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Proposal was to mandate 36 mpg by 2015Proposal was to mandate 36 mpg by 2015For 22 years average has been 24 mpgFor 22 years average has been 24 mpg

27.5 mpg for sedans27.5 mpg for sedans

20.7 mpg for SUV’s20.7 mpg for SUV’s

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Antarctica

This was an ice shelf in East AntarcticaThis was an ice shelf in East Antarctica

Antarctica

West Antarctica rests on deep bedrockWest Antarctica rests on deep bedrockIf it detaches, sea level will riseIf it detaches, sea level will rise 5 - 6 meters5 - 6 meters

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Oceans

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OceansOceans

• Weather generatorWeather generator• Transport surface Transport surface : Voyages: Voyages

Ancient Seafarers

Ancient Seafarers

• Austronesian mariners

Ancient Seafarers

Ancient Seafarers

• Austronesian mariners

Oceans

The Kon-Tiki ExpeditionThor Heyerdahl

Heyerdahl has seen the pollution of the oceans up close

tartar

Heyerdahl has seen the pollution of the oceans up close

tar

plastics

Oceans

Jaques Cousteau

Oceans

• Both Cousteau & Heyerdahl became ardent environmentalists

• “The oceans are ill”

Oceans• e.g. abalone

Oceans• e.g. abalone

Productivity

• Ocean food chains begin with phytoplankton

Phytoplankton

• “Grass of the Sea”

diatoms

Phytoplankton

dinoflagellatesdinoflagellates

• The producers of the seaThe producers of the sea

Zooplankton

• “insects of the sea”• Primary consumers

Marine Food Chain

Phyto-Phyto-planktonplankton Zoo-Zoo-

planktonplankton fishfish

Marine Food ChainBlue WhaleBlue Whale

Marine Food ChainBlue WhaleBlue Whale feeds on krillfeeds on krill

Marine Food Chain

wintering groundswintering grounds

Blue whale annual migrationsBlue whale annual migrations

Productivity

• Measured by the concentration of phytoplankton

Productivity

Open ocean is a “desert”Open ocean is a “desert”

Continental shelves more productiveContinental shelves more productive due to nutrients in runoffdue to nutrients in runoff

Gulf Stream

spring plankton blooms

Georges Bank

Galapagos productivity

upwellings stimulate productivityupwellings stimulate productivity iron is the limiting nutrientiron is the limiting nutrient

adding iron sparks phytoplankton bloomsadding iron sparks phytoplankton blooms a method of removing COa method of removing CO22 ??? ???

Red Tides

dinoflagellate bloomsproduce neurotoxins

Red Tides

Red TidesRed Tides

Red Tides