USSBS Report 10, Summary Report Covering Air Raid Protection and Allied Subjects in Japan

8/3/2019 USSBS Report 10, Summary Report Covering Air Raid Protection and Allied Subjects in Japan

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/- - _ . t.,,- " (;. . . . . \

THE UNITED STATESSTRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY

(Pacific)

Civilian Defense DivisionfSummary Report


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TUIl UNITED STATlESS~JRATEGIC BOMBI'NG SURVEY

C~v~ti3!lilefemse DivisionSllHililmary RepoDti

C(i)v~l!ingAic-Raid Protection and Atlied Subj~ctsin Japan

15 March 1946

UNITED STATIESGOVIlRNMIlNT P)UNTING OfFICE

WASH1NGTON; 19-16


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REST IUCTED ]AP:A:NBSE OW~I!.IAN I DEF IENSE

FOREWORDTlw Tnited States Strate~iG Bombing Sl1" , 'ey

"IS esM b li s h e d b )' the S eo re ~ "r y o f 'IV",l' en 3 N , ,-vernber WH. pursunnt ttil a Directive f rom she latePresident Roo evelt, If" mission was to eonducaan impartial unciexpert budy of the e ff ec ts o f o uraeria] a(tark on GN1l1Uny, 1\ 0 he used i ll conneet ionwi~h air aH""k: 011Jnpa n and to e s ta b li . .h a basisIor Haluuting the importance alul J)ereHti"li~ies, ,/ a i r power a ' an in trumcnt o r milit"ry. trategy.for plan ning the future developmen t of the UnitedStates armed forte, , u ) ( 1 fOT determining future" " t l l l r > D , i < - poli-ies with respec t. to the national de-fpn",,_ A U,rJl I lUI 'Yrepor t and some 20 0 suppor t-ing r oports ( "ont"inin g the finding of the Surveyin Germnuv ba,'~ been pnbli s bed.O il 1 ;' A IIp-ust 1945, President Truman requested

'hut (j", .'un-py condur-t a imilar studv of the,It.... !, of" II !Y}llip to the __c-~"f't",.!,"f I' ru r nnd , ,, II,~ e rr etur y of ( he Navv.I I, , '11Ik 'r" () f the SUI'\'P.v ,lllrinl! its Japane:'eplm'" were:

Hrauklin IfOJipr, Chairman.Palll H . X it zc ., H r " r . .. C. ,\ 1''',,,ncif'1" "ice

Ch1t1PWt'I.l. 'Jl~l1" L. H(~wman.J. K .O nnua ilh. 'J {> ,u ; - Ukert.F'"llk ,i. ) i , l Ii am . . ..r r , , ' d N-,u!> ',.J "., ,' 1 {" ,r o o' paltl,l,11,. j,'J',i, H T ho n' TJ 'HI.J 1 " ,1 , ,, . . P . W) i e -h I. I J i' l 'v t ( )J ' .

' Ih v u n" ,' '' ' ( - < ~ I . ~ .' (""t~ t'JU"ul pl'rJ'Ylif,d {"to :~Ofl O i d lhOI ",t~ j ,I1II{~I ;IHd : " 1 0 IOUlj tl'd tiW1. Tiu. 'Hill

til Hj(110

tawy segment of W,e org'bHiz3,l;.i0Ib was Ql'a:IV1ilfV~Hlthe Army to t h e e x f. e ll t 0f 60 ~Del'l!lI~l1li.,Wlel ifn0Jn ~fu.eNav)' to Ihe exteNt. o~ 40 l~e,l"ffi~l\. !l30lih 6he AmllYand ~heNavy ga'>@t lh e S UQ' ~ 'e y r u J i j iW@ssi%l e a s s ia t -ance il l fLwnisl\i1ilg l B a e n . SUlJ!lrJlies, t.vallsJ_jl@rt, . a n t > 1 iinformati@n. The Stu-"ey o ;w 'w " ' t e ~ l mL01U he!ldI-quarters p .s ta M is 'h e dl i ll 1 /e k )' 0 e a .1 '1 7 in~$~I i> t iemThel '194@ , w iM \ s[Jl !J-~lel tdr: I lH ,ten; iN Ntlg0y.a, Osak~,Hir"', \Ijma., an d N'\gasrulm, aNd w a t . l i L t1l0Thiil:e teamsopera t ino- in "'ther pa.rlis of Jia.prul~, the [SI~Ilcl.S o@ ]l i h e P a c i fi c , and t he A s ia tr c l Ua 1u ~a mi ll .Itwas possible t o l ' eC0F l st l J'U e t muol\ 0[ wallltiuneJapanese mili tary 1~"a~lIling a'l1d exeoua ien eHgruge-ment by engagement and Cf~mlJ!lruj.gmby ca .mpIDign,an d to seeure r ea s" ma lb l~ ' a C0 U~ ' te t OJ ti is li G S 0 11Japan's economy and wam--wre{ltHli;i@Jw Jant byplant, and i l ]dJl.stI1Y by ~nch lstL 'Y' In a. ~er i t i@n,studies were C"oJldtlctecl0H JlbpMJ'S 0veF-al[ stra-tegic plan. and the b ae kg t' @ un ri h 0 1 her e.ltTY int,(i)the war, the internal discus.~i@Jls aQlcl neo-@~iru1;ionsiMldir t l l to hell accepla;"ce w fi l lH0GllGFIlOllruJ sur-r ender , tho course of h~altl~ and 1 J 1 ( ! ) L " a J e "m@J'''' V l~ecivili:ll~ population, Lhe eJft'etiivcmess of the J.all)'nnesc (1\') han defense org;uni"ai;on, flo,d tille eff~ets~'f (h" "tomic- b om bs . S C'p wl" ID l" e "epmts wilq be,~s",erlf " () " "r i " 1 ! " a ch. phas o f ~ l le . 10 1 1. 1) ,._1.he. IIJ".V intp lToga. fer l nICll 'p.lh '",l 700. Ja, lo(l! tlesc

, oI ll tl L r _y , 1 , !" "C ! 'l ll Jl on L a r u l iJldu.ll, jn.j officials. ;J;~"I"'~ ""COI'I'lWI "nf l lrun"h,l .pd many dncumentsWlfl '1t hun JIM only I.. 'en nRef l . l l 10 h e S ur ve y , bur' \" 11 1 't 1H O f ll l' n; ." r lH I" v al ua l 'Ie f Ol ' n tl w r s tu di es.J\ TJ'UI t t!t"l(1P If!:-! fU'(" 1-)(>IIIj( J110d(1 t(J tnt'n 0\1(."" the "I"\,~Y', (iI.,., If) H pPJ'TlHHI('11l gOVOl'UJIl(='.nt agency"1,,,,, I h l ' .V willb- I lv ,d l "h l . . f e l l " 'fl1!'III"l" P . x l l . m i n u -linn "fir] iliktril'JIIl ion.

RESTRtcnm

'fABLE OF (JON'mNTS

~ : : ; ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ; : ~ ; s ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ : : : :: : : : : :: : : : : : :: : : : - : : :: : : : :------D ~ ~ ~ i ; ; ~ - ( ) ~ - t - _ : : : : : :. - : : : - - - - -~ eadw -J\t1l.acle 0Jtl2 l61I1S' (i)rgruniza ti@ l1S _Nrll>[email protected] [,l@ 'I 'e l1nmen.t 'il1 rukcs O"er . _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - . -COJilflie :bing A !g;eJl_@ ies_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - ~ - - -Aldm.iuistr ,ruti0J't RlnQ :Resp0]}SlbiJhty __ : :: :: : - - - - - - - - - - - - - --SIIID.IDIl>I f _ __ __ __ ___ ___ ___ __ __ ___ ___ - - - - - - - - - - - --

A_elFillV:ltDlIES~IEF1@RE;m;AI Ll ---- ---------------------- -----

~ ~ : : : : : : : g ~ : ~ : ~ : : ~ ~ : : ~ : : : : ~ ~ ~ : - : ~ : , : : : : ) : : : : : : : : : - : : : : --l\l\WI'1'fES ' l9UIUNG AN,o AFTER [RAID .~:e~!~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:-:::::::::

IDmergenoi\( Me~ti(larr Service , _1:! ie d C i @ ss _Mortuary Service _Clearooce and RepwiL _E~neJigeHcy Welian 'c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

CONDUC(lI OF TH]} PtriBLIC .. _l 'n0WElwloN 0}- ])1MJIl'0JlliES AND PUBLJC lhl.LITIES_

l l ' a c f i O : J ' Y A i r -i l. '! .a i~ i P l' oh e il ti @ n _l 'l .aihead Air -Ru.id Proteceion _ _ _ _ _Nanional Communicution Air -Raid P{otec.tionil'J!1!l'bOIIA;I ' - !R:a , id Pro tect ion and Por t, Sceuriw __

Ofl'HE~\OIV~I.JIA :DE}'lilNSE Fl'N 'NONS. '_Black-out _ __ __

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1~-l12131314

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2- 422:Ja:344

4-4eIi'(

I., 0 1\0 1]] 01 "1 f l(l go _ _ _ _ _Gus Prone bien _Air-H.aid PI"ot~rti(l" in Public g\lildllg!'

C O H b ro ] (:on 11(1 '" . ,Jnt. jdt,nf,Oo. lItl"ol. __Unexploded Bombs _" \ 'n.1" 1 h~ml1gl' Clluill1'

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mailto:t.vallsJ_jl@rt,mailto:t.vallsJ_jl@rt,


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rue r poi't If -':O.tt:2 ::rt ._';_.lY :"'l' ' t Z _ , " { j Ult ~ t~ @U.S. Strategio Bombi~ f:~~'J ..., t:r. pro~l' U~ ~. t:\W'\,h~~

u.t """\Msueolf~c matsrlnl ~'H'6H,d1 t I6 : .l11~ mbJ8 ' f t t< ~t'Qn .. izl.t.rpr,,'!aUoll 1n the 1~J: fll.,.t,h~1'IJtw4:t 8 II 'ffflImllt>e4

jAPANESlE' CIVILIAN DEFENSE

+I1I

A\Ge~nlD:ts ",if .: r ll(fJrune.se air-raieb-defense diriHsw e r e J i l1 ! !l !> 1 i s' he < i l~ t he , ' 1 : , p a n ese p a p er s lIS ea.rly ItS~he :l'e!w ] 92 8 . As ~ i c~I~he (in t ies they w ere to bel'e(jiuillec;l to f ' l e r J i@l 'f f i s evera l yea rs lancr under un-i P l' e ee d e nt e a c (i )l u li t ic i ll lS , iIit may be tbat Ja-pan,~hen comung (i)a~111'ltge ns a natron and consider-hlg heJ :se l( f r u f irs t-e la. ss pewer as a re su lt o f he rdliphillna.tic successes follow in g W orM Wn.r I, wasl 'U ' l1lB~! lgiIlrHelief


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RESTRICTEDduce, u t t imes drnsl i enUy to re,lure, the number ofca .. u rl r i es I lc tu .I I~ - , lI ffered , FIl ,. example , t unnel-ty pe " ll olt Ol' s dUI ! in to t he h iHs id es we re ava il ab lea t N ag a,< llk i. a nd , h ad they b ee n fu ll ~' u se d', e x-perience ind icates thai 90 percen t of M\e peo~lein lateral passages would have escaped serrous m-j nr ie. L ikewise, e li pe l- ience I l~Nagasaki i nd icat est ha t em-rgen ',I me dica l s ervices ma de a rlr ~- .nte" !ll It ri "u ti oll i n I'e du ci ng th e n um be r o f fu fa llt le s,Had 1 T J "l 'e c om p e te n t medical care h ee n a vn ilable,u - ti l] l arger '111mb",.. would have been saved. It istlJ~ opi n i un o f I hi , D iv is io n th ", t o ptimum c iy jli andef, 'n".Il,cn"llJ 'e ran rer luce injuries a n d i a ta l it ie . s'0 nne-twentieth or less of the number that wouldl ,eHpt'(' t~(l . were no s uch mea ur es lak n.Civili.u: def en e f(,I 'ce, hi ler l to achieve a Full

1 1 f' a! -1 1n _ ' o f ao-ompl ishment because their p r i o ri 'l: lllnin~ was "user! upon fal. p premise and their" ' f l' i l' ' 'I f 'lH \ \ '9 ' in Ilffici~1l1 (0 mee t eYB I l the eme r -!!"IIf'ie, w l r i r -h ha d be en anticipated. A s a furtherrxlPnll9tillg i rr -mn t a uc e , however. i t must be""Ird iLu r civifian defen is part of a t eam andIIJ.PIl it- partner. ,wli . - . d den,p , falls apart to11,(,ext 01 thai Ih ('MOW can bomh whenever andIIhf in-. ,w ln u" "'. a li d 3 .tli {7 IfJ lJ of f,UPJu,",ofH1inn) WJPd ': fl lJ li i d fllml Jf~.J'flJUr, \ t r' '' '\ '' !!11 , JUl;" hit .Juplln.,rl;!HI' uhjlfUJI'd frotH n ' t ~ .Japl1', 4 " I i R . hT n rJJ u",., \ 11 II 1",,, 1 1 " , 1 V;ll,1 7 Pi" 1m "H ~kill"'1u thl' If uH (If ~wtit tJ atf.ltk : ff1.l)'n "H'f' 4~II'," J. JJ)jlltl,d~ Hlu11fl.~ .....t7 '~fC' 1i 'btl\- injHn.tIJ i i u t : f u , , , , , "',uhplf t " l . J I I 1 I H . . t ' t. ,hdl."f : ! . - J - r . : l . ; ) ! 1 ~ :jI~ttJIHlh t , t u If I d. ''ILl J: ' fl l nl l jt .' t c 1 \ ' 1 " ' 1 1 1 , , ; lu d!j"~H J U ti J .. .,'wlh dlU-IltU,ft '3. jt} (', 'Ht H h u'J lI twt. I' ~ ,J lHi". i,lph" I'J t l , , ) '- , . ( HI"11 ,~ h. ,,,I 1 "" 11 ", ,, ~ I II /h Il i l Jlj UI f t .. Ih"10 lt IJ 1 J t r 1 I, e,11 \ t 1 11 . II ' tWt'ul: '-lJtJ lJlll\k:l'll' f til j . t , 4 IUj. ~,..I' Lt , Hf I..th"'"

11 IHI llt>

JAPANESE OIVII:.IAN DEFENSEsurne tJ,,~t aotuIDI casualty fi gure s m re e ve n l r igl~e.Pthan esfi imated by ~h e JaJ i lanese; i t : . is ~I~OWH tThll!tlim n v bo die s still lie in t he n uJ :i M e; meWRS @ i c ! l e . m -~ifie,;~ion ' '' a s n u ,p h az 3m ri l; ~ IQeF e w as no GQ! l l iJ i . 'Fe -h en siv e s .v , tem of reccouutillg : f i@r IDruwcmts t1'eatemfLt fil',,~ai.l stations ,wd h@spi ,~ls; a l il :m ~ - eG@ l' d sw e re o :l it el l1 0s t o r d e st UO :Y6 l! l,

DEVElLOPMENT OF PR;@GiRA.M

Civilian defense " ,u tl \@ r it ;i e s e l' re d i i F l est~OR3ti ' l ! J .gthe potenti a l i t i es of utoul'e rui,1' rut taeks ] ;, ec ru u se r W hemiM ary informed tfuem that tl\ere e@l~Ocl not [il0S-sibly he 1I.ll mass 1111~c!lSn tlle home ig:lrullc!l,~; tlllltt,,tt most. no t mr'L'( , than hw ; ) " ' I ' Mhee ~laJile - fl!]~gllt,.;lip Ihl'Ollgh. mud, hen , only ; 01 ' t JI [e p uepe se o il 'pin-point bomhi:Jilg on G e l' ra i tl e s pB oj a ly l1eJ11l:L11~eFa-;ve ta rge ts, Plans we r e a e 'C o 1" df uu gi ll ~ ma ll ie e n afa! e concept of wl\a,t weuld be nesessaay. 'Saturaeicn raids C0li ls6Gjuenti l \V CI nght t i L le a i l' -ra id-de fense forees off guard a ! Jd tQtaJ1 'y UllpL'e -

pared in procedures and eqno;PJlilellt w i ti h t he resultthat civilian defen e organisaeion was oveu-whe lmed in n~ aldy e ve ry instauoe. MMlj i l owe r ,ill g eneral, was ufficie;nu, but poor lear~em;J lt i f] J anmm i d ir ec te d e ff on t T eu cl ol 'e G 1 it Iess effective ~hflln ~tmight han bt>on,

National CharaGteristieJ PacititatedDevetopmrmtThe dpvclr)pfflPnL of tel", .i"i l i an defense 1"1'0'

j!"ltln fJ'f'lTi tllP p"illL of ,-iew of public Coot)el'.liun Wall Itndo"hn,dly gl'ea,tl,l' fll{'i~i1l1tc.cl by Ill('I "u , kj {, 'o ll ll d 1 1 11 1 .1f 'l lH I'l lc Ll 'w i st ie s o f t be people,UI) 11nt : . ' tllf' "''I1ll1l'i"", of F"llflaJisrn cCI 'fnall "Uti -I t lr I " . . IItlt! r",(I""Il~ I)f l il ol lg hl h ud b () ('( ,," ~ d gp pl ~'imlwrlrlp,j ill Ilw ,Jltl '"n"~~ dlll l 'j ( ' ( .p , J ' , I hI' ! l ln A I i n l-1", ,1:11)1 "I' "hll'h. for tic" I '" rp o, ,1 ' o f ('i ili"tl r[(. . .. rnl> I tl ll h(lI,tt v. ohl.-,fj""q.,; g'1l1l11' '~l)n ';011 Ilf\! '::1o;f'nrJJhlrtpd wi'lIl nil!Ifill ,tI,,) !\j'U IfIY"IIf' III " " " $ 1 1 HIl,l f'ltmnllm1y ni hIud, (''If' Imp(H1uurr' "r :ffl(p"). h,lld Inyully tnnppI'J t" fll ''',IIJ'oI I f, t Il l' ( ' Infuliil lr -iu,jl il'",q 1 1'1 , , , , 1.ftldd III Itn,,d til l U f ' ! c of ''''It!i

t .t;(\ ' 1(UJ Ulf t1 . 'I"~'I t'h, J,!f)\-I>jlIlIlIP(1t nurl 'ht.iI I,n "f\fJr 'fopPIj1f'ilUtI(.(hr

Ib",t, ()rdnlHfy "'111;1,"'11

l '{P ANISE ClV~UAN DEFENSE@uid, t he ve o re , I De eX]1lected t", fo l l" , w i ns tr uc ti onsw.i .~ l tOl1t < ; juoobi0n an d ~hns formed a dependabletflolll'uilatien m @ 1 . ' civilian ail' defense, But 3eade r -l\ilJl 'md ] pl an ni ng i hl fl ld to b e e ffc () ti l' e, s in ce J @ hnQ. 0i t> iZ 'en w a s iH cl v] 1 la i bl e ",fimpl'()Yi,sing I@ m atunex] )leated emeegencios, and, in tbis connection.! I~e reaetien @ :f tlJ~e ]peo]1l1ewas i n ~ lj re ct Pl'opol1ti@~t@ 111aeeqQ1HIl1ty @~ lelt( . len,hi ]1 l , The I'rodnct result-~ ng :fr om tJh e J ' N i x O l l o l ' e of a la Ml(l$e i B gJ 'e d ie n t. ~ w i ' llh e d i sOHS S eG t i"ubsequent, ]1ltHa',ra rw 11$,

ReadwMadie Citizens' Organiza,lwns~hnI1i.J~&.most ot;heL' Q@l1J i l tl l ies , J ' "Fa)l aheady ha d

jttl existenea c~mmllmi ty grollps which, 'lPOl1 de -\'e:lopmen.t llIH, J_b ut , w i th Ih" p ro lll ull ?" I i on o f t he Hali " , , }d "ir-n"-fel1

l'''! !I ''HfI lilt,]"!' th~ jllri,tijdioll


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RESTRICTEDother Mini tries which were indirectly connected'with Rir-nlid prott'ction. The situation was fur-ther complicated by the creation in 1939 of two vol-unt..... air-defense organizatioru on the nntionall evel . the Great , ]' lpan Ail ' Defense Associationand the Great .Iapan Fire Defense Association.Roth of these orzanization were designed i n gen-er al to give pres tige to the c ivil ian ... r-de fen e pra-gram in their respective fields, to act a sponsoringagencies with respect to training and propagandaand to provide financial assistance to volunteer'["ili"l) de f en. e organization. 'Fhe ituation heeame 0 involved that the Air Defense GeneralHeadquarten was created, 1 November 1943 (a,11.other example of making a new plan to correctaLl evil), for the purpose of coordinating con-f licting plans and settling juri dictional dispute s.Fnfortnnatelv. the Air Defen e General Head-qua rte rs WaS nev er g iv en suf fic ie nt p ower a ctu a' ll yto integra te the a ir- def ense program, that . i s, itwas coordinnt with, not above , t he min is tr ies.It became, therefore, only a de~I/ 'ing house andphwni ng ~ en t. f>T r at he r than an operationalh ea rlq na rt er ' .

JAPANESE OIV~mAN I i> IiF lBNSEs erious e.me rgllncies aFose , the pal~ee d id !nat hesi-t...e to take a,ny and aJlllJutl~ari&y deemed. neeessaityto h andle t he s it na ti al l, e ven t; hc ;l Ugh t hey im]? ingedupon the anthori ty ad!o thel ' depwFDruent s.

Adm im i s~ F a ,t i, 'e @ r g a .n i za ,1 l i' (' )n o n t

(I) 'nl l l l l l l l r~ ' 1')I",aul;,m I~ l' I Il 'u ll li pp . . I' ooll

RllSTRICTEDessential persons from target areas In horn . .. . ofrelatives or friends outside th e e va cu ar io n areu..:(2) removel of air-raid sufferers to relatives orfriends in the c ountr y; ( 3) tr ansf er (Y f refugpe"whose homes had been demel i hNI to c reate fil'"breaks aed lanes ; and (4) evacuat ion fr om target81reRS of hool childr en in th e f ir st to s ix th J7r uil .~inclusive, . ~ .

The first type, vo l un ta r y precautionary evacua-ti on , b eg an e .. .r lv in 1944 amI continuer! oa the. ..me volun ta~'Y' bas is even after the satnrationraids. Impetus to thi movement came after ea chmajor reverse suffered by the Japanese forces undespecially f.ollowing the heavy a ir m il ls on thehome ilands, The degree of succes a' measuredat the time of cessation of ho til it ies irulicate-lthat the percentage < J 1 f population which volnn-tariJy left ranged from 4. percent in It city whichwa not bombed to 45 percent in a city which hailbeen heavi ly bombed on more than one orrnsion.On e good feature of this procedure W>lS t \ l< ' readyassimilation and integration III the voluntaryevacuee into the home of hi relatives or r i " ' 1 1 ( 1 . 8in th hinterland; wherea , ha.I he gone amongstraugers, the problem of nHdadjl l" lnwDt. iwcauol 'of e li tfercnces i n s oc ia l status, DtUl!W s.,! ! )",OClO 1"'1"""' ill ,rll "f Ill, .,bollrut{"g'ori( '" '"\l'I't'1't).U10\ ,1 . .,""h" t '" '~ fl{"uatinn ul ' pnllJ:lf\ (,hul,1 dul,1 ,. r. ' \ -,,,.It t'OHfI'I\'I,d, iutq,(IHtl'd, Iud \ '\1 Ill i lit ldn'll ~\t"l'I' TntJ\td f l : , " "1 , ... ,, .. to l { 1m\tl'ttl'''' in t}Il' ,uI1UJ,.'. ~JII.t"pln ,IJ h, t~.lIl 'I t(itHH1'';11l' h(llp~ ,lJld tlUh t ht'\ H II I II


7/14

RESTRlcrEDothe r M ini tr ie which were indirectly connectedwi th ai r-ra id pro tect ion, The s itua tion was fur-ther eomplieated by the creation in 1939of two vol-unteer air-defense i(l)nI!ll'oblem ",'11[ohmight arise, an d theiradvance planning was pned'icated 011 thflt assump-ti0n. U nde r 1 Jb.e im pa .e t of saturation ra id, de -maRdls Ul!l0bl tJl!teevacuasien service were so greattlilat it feU down in some phases, but even th nno major changes wene made in t lhe 011e11-311plan.As ;lU,1 IDS aduk were concerned' , the policy of thewuthl !l ri fu ie s s eemed to have been one of "laass erfai[ 'el'_;let ~he inel ' ividual shift for himself.Of (lhe s eNey,~l phases of evacuat ion, that fo r

J9rimUili-_Ychool chcil.;lren was by L aT he moot uc-cess fud. ; In t,hat connec tion orne intere st ing fig-m-escan be le l1~ved. I f t il e averuze populat ion of"be 31!iwards of 'iJ'okY0for the per iod ef the heavym i .J .s ( F e ID l i ua . l" y -Ma y 1915) be taken a 3 ,700 ,000(1~0p'1l1a, toionn 1 Febru8!ry 194~,98.6,600; on 1Jt11:v 19'15-2,452,757) and tA~enumber of casual-ties IE~ ult.. ing born the raids n s 1 6 6 ," " ,, 1' 7 (95,972killed ; 70,475 injured), it will b e . seen that 4.5peneent of the population IVa, kil led or W0111 10d.Had them been 110 pr-imary school evaeuation anc l.if~he caeualty percentage of 4.5 be applied 10 tho62 0, 'I .9L pupi l s evaouated either officially or volun-1,lll"i1.1', i l' c an be soon that 27,90 of these children1Dighl; ha \,B be(\ l l Irm~d or iIljUl"l'~t had they re-mailll',d in I", cit)' . This fi gure. is hel io l' et l 10 b0 -n n ( ho c OI 1, .,e r l' lt l i v \, " id e i n vi,,1I' o f t l1 " hl'lple tc hr .! l it IIlJ, iHI"I!I~lk(l,,,,,II "",PI '1l1rrll11111 co,,,pnl PlY 1'\1'"I1nt tflll pJ'og'hlln it)\ (~b j r t . J l : 11 nn1ltt ..."'i"f~tili1 pt'lr",fm ...\\ill hi" r.N"(' ' I O i n r , \ ' III fntHlt' 'lU, if Hulit'lll'" ,Lit' toIU" 1 \. (' Ow I~U t .... ,r .dtllUJ1 WN'llo,li oul' t ln 1 iv e .- IJl fril'tl


8/14

trnSTRlCI1IDschool'life under their own teachers who als.. s u p e r -vised their worship and household chores whichhad formerly been the responsibility of their par-ents. In 110 ease were the evacuated classes ineor-pernted into the 10tll '"1 I~tf) nf

I II( ( . 1 1 I)

J _AP.I \MlSE C IV IL IAN DEFEN: SEbroad c",,'erage alFIJrderl by s ieens wll :d ~ rudio, I ll 're.JnplIinese previded nuxili!LF'ymeams of dissemina-tion of nm'-t'nid warnings tOl' ot'heJjlI'IlI'l'l0sef wal 'JiI-ing the s id e, th e d ea f' , 3m'! t 'b0se The-yond t ine lJe~(!I~of siren and rndio. Celored flags OF sleeves,lights, Del :l 's , p la cavd , a nd ou.al annlllUWlGements bymembers of V'ohmtcIH' grol~ps were usecll f o l ' ~ I h . O ] t10Ul"1.:)o86.

Sheher.sSince it is impo ible 0 evacuate elatJil:'ecities,

the best means of proheG\tiol'l must T he I)ilI'IJv~detil01'essential persons requised no n emwiu ~~el'ein. Atthe present t ime, properl y O(iHls tFl lOted llJn~l ioC'a temshe:ltQl'sa[1lpelll'to be th e onlly answer tID tha.t ! j l l ' I i l T h -l em , and she lt ers eIDHstt 'UGCel11 oll' r e iTh : li@ 1 '0e& eO I T -crete of sufficient t h a d . I I l l e s B 0 withstand theimpact of ~heheaviess bomb alltic~pafied, ,nnsulmteda ga in st in te ns e helht and a temie I 'Mli rutioE. , andprovided with "entilafl.iOll s ystems llJ llGl s.,;1'-00n-tHiJ1~i ll 'lxyg()n uni ts to provide air in uh e case ef('o11f1agr-atioll conditions would meet neall ily everyte: t. Citie . will have to consider the constructionef this 'll' a.n equi valellJ t ype 9! sheLter to copewi th fnt ure ail' "aids, a l th o ug { 1: i m e east ~n a 00111-niunity such as Jew York wOI~M he j ;)rc;Jhil'libil'e forJOClI.I finu nras HUr l would require a. istamce fl'omna .WQn-a1 sources .So fa,', mBntiOl1 has b een made 01111 'o f m le ideal

l.vpe 0", holter. I!. is undoubtodby ~uc, h:owever,Ih"J 'W'll the t 'eJl (J. shelLe!'. covered 01' uncovered,a ll r, rr l, o l " "", ,, II mpll,~lire of prouecsion '\{!:lliiuRthl~~t l ind "rllHt~,,~"'!Ol high (lxplros: ives; IIn(.l UI1-(~pl'~rOUTI(J r'(HJ(,,.ele nnd eOIl(~J~N"-pi,:>e ('e.mstnle-hilT! and I ((r"J, ' l~ IJrIJ"'" illln th., Ril l~6 "'f lev",tion~f l . " \"I I " 1111",1 ,,,I"'1ultU' 1!I 'OIf'pl io" pl'C1videri inJulmu. ',)Ill 1"OIJ(~(If flu" sllt'lj(.J"'~ IJ1'()li'(~tpd }l gn i n. L,1I!f,,,"tlom wi",,, '""plow'!' hy ("mn'II,f'J'n.ti'''l~.(IJ" , rO fi Il O" " I "' '' UT H' J) rnlJ,.d for ~bf'II'I1Hor'\.n"PH~j" hIlt flw (,flUIIIII'lint! of fllu wu~ p"r)l',",, ,I .1 , p",lll.hl" 11.0 1 1 , tl"ln ~ 1"'J'("'nl er f II".IId"'n 1 , } ( ' r J ' r h d i f ) 1 1 N)lli411'f ' h('''''Hl1nruIUINI i ll ( UI l-I",IIYI' h,l1e , I 1 I, ,. 1 '1 ,. I ". Inrt I hn l , Jn pr ln e" '"

"I ,I .. Ir tr '11'"dl.\ t" I hl~ I \ I'" "r ('/JU-t I h " , . " , 1 ' , . : , . \ IH'tri', fJli,lh .IHIJp.r"itJ. Or-LIII'I, llil f "iI Illf' hmll.!!!' III

'PI ,( til, (I., I,d find \~ulf"I'\ \, ., ., i ', HU rl ,I)l fu J > "f ll ,H IJ

].AP ANESE OIVI LIAN DEFENSEtYIPeof home shelter proved to be a fire tra,p endtilie IlIuml!lel10ifi&eatl'rs was 1l1it([0ubtedl)' mcueased by[ J j l e ~ ' S o l l s ' 1 i I ei 1~g G l l l l1gd lt in t1'rw;n during the in-cendia ,ry iJai~!s. (]In~l\e other' hand, the bet tep con-stllm0ted she~'(;e1's, parf"ietl~llJ"hy the tunnel type, U1-!;j,uest[on{l;19Jy saved many lives and served fioeusllion the e'lfeets of VhebOlllbings.AL'f jh( i)u '~1\.i J f , is imp0ss]ble 0 0 g ii Ve Mly over-a,j.lfigures f0~ Jia[1lam,he sibu3Jl>ionn Nmgasaki wheretw.. extremes wene T'l'esen.t-t1ac mest, le.thai rrussile!l!n~l~be hwgest l 1 U ~ 1 , E > e l ' of bet te r shelters in 1'1'0-p01'f"iI!Jn to the IDOptl~a t . ion-wil l erve as !lin ex-an,ple 0 the itn:p01'tilunt j'@le s~\eltws can play inthe e iv il ium dsfense miss ion. o f s aving Iives, Of fi -c ia l r eo en d gh0 ' ' 'e , ] 1i~is l l cm e l ll b e l' e c1 t h at less l h u n 4 0 0 per-SOilS ,,'el'e ! 'epartel! lo h""e bel'n in shelt I. at llwtime 011the h. la , t , a!ld Lhll ,L jm'e.tigntioll>; showedbhnc SC'HI' ely >11\1'011s of1I1"ty i ( '1 'w. ig;ht. d ep eJ \d iu g. o f ,'0111.".,. on 11. .exwnt(1 OVl~I'htoIHll'ovenl~l'- ...Ithollgh thl' tllJlllf:'I-t~~.h"IIl'!: IIntT(luhletily pl'oli,led Ih,' hl"l pl'IJedon.thei r "nlile " a s ! ,' ll 't in l ly olf'ell.y 11", dlIII1He tf, ,plThl", h", l to tl1l.-d I"rea('h tbelli. ) , 1 1 1 . " w,'1'\'( . t ln . . ..l'uct('d in !'urk ( H e n ~ . i ll ~hnlU,'''', utl~1 :~t tlwf'dgl' of " i t i ( ' I o O . wl l l" l , p l !lC"f \d lh~Ul lit Il cnn";!LIt~("lblt"d is tt ~n rf ' f ro m U w ti'-'IilSt'ly p U p n : 1 . l t l . ( u'-en. . . . .

Firt Prt'l't"Jli(>H,,".idt' n\lnllt',.;-. t.,tN l\t PUI k ~) ..tttIJ~ ti~

I'l,....hUll 1)~1.jldnl!!'" ItO'} IIj!"ull_\ { 'l t ft rIH J, "~1I1,luu..nlHl H.l I' PI\'\ \'lttlOtl If\\S 111"1l~lIlp .l,h:,l III (utw,'\'U ph'l1l)1t1!!, I II HI ht til (pnol.ltuill. t UU....It I IIII lt .~ : lw ._pad of l in . . . ' l lt . . d h~ 1I1tf r,lhl ...

.. HI'"11",t~ II uhUrl1j.! j' ttm!,'" u .l t h {t1ulCttr."In thtl ltJU:Q.tn wtu t hlllhhuJ,:" 1")11 1,"dlult.W ~. 10 .11 ' ,. . 1 """ ' '] I : , " "t I' \ " 1 . 1 1 II' 11~ 'r bul l.bl

IU nU


9/14

RESTRICfEDIICIII,illg a n e xtr em ely d en se population, lit.tle orno attempt was made to reduce or regulate thed"nl!""l'o~, Iy i nf lamm a bl e c o nd it io n s during peace-ti me , u ndo when war -ame , i t wa too late to take( 't r f' C "r i n - me a su r e s ,)1,,:;, of the large Japane e cities, however,I Inn-nting I.he spread of flam es, ince ill-~PIl,lillri , . , wel'e dropped on both s id es of them,I.lIt. by "" ,T inCT as avenues of escape from con-flnlP'ution areas, thev sa1Crd the l ives of thou ands',f fJel -;U" . who migb,t otherwise have been trappedi11 t he n a r r ow 1I n ( ! c o ng e tei! stre e t .ACTrvITIES DURING AND AFTERRAID

Fire Pightingthat the most

II!(IIJ

lA.PAJNIlSE OII' I. IAN ;ElFFlNS1!made to 1ihe@ve r - a IX c iw i ,l i ir un defense eff@~t, Whisdi vision wou ld 1 .l l: e I l@l'J,lIive been I I IMe tifl sajjl tl\.llJtthe fire departments piayed a ~3 l rg c i J il 3 lr t m tilesaving of lives and Jjlr@ji loot-y, bu t j;l1tebets requito to ~he @ilJJlmM'Y' '[email protected] eql'ipment, [11=ade:ql'ubte 61' ining, a,nd med!ioel'e ptU'S@lluut w@u l dhave made it impossible {@ r them t o ( ; ) hIDve met evenb l, e l ow e s t ef f iv e -f ig h ~ in ,g s tm ndmm i ls illl blllS' i l i Jm l i t ; ~lSbaues. The lll@sll t h 'l l !. t c a n be s 'd [8 ~hau theJa.pa,ne.se fi,re de!!lal 'umen1;s and flrgaFli zed 3luxi!!iW1'yfire-figl\.ting units, assisted b}' house: l i t@iders , wereable to prevent, til\.e sl~l'eal!l of m0ipient filres llIIl~l,in orne in sta nc es , t i@ e X M ll gu is h t he m. 1!1h>is,it-nasion prevailed c J :U ; r i ng l ~g l11 ; vaids w!liten incensdanry bombs were dllOFlped rul ;e@nl[Dara~i,'~I:y wideintervals, 01 dltll,jlllg heavy, 0"OllCe11tllllltad raidswhen scattered spi!hl-o,'ffi'Swere d~opped 0ll1t;sidethe area und ~ . rut tU0k. Evidence seeull i er i l i3lt Osa:kaand Kobe gmpl\.ica.l1y i lUustw ru t e s i 1 i hi s !!l@i,nt. :Butmtfu~n saturation-ra,id u i Fe a s , n e it JH e r 1>heJ1~r@ffies-sional fire dep;trtment, nor tlhe ruuxihWl'i es , nonthe ordinary cit izens, either singly or in combina-l ion, wer e able to cope with the pne.vruil1il'lgconflagrations.A l th ou gh J f~ pr un es e fire departments were not

nat i(I[faI?ied in the sense th at ViIP)' wcne di'l'e0tly('rmtroll('d J J : V the 'Hbt iona j g@"emmenJ , taey were' f - anrJa rd izpd to Ihe ext nt thu,t hose, couphngs,aud thr eads w re the same t hi l: O ll gh ~ Ht t r tJ hell in the UnitedStu,nes ~"elle ll@t J)M'U fI;f vhe ,r a;panese equipment,'!I'11e.rewas no de!!la"tl111el~t. 0f "e:hic:lemaintembnce,,,,[~Jil, the ])CSlIl't 1 Jb a t, " 'h e N s lu li ed meC'banjcs werec i 1 l1u i li t e di n t@ t~ l e twmed s ee vi oe s, 2 0 pe"ceni; of thel110lliile '!!>ID'l1llatas was o@nst. '1outly out of service.i J j 1 i 1 1 6 m Ia I'm y terns IIIN c! lm e eh od s o f t ~' tw s m i.t ti ngaEa;1'l11s e re f lb so ie te and the two-way radio 111-cru< 'le~ l in D t l O e f 4; U ipD l en t o f maID)' American de-pav6-ments "'liS Hal; 11ed, Wa ner mains and fire~ydi1a.ntswere tOG>fe,v awil too small Far extensi veuse [ ,n fho fighting. The main tenance and t t-i t\g o f f k e~ l l r a O l I J s w e r e inadequate, S ta ti c w a te rtanks were fier tl~e lIDO Ii l~rurt 00 sn~aH to offermone l iman emergency watel ' fo r a short period ortime. No praesica] use was made of the . unlimitedW3 l te l ' s l 1 lJ i lJ j ll ~ ' ! ! . ' tl tn rt lt io ll u i . . ra id ' . Th~ pr itwipl l l\\enkJLI S ' of t h f. " . em l 'q z \u ! "y nwdka.l N._rTl{'(waio tl,,I~d( (If ['("'91'110


10/14

RESTRlCIlIDcal services were grpatly handicapped. Her? n;gain,mobile medical units under uutional authority, hndthey existed, could have beensent in to help relievethe ituation hy replacing some of the 10 t peFsell-nel ,bed capaci ty , and upplies , I t i OiJV i@U6~hatmanv victims who died beenuse of lack of medicalattention might have been saved.. J apallP! l(> f ir st-aid facil it ies were of an rmpro-vised natuee asnone was specially designed for thepurpose. and these stations suffered heavi I',Yuringair raids. In Tekvo and the outly ing localities

there wa a grand total of 85i. af whiel) 44-9weredest r oved bytbe bombing ra id . Thei rlos s was re -.pon~ible f~r the con -iderable bu t undeterminednumber of ppr ;,on ' who suffered and died on ac-r -o un t o f the lack of prompt an d effective f i rs t-a idattention.F"" tabJis l" 'd Jnpanese hospital bad to bear theentire burden of nl.riTlg fIJI' seriously injured, sinceno provi ions had been made to stablish emer-

lIen".! 'h""piutl, for th~t purpose. Inadequate astlle}, were ill capac ity hospi ta l rv ices were evenDIm" I""if tich(j rut a lilfle when the y w er e mo tJ J Pf ,r l l' ll : o ftR l t h e 1'0m!"ng "njd~. The bed shortage,wa i"d""d" ">"ion~ malt"", In Tokyo, of 27:;h(J!'oI,j1Hi:-.. d,~...~'l lu14j.d fuJ' lhp morv ~er j( ,q-lyIH,lm.),d llir"'lIirl l'i,.tiJlJ~. 132 II",." IOHt. Over-allTl )k. v l, I ij ! 'l " " ', f " r iJ"'l'ital, W~I ' " " , fr)JIIJ"'S: NlllJl-1..1' 01 I)",pil" 1 .- -1 .7 ; number de tm.I'erl- '.tl0:""1111"., 'If ,",illir- II) b~d. 0, . j ,, ,, )- .; ;t2J l: lot"l< ! . tmrd - : t . l!J , 11,, I(,tal 1.( ." elJpn..jt~' of allIn'" "'", !1~.7(l lI,,(1Jr( ti,t; ntirl~ al1t1 it "US rrr l ,) (",.,1 I .. "l 'j}j"~"r lQtI'l .r 1!~,f)l11J IJ .\ ' Ihe bnrrJbilll!'.

1 1 . 1 ( 1 1 ( ' 1 1 1 Jfl !I-"O.M1WJ in j 'mU lJmn \\ it h llw J,!;""WJ'U II'lIhlii ' _h" I I , , , Jl'1ui, ' . I, .j d . .. rf ,III,) !I"d 1(, 1'111("" "f.r l.. - Hi ltwl("'lntl.\~ Jf i l lf ,t k r)( IWH at j l1 j wha tp,tl(,d l}W l,uJk 9 r 1 1 1 1 'd h l t f JJ " - ,.lrfllil-lf ....~ dJ-:-it"'rft'~l1lw ('ft.L hut l)lfJl' illvi ~rnly } )4' 'lb1111H'fJ rr"Jl O hl~i : ld f Jt1j~ P' " I t to I hi> f,tmf_,hlJ;." i-1'" I ' w t- 'f l~ "'.!Jh:,d~, .d(w m l..fjlf ft". \\!"rl. nUN',..!' Inr: tl b, . (u )"todtj(". d f',:.tJ1 j 1111 I ~"fl1f Tnl.. I Ji-iL,. 'HI.j I tw ~t; 'Af}4)l}1if f J , j ( ( t dIHjJr.~1 I...:~}jUnH Iff tfll Ut!w 4l tt,.'I h (JiU"" " t.. ,,~h,. It'l "Ih, , ",I""ll,.t ",;"h" u tJ~ fihllf. u " t f ~ t1(,U h. 11~1"HI" " "'H I In I , " 1 1 \ (

JM > A :N iE SH C IV IM A N J i1 >1 YF EI NS Hw as of an ex~l'eIllel'y lew ol! I' l 'f ' lI . l . . f tl", ,-IlJT""pr- "I't,,!.tu'r,l h~' thehe~iYlr~t';1 ids \\err t....rrd f'~r.)[(11)11,,'snppl.r l"llillilln ... stJd\ :1' \'tl~n" {{ lu n, l 1M

(lplnU-lIl\ "puld haql)('~11 zlhl"10 lIton' in ftl ltutkr-lip thl' ( i c : l f i e i l " ' l I " l th., Im d tJH-~V '.}It11 rtl'I.~\ . - I t t l h~' tlw~ll>tll\" or tilt' natlonul !..':f)\tJ fUU~Hr. . \ t ll cu it ti pd1'01";. of lIilulllnl utd . luI pay .It l,lt>-lJJ... hflw,,\trw lu 1J tll(";).1fIlT n~"lt')H"" \ \ - 1 . 1 ' ' ' 1 1 h .,. ( I " .. .u n uu !t "fltl t l.w pn'piu'ntirutl pf foud hy \Oln.-J)t'~tl' urk.r.ooi l l m i~ h hH I 'n , !! f DfH -I tUHl i tl , . . \\\n put illtn " , ...t.'1hi . ..w,i' purti,ulll'l'" tllll' af ~"J:tt'likl \'tilt'r1" thf.ttpltl"nu'n.l',,.y .f.on.' t'nlrtl ndjf,n'ot 11'\\1" t "'IlUflu- III IJ~JI ..nr.'" ttl' """PJrth

LthJ, II' hh(.lf Iwl hllil""1,t....rn "hm nf II'HI~)o(11n hot! lHj:!IlIl' 1ntn 111 n latd ..ntf~." thrm t. . JUtrh' II' I u,n~.NItt tel\. lIut I II"It t i,l ~ IIpl_ nt n 'J lt J. l . ", tn " 't r. 'Ill' I ft' tht"tu t.

11


11/14

RESTRICfI!Dor friends. The emergency housing programinitiated dur ing the summer of 1945providing forthe erection of 300,000 small units would make onJlya dent in the total number required to replace 2,-~OO.OOOdwel ling uni ts which have been burned,demoli hed ,or damaged . and thi p rogr am had neteven beenstarted at the end of hostilities.RRlicfmeasure were handled through welfareaid tAl(i(m, distriJJUe'F-cr-nt a nd a mon g student em ploy ees 1 >y -]4: pe))~ent.Factory air -raid proteetien was pl1d1>a1>ly second(Jnly to thp national ra i l roads En eff icacy, alll@ !fuel'ewere good reasons for this. V V f . r prodncticnplants snpplied tlre life 1,10od of the, J ap'l'H,searmed forces. They had a t the ir se rvice a hjghl~-I , 'ui J1ed group of technical exper ts , many of whomhurl }wen edllCflLpcl i n w e st er n mothods and J.ill'o('e-< 1 0 1 ' ( . . . Thp), had fir. t priority 0] the procueemeuto r rn"f,~rial", and the'), had thp incentive to provide,flu' bl'~1 p,,,,,,jIJl't pmtrction 10J ' ilJei,' iJlstallu;ti0J1S,Truk-rvl, ! ';r-J '!lid IJT'C)I~r tiOIJ washy law Ihe 1IPs!'on-ityili1y ",)Ply of HlUJJ'r1j!em",If. In view of thtJsrf>!d", .~ i lWI~('xp"~lp" Lhal Ilw'Y "I'JlJIf', jr il1(lustJ'i:Hlw", l< I ' ' ' I I1I , i f"mi " II", 1,,,[,xlI>1lI j i l , , of 1 1 1 1 u.ir-li,it! d/("Jl.f' I""p"Jll i:t.ulitl l1 rll t hr- NtIP1"P" nfld in-t I, " tI " "fJ I( I>!"" ""'uli,, Io f t i , , , II" "lTnd., I" "f.j)'j f [ l " (111m ~f,od in IlfJl'l"1!f'fJl1.

I'J 1t1)1U.~ HI L tT w j' . Ih ro 1 , ,, ' ,. J 1 1 " n n il . ~ J .: ! ; Hurl (lIgUIiJ ll ti t, tJ _, :d , t- Il P \\t'J" It; IHdol')'. ""f,ining: nndor 'I 111)It , ,,' f i",IIf" JHln tlif' "vfrup:t'. Hili lwJ'(',

, It lWU11J( 1Hlt t h ld f ir j on tqllNI i n tI} n Hn,f {II1 fJ ,1\ l, IIII' "P"IJIt flf pr"lIhf"'l(' uf lin.

,III'! if tI {If!. ,t 11potl.vitl, IItfh'I' ill, pff~'r"j ll . "f II I t H. " 1 (( ' I H o 'if1, lUi I J11 pJ IIt I (t r' ti", J (If ult ,-rfl()h hflt!

'h III", " ,)du,1 lit., Hul"".,,d f(ll lin nod II' fill I~h~.tl I t' 'H H I' , ,I. d

JIAI!nut1tiom Air-RaidProtectionNational communications, consisting of tele-phone, telegl'1lph, radio, and postal services pro-

vided its 0\\,11 ui, '-r!l id-pro[l' . nm iut hwd to r ueet, t tu,l p~Nllinl l"'l 'fllli[nt,menr ..(ff Ilw nutinu.L i ke t hf ' l 'a ih H nd ~ . n lt tl \( lr lt ~ i n c . . I t J ~ l ' 1 u , l (It.f~n.....l lI"t tl '1"~ WU~ t 'xPl 't i . .. 'll Ibn')uc:h th, , l\JI't~aciy "xi4-ill'~ (~}H\lin of r"('JJlll111Hl'll. 'lnl'nl.~. di"i~jp~)rH.will-i l . , t ! ' h : . . . . . . ." in "'l'n't', uuc! ~t tontion f(1ILut) III tlu' ranklInri f . . i l r or (11J1p10, \ \ ( ': -' \~t" l~ f ! 1 > O ! . t . .~lltd\ thol W,t " '~ lH l iu (TIt id...I) (If r~tltnJl,,1 ~Ir

rnid I'l'otrdlPiI .1: \.1"'(1 'l1plil,rlrl, tn t.b}:"; 1:'u\l 'rnnUIlltnl tlt'pur(owll(: 'It.ll' ~HH " t 1 ' 1 \ IlHhtr'" I t"m."to lIB' ,,,uril)" 1J(("l'j!lUI: pll1"nt-'ltlt)ul~lItll'llI tlwpur, I


12/14

RBSTRICTIIDadeqllat~ firl'-tighting equipment; and ,the ext? l1-i.....se 61 o . ..e rh ead and above - u rf ne e hue s, whi chmade communi rn ti ons h ighly vulnerable,

H'arbor Ai,.Raid Protection om/, PortSeetlNryI n" c ount rv \\ "h jd~ t le pen,l etl a .l rn os e ent ir ely on

i t, Iml 'l, ,,, ., t h~( )l Jg h whic h to impo rt f ood and c awI1HlfpJja}s f e r m a l lU f a e ll J l1 n g the p l 'i n lH l " J' ! l o le c e . '3 s i-tie.. for \f'~lgjf1g il W~l1.a competent, governm ntwould "Pltnin]y provide a n effective civilian de -fen,e harbor force, tog ther with the proper equip-r nent , The greutp, '1. dange r to ha rbor s f~-Oll l "civilian dP .f e IL< ; (>po in t o f v i ew tva tha t of fire whichwnuJrI d('~1roy in1-.talJatlo11:, r aw mar cr in ls , g oods ,and ,hipl)iftlZ, EXp(I'ielle .. sI,o,, ', IhM such fired id e x er t It ( Ti l' Jl Ji ng i nl 1l 1e nt e o n t il e J ap an es e w a I '

merous agencies and i lnte;nes1is eeneemed; iL Hcorn-p li an ce w i bh d il 'e e t. i, -e s o n ~ T h, el I> J li ni iS ti r; j'of U am eAfl'ai1's, ill the "P@k ,v" '- Yo l t@haJH ru ha .Eb@ l ' area,for ex a .mp l e . the M!l! l ' i ~ i l l l( \ ] 3 ] ') l 'emu , M l e E!l! i l rorea,bhe ha 1001 engineers, t w o p r e d' e e fi ll r a l and severamunieepa! govevnments, tl.e police, Vlite H W " Y , ! l ! IH,J ,malty ; p r ivate enterprises took ai r-L 'a idl-de, j le l~semeasures b ut 1 lh e ;I 'e was much ove,I 'IruPJi'ing of au -thcJ l ' i ~y, Gonilinsiol'l, undwaste@tlllanp0We,l',OTHER CIVIUAN DEFENS1EFUNC1"WNS

Bta.ckQutThe b la ck -out in Japan w as 50 eomple te 1 1 h a . t

it a f fe o te d p r od u ct i on an:r.l h ru l l11j1eL'ec;lDo~'muJ] ac-ti "i ty w ith little 01' no l!lOln.r)(msrut@l'y g'til3 j J F l 191'@-teetion. Had the ~\ , )nel ' i can air fatll!lB confined iUsattacks to p in -p oi nt b om bin gs o n e Sjl ElQ ia lH y " e-muneraaiva targets i t is IDOSible that S@Im(\ slig'l\t'le la )' m ;O 'b t ha .ve be en efl'e0tecl but w i'th ,w e ab om bi 1l g t he value of black-om. was 3 ) J ' 1 1 IO " t negli -I ' r i I J le , JIl the case of reducrien of sl{y !tlo,," I ' O I ncoastal oil ies I( protect s hi .p pi ng a gu im t Mtnckhy . 'lIbrnf""in~R. th o . fa p a ;n e se c on s ic h' l' e (l t h ei l' 1i gh tprocram e.pecially elfooti~'e,

Cam,or+fiageThe ndup I)f "arnrlllflllgfllls prnctiecc1 hy hell ig-

e rr -n t n t io lJs i n vVor]rl "V" r TI is a n u p . ..n 'llleRI ion,I,ll' t h r- Iln.'iI"i"ntifi( nJJd IIf,pJ1w/,nl'd .)apaneR(, tech-I Ii "" " p ,'o vi dN I l if l If', if I L r I Y , dpC't;r1tio)1 01 ' ) J l' o tC l ' -lio,,_ 1'"il1l1''' 1',,11"p1Is. "e em ' l iffi:a;r-her , "'ltd :l;lImgles."ive'!w aec1imi ' l lg the l 'e a J i ti e l ', due Itobhe e ( ! > J l :v i e [email protected] j jhe United Stater; would netuse poisonsua gases , f(i)l' t l\ :ey haG observed ~hatgas ,v. ,~sR(i)t used in t ~ i e I Dol 'O I Je a ;n war, In "0-instaace was t l~el 'e ~ auml a c(!)n;]pl'ehensrve ande'ffeet.im'e p!al1ru aga. i r t i ls t gas, . .nul n@~b i ng o f e or rs e-< i lu e l~ e e w a s a ; em ji > te ~ l 1 g e O ou c il< i lu iI il JD i ng 6 0 p e ! '-ce nt m if the w.buln ]l"jj>uh.tion, b>ut T Im e 1 :M lc h e n, i n~ he 2 (; IIlH.jOl' oities w i th gas masks purchased altile i Ol a~ i (! ]' l! l~ 'S e x pe n se , ' I' ll e" !e were no g1I 'S-I~~'(j)@~he!ttel's u."ai lwble t(i) th e ge ne ra l p ub lic, an dfaeiq, i~ i es ~(j)1' ga s clete0ti@I' rumI deeontarrs inar ionwene en lde . !~tbest or enti~'ely ",anting, As ana, timJ)-wid'e ] ' > rl ! lg r a rn , t ~ e plans ~O l ' g",s protec tion~v< e1 ' elIUflilotel1t D n a ll respects, and, ha d gas beenus e J \ ~h e ncrI 'm!' and ha 'O~ r e , ted w o uld h av e 1111-l( i)l1l i>te fi l1yIheggruredl descr ips ion.

RESTRICTEDa s w e ll a s th e sm re lle r con tr ol c en te rs "f t he a u xi l-iary police ami !f i re uni ts anr l subunit s wrre s it ua ted\Yi~ho"t regar,I to protective coustruet inn. 'Morestrriking still w as the failure to ol'ga.nize (,1 evenplan for a lt er na te c on tr ol c en te r ill the p\"ent ofthe destruotiou @T disr up tion of the e- tnbl i he r1centers,

f.tzcutent ControlThe British a 11 result of their exper ience ap-

l ,o in t er l l ll H ~ truined ihwi i ! le lr t control off icers, (Joeof whom w, a igned 10 nach i nc id e nt w h e -r e heassumed complete charae of a'll civilian tlpf~n~agencie s a t the SC0ne, Th e G erma n '. howeve r .never adopted thi custom and provided for ase qu en ce o f co mm an d a mon g le nd er s o f t he se ve ra lunits repOlting at "11 i n ci de n t. > 1 1 1( 1h - Japanesefn l'l ow e d m uc h th e sa me p ra ctice , _ \p pa rt'n tl y th e,ystem w orked w ell w ibh the Ja pane se a . no " , - i -d en co t o th e oon tr ar v wa s uur -o ve re d.

Unexploded BombsTh o ,\rml' w as respou ible 1' ' ' 1 ' the '["1""111 ofnnexplodedbombs and tra ined 'pedal squads f < > r

t ho t purpose. PO'"iIlL, '- because the p e r ce n t, ,! ! ;e o flli~h-explo~in~ homhs W:b low. th sy-tem wOl'k,(>ILw ell. e xce pt in a few in. t a"""5 w hen t 11 0 policefa ile d to 1(\I'''l't till' [ , l' e " "n r e o f l l nex f i> I , ,, l eI Lb" " , h ,1(1 t he n ,i li ln l' Y u ut h m- it i os .

]1'" ar Damage Cla ims( )n .~ of t ln- ruvau- u~'d In huh..t(.~r lilt' morule f

Ilw )ll'np/(" "ItS (IH WUI'dtlIUJI~t' l\ o~ ehandicaps 1 ' 1 1 ( ' fact t luu flint.'ll)' ('0),->!tl'lIc1etl. in fla mm ab le d w e1 Iill g'~ a nr l sm a ll shopbll i ' l~ lhlgs were often built ,'),18e tilam l Slll'l'tlUltii l1gruodoru nrf'~I"r~isLnntsll'uC'tul' s, thorcbv (lXl'()~lngnbC'llI t o s p r( 'i ,t J fil'" hll1.'II'd". , ,1 1 11I ]\ (' f u el t ll l~ ( i ll 'Pl'Ol'ikl,rI ",heJt"l.'l; "Jf('lI('c.l lillie 01' no I ' l 'Olt-t' l]Oll Lol - ,j 1 I I p l \lllplnvp.l!'~ r:w pllilJ i


13/14

i I! !J 1N il1 'E D TA 'fE S S 'fR A 'F Ea lC B OMB IN G S URV EYE'u'lqIean \Val'

LfS:r OF REPORTS

SUF""Y:Survey:

3 Germao

23 Aluminju ffiweF)I: G m b H, Plant No.2 , Bitterfleld.Get :ma. ny2ll! Gebrueder GiUlini G m b 01, Ludwigshafen, Ger-manw25 'LuftschiJI ibau Ze.ppelin G m b 1 ' 1 , Friedriebshafenon Bodensee, Germany26 Wiel!'nd Wer.ke A G, Utru , GeFIDany27 iR\tQolph Rautenbach Lelchtmetellgeiseereien, Solin-gen, G'erma.ny28 iLi~pe.werke Vereinigte Aluminlumweske A.G,Lunen,German , i V29 V.oreinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, Hoodernheinl.Germany3@ Duerener ~leLall~yerke A G, Duren Wit tenau-Ber1in& Waren. Gor .manyAREA STlJDlES mVISUllN

31 Are" Studies Pivision Report;32 A Detailed Study of the Effects of Area Bombingon Henrbnrg33 A Deta il ed S tu dy o f the Eff t.. of Area Bombingan Wuppcrtal34 A Detailed Stud)' of vhe Effects f 'tr i( !a.I .!';LluipUlfut ~D\ l~~~ ~Qer...Itl }1rown Hov(lr i ct ie, Ma.nubl'IIU ~e

Upl l< I and . .. .. . lsIoD 1""I,u . .. .. ' Dr....W UVt-k..I.ltd I 'rn:WO n 1.. " " , , , , 0 1 'ududrY ........

17

AI'RRA'FIF IiIUnSION(B~. !Elitmsion and BraQch)

~ 1 &i ,o ." f, b I D i . . ision !l!ndus !Y 'R~poFt5 I-n~pect>ion 'Visit" to Various 1 F . . rsgets (Special iRe-por-b) Ahifr .ames Branch6 J un kc llS . N. i, I\ Gra .f ib an d ~ er o En gin e " Yo rk s, e ss a. u,

@eFmfllTlJ'., EM's lVrnschiDell"'eFke G III b H , R eib ar lJ li ck , 0 r-IDany8 'A '!r d M!asohillen%au, Gill'" a, Leipeig (Mock-au~t Gerrmany9 Go haer Waggoufo: l1U1ik A i, Gotha , Germany10 !Wac ke \ulf. Aillcr afb Plau t, Bremen, Germany

{o,.ar-al l Report

11 Messe~chmitt A G, Augshurg, l1art [email protected] Par" B. ,~pp.ndic s I, II, IH1.2 IDollni~r Ylorks, Fried'JliobShaicn & lihllli.olt, Oor-Juan' 'T3 GeFhar

IJl~hl\J(,ti\.l~ ludutrv {I'"rl 1.AllLhlillUIllr)f Gcrmnnv . Purt I L, Mn~nel'lhruVewiul~.tl ntUtl( 111' Mntnl1'\\1uTke, rHhl\' hehu, (il\r-tnll.:ll\,2 2 ~ L f\ t uU ~ U8 ... " ' "o J" - h Ml U m b H " L(1ip.,i'litJ (;trU161'1.\.

zn2)


14/14

Abrasives Branch51 The German Abms tv e Industry52 )Inycr and Schmidt. Offcubaeh 011 Main, Germany

Anti-Fr:idion Branoh.5' 3 The German Anti-Frictio n Bearing s lind ustry

M aehtne 'Fool!; Branch.5 4 :\la,t,;hinc Foals & ~1a"(1r..ilJcry a 'S C ap it al ' .ru q\ li p-

mcnr35 : \1acni J' lc ' roo' ]ndusrry i n Germany,:;6 Herrnan Kolb Co. , Cologne, Germany57 Col le t and Engelhard, Otlenbaclr, Germany5~ Xaxes Fntcn. Frankfort Oil \I.lain. GermanyMiLl,TAR)' ANALtSIS DIVISION

of,' The Defeat of uhe Gennan Air Force00 V-WpapOntio (Crossbow) Cffl1YpaigllO J A ir F orc e J -< .s ft co f Operat lon62 \~'('alhtr Peeters i ll C omb a t Bombardment Opera-' iom ill t he European Theat re63 Bomb ing Accur acy, 1 JSAAF Heavy and : :Hedi umBombers i n tbe ETOG~ 1J'",ip1iOD elf H F BombingMORALE DIVISION

M.edica l Branch(~ The EIf""I of Bomhng on Health and Medca lCar e i n GeJ 'm fmY

MBNJTJONS DIVISJONH ea vy I nd us tr y B ra nch

{if, 'J he (\okiH~ fnrJl1ktry H; na .n ia O;" :H IlK M jm"r l1 la (~hH 'r k: c A 0 , linrJ;,ttrgi{pfjw r y I Jf .\ .r nl) ul 'f C, n rrnl.lllYlrtOl.l;flJCban" \ fil l" II \.\-"rJ"." A n. f 'lHrhllfJ( B(llillnr.\',IlfHlll,urll, n, '1lIftIJY'J'. r !" , f~ l{h'~iHPfl'lI Pr. l'hntlwfh- O il 1 'l fl nl .,,,I I & \",,1II

133

O'VElR-.tlil. ECilIhari!J~, i];ouvllIi"n) 'BelgillmRa.ilucad lRiepait' ');-o"nl's, f.Jls-sselt, BelgiumR~ i t li o a : cl . R :f j pa i ' r o c -a r . ds , Na.:mUll, lBei g i nmS ub ma ei ue P en s, Bresb, P-r -&f tGe(p.0:wder.JP18lnt) Angouleme, !Franceffi'owdl>F PIn.Jl& Bergerac, FranceC0kh\g Plan.t~, Men igny & JlAege-Belg.inmFo rb S t; B la is e er .d 'u n G. .FOUP , w [ e1 i z . . . Fra.neGnom e et R l ho n c, L i m og e s, ~rimQ_e .'l\1iche'loitl 'iVire Factory, 01 rmont-Perraud, France(:.:}n0me et !lMi0ne Aer .0 Engine [Faotor . " , L e MaD& .FranoeKugeafishen Bea ri ng Bal l P la nt, IDbeh, pach, Ger-J1O'~i~JlfiFeg;tlet, A i ro na H P la o a, ' i~ o ul () us c! F ra n eaS .N , I f,. A. S. E. Aircraft Plant, 'Toulouse, FrancoA. T .A . Ai rcFaf ' b Plent, Toulollse) Fr - anceV " , , \ T eepone in [..london('itv Aree of Kr.f.ldPublic Air. iR&idShelters in .OE 'Tma.ll~ ' , _GolclenJ)erg Thermal I D J e : c . b r l c Power Rtu.llon, l\JUlrf)-B;~~~~~i~~rrL1!Fl:~J)SfOJ'l11er &: 8wiLching Stat ion.B'(;a.nwciicr, GermanvStorage Depot, NEl(hbollanbn.oh, Oennenv .'f i, ai l'wl li vand I toed Bri dge, Bud Mun ter, Gcnn,\o.\n ai l' m, i' B ri dg e. ml lo r, G er ma nyG u M C JI f-W r kt " w e tu rn r. 'V(o'oim~r, l (; \r tl lD J1 ." ~UeT 'u :Toh e ln .od Hohn G In bit. l\ilSSfll, G

USSBS Report 10, Summary Report Covering Air Raid Protection and Allied Subjects in Japan

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