counteract the effects of hard water on the surfactants. For water on the surfactants. For this reason, water softening is this reason, water softening is often unnecessary. Where often unnecessary. Where softening is practiced, it is softening is practiced, it is often recommended to soften often recommended to soften only the water sent to only the water sent to domestic hot water systems domestic hot water systems so as to prevent or delay so as to prevent or delay inefficiencies and damage due inefficiencies and damage due to scale formation in water to scale formation in water heaters. A common method for heaters. A common method for water softening involves the water softening involves the use of ion exchange resins, use of ion exchange resins, which replace ions like Cawhich replace ions like Ca2+2+ by  by twice the number of twice the number of monocations such monocations such as sodium or potassium ions.as sodium or potassium ions.

Hard water is softened and then is used as packaged drinking water.

TEMPORARY HARDNESS TEMPORARY HARDNESS is a type of water hardness caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonate minerals (calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate). When dissolved these minerals yield calcium and magnesium captions (Ca2+, Mg2+) and carbonate and bicarbonate anions (CO3

2-, HCO3-). The presence

of the metal cat ions makes the water hard. However, unlike the permanent hardness caused by sulfate and chloride compounds, this "temporary" hardness can be reduced either by boiling the water, or by the addition of lime (calcium hydroxide) through the softening process of lime softening. Boiling promotes the formation of carbonate from the bicarbonate and precipitates calcium carbonate out of solution, leaving water that is softer upon cooling.

PERMANENT HARDNESS PERMANENT HARDNESS is hardness (mineral content) that cannot be removed by boiling. When this is the case, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulfate and/or magnesium sulfates in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases. Ions causing permanent hardness of water can be removed using a water softener, or ion exchange column.Total Permanent Hardness = Calcium Hardness + Magnesium HardnessThe calcium and magnesium hardness is the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions expressed as equivalent of calcium carbonate.