Blood Guided Notes Name:__________________________
What is the function of blood?
What is blood made of?
____________________________(~55% TOTAL VOLUME)
· ~92% _____________________
· ~7% _______________________
· Albumin (osmotic balance)
· Fibrinogen (clotting)
· Antibodies (immune)
· Hormones (regulation)
· ~1% _______________________________
· Electrolytes (osmotic and pH balance, regulating membrane
permeability)
· Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids)
· Oxygen
· Carbon dioxide
________________________ (~44% TOTAL VOLUME)
· aka red blood cells
· tiny!
· lack a nucleus, have few organelles
· contain hemoglobin – an iron-containing protein that
reversibly binds to oxygen (and a small amount of CO2)
How does the structure of erythrocytes facilitate their
function?
____________________________ (< 1% TOTAL VOLUME)
· aka white blood cells
· fight pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and cancer
· can leave the blood stream to go to infected tissue –
_____________________________
· summoned to damaged areas by ____________________, move by
___________________ motion
Leukocyte Types
· ________________________ – contain granules in cytoplasm and
unusually shaped nuclei
· Neutrophils – phagocytes; abundant during bacterial
infection
· Eosinophils – kill parasitic worms and increase during allergy
attacks
· Basophils - assist in inflammatory response
· ________________________ – lack granules in cytoplasm and have
normal nuclei
· Lymphocytes – most numerous; include B and T cells; produce
antibodies and attack infected cells
· Monocytes – engulf and destroy pathogens
__________________ (<1% TOTAL VOLUME)
· cell fragments
· involved in blood clotting
Review 2: Structure and Function
Identify the component of blood that transports each material,
and justify your response!
· Water
· Oxygen
· Carbon dioxide
· Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)
· Electrolytes
· Hormones
· Immune cells
· HEAT!!
Review 3: Compare and Contrast
Compare & contrast the structure and function of
erythrocytes and leukocytes
Hemostasis
____________________ is the process of
___________________________
· Occurs when small blood vessel (capillary) is damaged
· Clot seals the blood vessel until the it regenerates
· Occurs in just 3-6 minutes
Three major events occur, all beginning the moment the vessel is
damaged:
1) ________________________________________
2) _______________________________________
3) ________________________________________
What is the recommended way to treat a bleeding wound (until you
see a doctor)? Why?
Never remove gauze or a bandage from an actively bleeding wound.
Why?
How is blood clotting an example of positive feedback? Which
part(s) of the process best exemplify positive feedback?
Hemostatic Disorders – Blood Clots
A _________________is a blood clot that forms in an unbroken
vessel. A large thrombus may block blood flow, causing tissue
death.
An __________________ is a blood clot that forms then breaks
away and floats freely in the blood vessels. An embolus may then
lodge in a capillary and block blood flow.
coronary thrombosis
cerebral embolism –
pulmonary embolism
Causes of thrombus
· ________________ to blood vessel or build-up of __________
Both create rough surfaces inside vessel, which may activate
platelets
· __________________________________________________
Clotting factors may accumulate
Immobility increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis in
legs!
Blood thinners (such as warfarin, aspirin, and heparin) can be
used to prevent thrombus
Aspirin – blocks thromboxane
______________________________________________________________________________
Wafarin – blocks production of certain clotting factors
______________________________________________________________________________
Heparin – helps inactivate thrombin
_______________________________________________________________________________
Hemostatic Disorders – Hemophilia
Causes
·
_______________________________________________________________________________
· Recessive sex-linked trait (more common in men)
Symptoms
· Prolonged bleeding even from minor injuries
· Excessive bruising
· Bruised and swollen joints
· Excessive clumsiness and falling
Treatment
· Intravenous injection of clotting factors
· Donated plasma
· Synthetic clotting factors
Hematopoiesis
_______________________________________________________________________________________________.
· Occurs in the red bone marrow
Where is this found?
· All blood cells and platelets derive from hemocytoblast stem
cells
Erythrocyte lifecycle and production
Develop in red marrow (for 3-5 days)
Eject nucleus, then enter blood stream.
Red blood cells life for 3-4 months
Digested by phagocytes
Production is controlled by hormone
_________________________________.
Erythropoietin release is stimulated by
__________________________________
___________________________________.
Why is there no hormone to decrease RBC production?
Why do world-class athletes train at high altitude before major
competitions?
Blood Groups
· All cells in the body have genetically-determined
_______________________________ on their surface; the combinations
of these are unique to each individual and are involved in self /
non-self recognition
· Some of these proteins are also ___________________________ –
they cause an immune response in individuals that do not posses
them
· The proteins (blood factors) that cause the greatest immune
response belong to the ABO and Rh groups.
Antigen – Antibody Reactions
· Antigens are foreign substances that provoke an immune
response, including the release of antibodies that bind to and
attack them
· Where are antigens found?
· Surface of pathogens (e.g. viruses, bacteria, etc.)
· Vaccines (that’s why they work!)
· Allergens (e.g. pollen, dust, etc.)
· Cancer cells (foreign b/c cell has mutated)
· Transplanted tissue / organs
· Antibodies are proteins produced by white blood cells that
bind to and destroy antigens. Antibodies are specific to certain
antigens
Agglutination
· When antibodies bind to RBCs, they cause
________________________ or clumping
Why is this bad?
· Initially, clumps clog small capillaries, causing pain and
reduced blood flow
· Later, RBCs that are bound to the antibodies lyse or break
open, releasing hemoglobin into the blood – which can cause kidney
failure
ABO blood group
The Rh blood group
· The Rh blood group describes ~45 different (but similar)
antigens on RBCs. These antigens are called antigen “D”
· People are Rh + if they have any of the various D antigens.
They are Rh – if the do not have any D antigens.
· Unlike the ABO system, Rh- people must be __________________to
the D antigen before developing antibodies. That means Rh- people
will NOT have an agglutination reaction the first time they
encounter Rh+ blood … but they will if they have it a second
time.
Blood Types
Our ‘blood type’ is the combination of the antigens from the ABO
and Rh groups – the two groups of antigens that cause the strongest
immune response.
What blood type do you have if you have D antigens only?
If you have A- blood, what type(s) of antigens do you have? What
type(s) of antibodies?
Blood Type Compatibility
The key to transfusions:
You cannot give a person blood that has antigens for which they
have antibodies, otherwise, their immune system will attack that
blood.
Blood Type
Can donate to
Can receive from
A+
A-
B+
B-
AB+
AB-
O+
O-
What type is the universal donor?
What type is the universal recipient?
Blood Type Compatibility & Pregnancy
· For the most part, blood type compatibility is NOT a problem
during pregnancy because the blood of the baby and the blood of the
mom do not mix.
· However, _____________________________________________ can
face serious risks because the mother’s Rh antibodies can cross the
placenta and attack the babies blood.
· There are often no problems to the first Rh+ baby carried by
an Rh- mom… why?
· If the mom becomes pregnant with a ____________ Rh+ baby, her
immune
system will attack the baby’s blood, causing brain damage or
death to
the fetus.
· This can be prevented by giving the mother medicine that
prevents her
from developing antibodies against Rh antigens.
Blood Typing
_______________________ is a solution that contains antibodies
against a specific antigen (i.e. antiserum A contains type A
antibodies).
Blood type is determined by adding antiserum A, B, and D to
blood and observing whether or not agglutination occurs.
What does an agglutination reaction with a certain antiserum
mean?
Genetics Refresher
We have two versions – or ___________________ – of every gene.
One inherited from our mom, one from our dad.
The two alleles (___________________) interact to determine our
trait (____________________) in predictable ways.
· Some alleles are ___________________, some are
_____________________. Dominant genes show their trait and ‘cover
up’ recessive genes.
· IA (A) and IB (B) are dominant to i (O).
· D (+) is dominant to d (–)
· Some alleles are ________________________. This means both
alleles fully express their trait.
· IA and IB are codominant with each other
Genotype to Phenotype
What blood type will result from each genotype?
1. IAiDD
2. iidd
3. IB IB Dd
4. IA IB dd
5. IB iDd
Phenotype to Genotype
What are the possible genotypes for each blood type?
1. A+
2. AB-
3. O-
4. B+
Other important vocab –
____________________________ – both alleles for one gene are the
same (e.g. ii)
____________________________ – the two alleles for one gene are
different (e.g. Iai)
Punnett Squares
Monohybrid Crosses
Dihybrid Crosses