Europe During 1400s &1500s Janelle Oliver, Bailey Hoback & Gabriella Andino.

Europe During 1400s &1500s Janelle Oliver, Bailey Hoback & Gabriella Andino

What was the Renaissance? Georgio Vasari described it

as a “Rebirth ”◦Re-emergence of Greek and

Roman literature, art, philosophy, and political and historical thought

Started in Italy◦Focused on secular concerns◦ Individualism

Later spread to Northern Europe◦ Dealt with religious

concerns

Catholic Church had heavy influence in Italy

Old nobility was starting to lose their control over Italy

New wealthy merchant families started to rise because of Mediterranean trade

Old Nobility v. New Wealthy Families

Popolo◦ Wanted their own share of the

wealth and political power

Class & Political Struggles

Italian v. Northern Renaissance

Italian ◦ Was center of Europe’s

economic, political and cultural life

◦ Italy was divided up into different urbanized city-states The heart of Renaissance was in

Florence

◦ Tension and many wars were fought between the major cities

Northern◦ Strictly focused on religion

Still trying to seek new ways to deepen their Christian beliefs

Humanism Is a program of study, including

rhetoric and literature based on what students in the classical world would have studied

Francesco Petrarch◦ Father of Humanism

To write in the Ciceronian style became the goal of Petrarch and humanists who followed him◦ Inspired “civic humanists”

Many humanist emphasized individualism and questioned some biblical text◦ This upset the North

Renaissance really only applied to the wealthy◦Could afford classical literature and study it

Popolo wanted to be part of the Renaissance but were more preoccupied with their lives

Most of the poor were illiterate◦Spent most of their time struggling for work or lived on

rural farmsWomen◦Some wealthy women picked up some humanism skills

Leonardo Bruni created an education program for women Christine de Pisan wrote “The City of Ladies”

Baroque Movement

Who Achieved the Renaissance?

Beginning the ReformationThrough translation, the Catholic Church had

distorted and complicated theological text◦ Practices of nepotism, absenteeism, immoral behavior of

the papacy and the selling of indulgences were quite common

However, many opposed the corruption of the church ◦Desideratum Erasmus’s “Praise of Folly” which used

satire as a means of criticizing the church◦ Sir Tomas More’s “Utopia” which was critical of certain

practices of the church ◦Most important was Martin Luther’s “95 Thesis”

The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther wanted the

catholic church to change and had no intensions of starting a new religion◦ Pope Leo X did not take Luther

seriously and ignored him Lutheranism started heavily

influencing the Germanic states◦ Edict of Worms

Other reformers sprung up after Luther◦ John Calvin’s “Institutes of the

Christian Religion” starting Calvinism

◦ King Henry VIII started the Anglican Church

◦ Ulrich Zwingli started Zwingli

Society’s ResponseGermanic states were caught in the middle ◦Peace of Augsburg by Charles V

Reformation abolished corrupt practicesImplements of humanist methods in

Protestant secondary schools and universities◦Allowing every class, and gender to attend

Schools taught in Greek and Latin with religious instruction

Women were still seen as subservient to men ◦Gradually lost their rights

Counter ReformationPope Paul II was dedicated in reforming the

ChurchIndex of Prohibited BooksPapal Inquisition to keep out Protestantism Council of Trent◦Was dominated by the papacy and enhanced its power◦ Took steps to address some of the issues that sparked

the reformationIgnatius Loyola◦Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)◦Working as Catholic missionaries in heavy Protestant

areas

Religious WarsHapsburg-Valois War◦France was trying to keep the control of the Holy

Roman Empire from controlling all of Germany While Charles IV was occupied with France, Lutheranism

spread fast throughout the empire

◦France was also fighting Spain over territories in Italy◦Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Spain’s Catholic Crusade ◦Was a conflict between Spain and the Turks allowing a

secure region for Christian merchants ◦Battle of Lepanto was the naval battle in which Spain

defeated the Turks off the coast of Greece and won the war

Religious WarsThe Dutch Revolt ◦William I started a war against the Spanish inquisition

They were beaten by Spain, and some parts of the Provinces became under the Spanish control

Spain and England ◦Mary Tudor was wife of Philip I of the Holy Roman

Empire and tried to convert England to traditional Catholic beliefs

◦Elizabeth I After the Dutch Revolt, she tried to aid the Netherlands to

gain independence from the Spanish

◦Spanish Armada

French Civil War This conflict started after the death of

Henry II and the struggle within the family for who would get the crown

A Catholic Valois and Huguenot couple were married, intending to reconcile the Catholic v. Huguenot differences, however, rioting and violence occurred and the couple were killed in their sleep before the wedding

War of Three Kings which three different Henrys fought over the French throne

Henry IV, a Huguenot, won and ruled like Elizabeth I in the way that he tried to find solutions for problems, rather than idolize himself◦ Edict of Nantes

Thirty Year’s WarThe Peace of Augsburg worked for a short period

of time, however, factionalism in the Holy Roman Empire precipitated a cataclysmic war

The war came in different PhasesTreaty of Westphalia◦This treaty ended the Catholic reformation in Germany ◦They reestablished the Peace of Augsburg◦The pope could intervene in the Holy Roman Empire

The results:◦The Holy Roman Empire was ruined◦France gained a lot of power along with Britain

The Renaissance is starting to fade◦ Medici family falls

Treaty of Lodi Unification makes for an

easy target for ambitious monarchs such as France and Spain

Machiavelli was horrified by increasing foreign domination and believed that only a strong leader could unify Italy◦ His book “The Prince” tried to

convince the Medici to take control of Italy

Italy on the Decline

New MonarchsFrench Monarch◦King Louis XI assumed the throne after his father

Charles VII He created a large royal army, increased taxes, exerted his

power over the clergy and encouraged economic growth

◦Francis I Condordat of Bologna

English Monarch◦War of the Roses ◦Henry VII, a Lancaster, got the throne

Established the Tudor Dynasty Nobility no longer have private armies Parliament still maintained power over the king

New MonarchsSpanish Monarch◦Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of

Castile laid the groundwork for unification In the attempt for religious conformity, the couple started

the Reconquista Spanish Inquisition

German Monarch◦Not considered a “New Monarch”◦Charles V

Most powerful ruler in Europe in 1500s Control over the Hapsburg and Spain Tried to prevent the spread of Protestantism in the Holy

Roman Empire

Life During the 1500sBourgeoisie were the

wealthiest and most powerful ◦Can be compared to the middle

classPeasants made up the

majority of the population and worked farms◦They all mostly lived in rural

areasCities began to grow during

this timePopulation grewStrict patriarchal society

ExplorationContact with non-Europeans were limited up until now◦ “God, glory and gold”

Europeans were trying to reach AsiaReligion also had an influence on explorationMonarchies had increased both their authority, their

resources and were in a position to turn their energies beyond their borders

Europe had achieved the wealth and technology to voyage beyond◦Creation of portolani ◦Better ships and navigational techniques ◦Knowledge of wind patterns

Led to the Colombian Exchange

Prompt One: Social

Discuss the social consequences that the Protestant Reformation had from 1520-1600.

2001 Released AP European History Free Response Questions

Prompt Two: Cultural / Political

In what ways does the art of the renaissance reflect the political outlooks of European nations from 1450-

1600?

Prompt Two: Economic

How and to what extent did the poor economy of the 16th century affect class relations across Europe?

FRQ Prompts