U.S. Imperialisms Impact on Other Nations. U.S.-Japanese Relations Japan had closed itself to outsiders in the late 1400s; held a strong mistrust of Western.

U.S. U.S. Imperialism’s Imperialism’s

Impact on Impact on Other NationsOther Nations

U.S.-Japanese U.S.-Japanese RelationsRelations Japan had closed itself to Japan had closed itself to

outsiders in the late outsiders in the late 1400s; held a strong 1400s; held a strong mistrust of Western mistrust of Western culturescultures

In mid-1800s, In mid-1800s, US US businesses began businesses began to view Japan as an to view Japan as an untapped market untapped market for tradefor trade

1852: Pres. Franklin 1852: Pres. Franklin Pierce sent a naval Pierce sent a naval expedition to force Japan expedition to force Japan to sign a trade treatyto sign a trade treaty

Perry’s Trade Perry’s Trade MissionMission US Navy under US Navy under Commodore Commodore

Matthew PerryMatthew Perry arrived in arrived in Tokyo Bay in July 1853Tokyo Bay in July 1853

Japanese were awed by Japanese were awed by American technology (steam American technology (steam powered ships, naval powered ships, naval firepower); quickly realized firepower); quickly realized that they could not compete that they could not compete militarily with the USmilitarily with the US

Japan Japan reluctantly signed reluctantly signed the trade agreement the trade agreement and opened its ports and opened its ports to US merchantsto US merchants

Japan learned quickly, and by Japan learned quickly, and by the 1890s had adopted the 1890s had adopted western technologies, western technologies, industrialized, and completely industrialized, and completely modernized their militarymodernized their military

US interference in theUS interference in theRusso-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War

1904-1905: Russia and Japan 1904-1905: Russia and Japan went to war over control of went to war over control of Korea and ManchuriaKorea and Manchuria

The world expected the “old The world expected the “old world” power (Russia) to easily world” power (Russia) to easily beat the upstart Japanese, but beat the upstart Japanese, but Japan militarily dominated Japan militarily dominated Russia throughout the warRussia throughout the war

US US President Theodore President Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt oversaw peace oversaw peace negotiations (Treaty of negotiations (Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905)Portsmouth, 1905)

Japan was angered that Japan was angered that Roosevelt supported Russia in Roosevelt supported Russia in the peace treaty; Japan gained the peace treaty; Japan gained no territory, Russia paid no no territory, Russia paid no war indemnities to Japanesewar indemnities to Japanese

Roosevelt won Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Nobel Peace Prize for his effortsPrize for his efforts

U.S. v Germany in U.S. v Germany in SamoaSamoa

US, Britain, & Germany all US, Britain, & Germany all competed for control of the competed for control of the Samoan Islands in the Samoan Islands in the PacificPacific

After attempts to settle their After attempts to settle their disputes peacefully failed in disputes peacefully failed in 1887, war seemed imminent 1887, war seemed imminent & was only prevented when & was only prevented when a a hurricane destroyed all hurricane destroyed all 3 nations warships in the 3 nations warships in the areaarea

TripartiteTripartite Convention of Convention of 1899 divided the islands 1899 divided the islands between US and Germany between US and Germany (Britain received other (Britain received other islands in Pacific), giving all islands in Pacific), giving all parties prime naval basesparties prime naval bases

US Interests in US Interests in ChinaChina China had shown political China had shown political

and military weakness after and military weakness after being easily beaten in a war being easily beaten in a war with Japan in 1894 and with Japan in 1894 and being bullied into “leasing” being bullied into “leasing” Manchuria to Russia in 1898Manchuria to Russia in 1898

US exports to China US exports to China were growing were growing and the and the Chinese market held Chinese market held tremendous potential for tremendous potential for American business & American business & investmentinvestment

Spheres of Influence in Spheres of Influence in ChinaChina

China was rapidly China was rapidly divided into divided into economic economic spheresspheres by Russia, Germany, by Russia, Germany, France, Japan, and France, Japan, and BritainBritain

US was in danger of US was in danger of losing China as a losing China as a market for US market for US products, sought a products, sought a way to protect its way to protect its economic interestseconomic interests

The The Open Door Open Door PolicyPolicy

1899: 1899: US Secretary of State US Secretary of State John HayJohn Hay sent his “open sent his “open door note”: notification to door note”: notification to other world powers that the other world powers that the US supported open trade in US supported open trade in ChinaChina

Foreign powers were Foreign powers were angered over US demands, angered over US demands, but were unwilling to risk but were unwilling to risk war (US had just beaten war (US had just beaten Spain in 1898); they made Spain in 1898); they made no move to block US trade no move to block US trade with Chinawith China

The The Boxer Boxer RebellionRebellion

1900: Chinese 1900: Chinese nationalists, unhappy with nationalists, unhappy with foreigners’ influence on foreigners’ influence on China, rose up in revoltChina, rose up in revolt

Hundreds of foreigners Hundreds of foreigners were killedwere killed

US contributed troops to US contributed troops to an international force an international force which crushed the which crushed the rebellionrebellion

After the rebellion, US After the rebellion, US worked hard to prevent worked hard to prevent division of China by angry division of China by angry foreign powersforeign powers

Pan-AmericanismPan-Americanism US began applying pressure to US began applying pressure to

Latin American states to Latin American states to buy buy their manufactured their manufactured goods from US goods from US instead of instead of Europe and to create an Europe and to create an organization for settling organization for settling disputes between American disputes between American statesstates

1889: Conference in DC led to 1889: Conference in DC led to creation of organization which creation of organization which became the Organization of became the Organization of American States (OAS) which American States (OAS) which promotes peaceful cooperation promotes peaceful cooperation among nations of the western among nations of the western hemispherehemisphere

The The BaltimoreBaltimore CrisisCrisis

1891: US Navy seized 1891: US Navy seized weapons headed to weapons headed to rebels in rebels in ChileChile

US sailors from the ship US sailors from the ship USS BaltimoreUSS Baltimore were were attacked by a pro-rebel attacked by a pro-rebel mob in Valparaiso, mob in Valparaiso, Chile; 2 US sailors were Chile; 2 US sailors were killed, 17 injuredkilled, 17 injured

US threatened war US threatened war unless Chile made unless Chile made reparations; Chilean reparations; Chilean government paid government paid $75,000 in damages$75,000 in damages

Venezuela Crisis Venezuela Crisis of of 18951895 Venezuela and Great Venezuela and Great

Britain disputed the Britain disputed the border between border between Venezuela and the Venezuela and the British colony of British British colony of British Guiana in South AmericaGuiana in South America

Great Britain accepted Great Britain accepted the US as an the US as an arbitratorarbitrator under the under the principles of the principles of the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine, , establishing the establishing the precedent of the US precedent of the US holding the final say in holding the final say in all affairs in the Americasall affairs in the Americas

Theodore Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt 1858 – 19191858 – 1919

2626thth President (1901-09) President (1901-09) Made William McKinley’s Made William McKinley’s

running-mate in 1900 because running-mate in 1900 because of his heroic war record and to of his heroic war record and to rein in his criticisms of the rein in his criticisms of the administrationadministration

Became youngest US Became youngest US President (age 42)President (age 42)

VERY aggressive in dealing in VERY aggressive in dealing in foreign affairsforeign affairs

““Big StickBig Stick” ” DiplomacyDiplomacy

Roosevelt adopted the Roosevelt adopted the African proverb “African proverb “Speak Speak softly and carry a big softly and carry a big stick; you will go farstick; you will go far” ” as his motto for foreign as his motto for foreign policypolicy

Under Under RooseveltRoosevelt, the , the US would pursue US would pursue peaceful negotiation, peaceful negotiation, but would not hesitate but would not hesitate to threaten use of its to threaten use of its military strength to military strength to protect its interestsprotect its interests

The The Great White Great White FleetFleet

Fleet of 16 US Fleet of 16 US battleships sent battleships sent out on a world out on a world tour to tour to demonstrate demonstrate America’s military America’s military might was a might was a major piece of major piece of Roosevelt’s “Roosevelt’s “Big Big StickStick” threat” threat

Roosevelt Roosevelt CorollaryCorollary 1904: 1904: Roosevelt Roosevelt

expanded the Monroe expanded the Monroe Doctrine by Doctrine by declaring that declaring that the the US would intervene US would intervene in Latin American in Latin American affairs when affairs when necessary to maintain necessary to maintain economic and political economic and political stability in the regionstability in the region

Roosevelt wanted to Roosevelt wanted to prevent European prevent European interventions in Latin interventions in Latin America over unpaid debtsAmerica over unpaid debts

Hay-Pauncefote Hay-Pauncefote TreatyTreaty

1901: US & Britain 1901: US & Britain agreed that US would agreed that US would have sole claim to have sole claim to build a build a canalcanal in in Central AmericaCentral America

Britain acknowledged Britain acknowledged that it had insufficient that it had insufficient influence in Latin influence in Latin America, allied itself America, allied itself with the US to ensure with the US to ensure canal got builtcanal got built

The The Panama Panama CanalCanal

US offered Colombia $10 US offered Colombia $10 million to buy the rights million to buy the rights to build a canal across to build a canal across Panama, but Colombia Panama, but Colombia refusedrefused

Roosevelt responded by Roosevelt responded by supporting a rebellion by supporting a rebellion by Panama against ColombiaPanama against Colombia

Once Panama was Once Panama was independent, they agreed independent, they agreed to a treaty allowing the to a treaty allowing the US to build and operate a US to build and operate a canal connecting the canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Atlantic and Pacific OceansOceans

Building the CanalBuilding the Canal Canal was started by a Canal was started by a

French company in 1880, French company in 1880, but had been abandoned in but had been abandoned in 1889 after over 20,000 1889 after over 20,000 workers died from disease & workers died from disease & accidentsaccidents

US bought US bought out French & out French & resumed work in resumed work in 1904 (with new 1904 (with new measures to control measures to control mosquito-borne mosquito-borne diseases) and diseases) and completed the canal completed the canal in 1914in 1914

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft 1857 – 19301857 – 1930 2727thth President (1909- 13) President (1909- 13) Roosevelt’s hand-picked Roosevelt’s hand-picked

successor, but would be successor, but would be nothing like Roosevelt nothing like Roosevelt as presidentas president

After leaving the After leaving the presidency, he would be presidency, he would be appointed Chief Justice appointed Chief Justice of the US Supreme Courtof the US Supreme Court

Taft’s “Taft’s “Dollar Dollar DiplomacyDiplomacy””

Taft choseTaft chose to “buy” to “buy” friendship with Latin friendship with Latin American states by American states by guaranteeing low-guaranteeing low-interest loans, interest loans, paying off existing paying off existing loans from European loans from European powers to Latin powers to Latin AmericaAmerica

Taft’s policy kept Latin Taft’s policy kept Latin states from borrowing states from borrowing money from European money from European powerspowers

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson 1856 – 19241856 – 1924 2828thth President (1913- President (1913-

21)21) DemocratDemocrat Tried to abandon Tried to abandon

both Roosevelt’s both Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” policies “Big Stick” policies and Taft’s policy of and Taft’s policy of “buying” friends in “buying” friends in Latin AmericaLatin America

Wilson’s “Wilson’s “Moral Moral DiplomacyDiplomacy””

Wilson would support only Wilson would support only Latin American states that Latin American states that were were democratic and democratic and provided human provided human rights rights protections or protections or otherwise supported the otherwise supported the interests of the USinterests of the US

Wilson hoped to influence Wilson hoped to influence and control other countries and control other countries through economic through economic pressure; nations which did pressure; nations which did not abide by the US wishes not abide by the US wishes would not receive financial would not receive financial support from the USsupport from the US

The Mexican The Mexican Revolution Revolution

During the Mexican During the Mexican Revolution, Revolution, fighting fighting spilled across spilled across the border into the border into the USthe US

This, coupled with This, coupled with cross-border raids for cross-border raids for supplies led Wilson to supplies led Wilson to order the “order the “Punitive Punitive ExpeditionExpedition” of 1916-” of 1916-19171917

Francisco “Pancho” VillaFrancisco “Pancho” Villa 1878 – 19231878 – 1923 Popular revolutionary in Popular revolutionary in

Northern MexicoNorthern Mexico Punitive Expedition’s target Punitive Expedition’s target

was the capture of was the capture of Pancho Pancho VillaVilla

1916: Villa had raided into 1916: Villa had raided into New Mexico to seize New Mexico to seize weapons and supplies for weapons and supplies for his fight against the his fight against the government of Venustiano government of Venustiano Carranza; Villa’s raid had Carranza; Villa’s raid had killed 18 Americanskilled 18 Americans

US Expedition failed, but US Expedition failed, but Villa was eventually Villa was eventually murdered by his political murdered by his political enemies in 1923enemies in 1923

Gen. John “Black Jack” Gen. John “Black Jack” PershingPershing

1860 – 19481860 – 1948 US ArmyUS Army Officer in charge of Officer in charge of

Buffalo soldiers early Buffalo soldiers early in his careerin his career

Fought in Indian Wars, Fought in Indian Wars, Spanish-American Spanish-American Wars, and WWIWars, and WWI

Spent 2 years hunting Spent 2 years hunting Pancho Villa in Mexico Pancho Villa in Mexico with little successwith little success