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UNIT-5 INNOVATIVE GREEN TECHNOLOGIES AND CASE STUDIES 9
Innovative uses of solar energy : BIPV, Solar Forest, Solar powered
street elements,- Innovative materials: Phase changing materials,
Light sensitive glass, Self cleansing glass- Integrated Use of
Landscape : Vertical Landscape, Green Wall, Green Roof. Case
studies on Green buildings : CII building,Hyderabad, Gurgaon
Development Centre-Wipro Ltd. Gurgaon; Technopolis, Kolkata;
Grundfos Pumps India Pvt Ltd, Chennai; Olympia Technology Park,
Chennai.
INNOVATIVE USES OF SOLAR ENERGY One of the most promising
renewable energy technologies is photovoltaics. Photovoltaics (PV)
is a truly elegant means of producing electricity on site, directly
from the sun, without concern for energy supply or environmental
harm. These solid-state devices simply make electricity out of
sunlight, silently with no maintenance, no pollution, and no
depletion of materials. A Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
system consists of integrating photovoltaics modules into the
building envelope, such as the roof or the faade. By simultaneously
serving as building envelope material and power generator, BIPV
systems can provide savings in materials and electricity costs,
reduce use of fossil fuels and emission of ozone depleting gases,
and add architectural interest to the building.
A complete BIPV system includes: the PV modules (which might be
thin-film or crystalline, transparent, semi-transparent, or
opaque); a charge controller, to regulate the power into and out of
the battery storage bank (in stand-alone
systems); a power storage system, generally comprised of the
utility grid in utility-interactive systems or, a
number of batteries in stand-alone systems; power conversion
equipment including an inverter to convert the PV modules' DC
output to AC
compatible with the utility grid; backup power supplies such as
diesel generators (optional-typically employed in stand-alone
systems);
and appropriate support and mounting hardware, wiring, and
safety disconnects
BIPV system diagram
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BIPV systems can either be interfaced with the available utility
grid or they may be designed as stand-alone, off-grid systems. The
benefits of power production at the point of use include savings to
the utility in the losses associated with transmission and
distribution (known as 'grid support'), and savings to the consumer
through lower electric bills because of peak saving (matching peak
production with periods of peak demand). Moreover, buildings that
produce power using renewable energy sources reduce the demands on
traditional utility generators, often reducing the overall
emissions of climate-change gasses. Design of a Building Integrated
Photovoltaics (BIPV) System BIPV systems should be approached to
where energy conscious design techniques have been employed, and
equipment and systems have been carefully selected and specified.
They should be viewed in terms of life-cycle cost, and not just
initial cost because the overall cost may be reduced by the avoided
costs of the building materials and labor they replace. Design
considerations for BIPV systems must include the building's use and
electrical loads, its location and orientation, the appropriate
building and safety codes, and the relevant utility issues and
costs. Steps in designing a BIPV system include: Carefully consider
the application of energy-conscious design practices and/or
energy-efficiency measures to reduce the energy requirements of the
building. This will enhance comfort and save money while also
enabling a given BIPV system to provide a greater percentage
contribution to the load. Choose Between a Utility-Interactive PV
System and a Stand-alone PV System: The vast majority of BIPV
systems will be tied to a utility grid, using the grid as storage
and backup. The systems should be sized to meet the goals of the
ownertypically defined by budget or space constraints; and, the
inverter must be chosen with an understanding of the requirements
of the utility. For those 'stand-alone' systems powered by PV
alone, the system, including storage, must be sized to meet the
peak demand/lowest power production projections of the building. To
avoid over sizing the PV/battery system for unusual or occasional
peak loads, a backup generator is often used. This kind of system
is sometimes referred to as a "PV-genset hybrid." Shift the Peak:
If the peak building loads do not match the peak power output of
the PV array, it may be economically appropriate to incorporate
batteries into certain grid-tied systems to offset the most
expensive power demand periods. This system could also act as an
uninterruptible power system (UPS). Provide Adequate Ventilation:
PV conversion efficiencies are reduced by elevated operating
temperatures. This is truer with crystalline silicon PV cells than
amorphous silicon thin-films. To improve conversion efficiency,
allow appropriate ventilation behind the modules to dissipate heat.
Evaluate Using Hybrid PV-Solar Thermal Systems: As an option to
optimize system efficiency, a designer may choose to capture and
utilize the solar thermal resource developed through the heating of
the modules. This can be attractive in cold climates for the
pre-heating of incoming ventilation make-up air. Consider
Integrating Daylighting and Photovoltaic Collection: Using
semi-transparent thin-film modules, or crystalline modules with
custom-spaced cells between two layers of glass, designers may use
PV to create unique daylighting features in faade, roofing, or
skylight PV systems. The BIPV elements can also help to reduce
unwanted cooling load and glare associated with large expanses of
architectural glazing.
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Incorporate PV Modules into Shading Devices: PV arrays conceived
as "eyebrows" or awnings over view glass areas of a building can
provide appropriate passive solar shading. When sunshades are
considered as part of an integrated design approach, chiller
capacity can often be smaller and perimeter cooling distribution
reduced or even eliminated. Design for the Local Climate and
Environment: Designers should understand the impacts of the climate
and environment on the array output. Cold, clear days will increase
power production, while hot, overcast days will reduce array
output; Surfaces reflecting light onto the array (e.g., snow) will
increase the array output; Arrays must be designed for potential
snow- and wind-loading conditions; Properly angled arrays will shed
snow loads relatively quickly; and, Arrays in dry, dusty
environments or environments with heavy industrial or traffic
(auto, airline) pollution
will require washing to limit efficiency losses. Address Site
Planning and Orientation Issues: Early in the design phase, ensure
that your solar array will receive maximum exposure to the sun and
will not be shaded by site obstructions such as nearby buildings or
trees. It is particularly important that the system be completely
unshaded during the peak solar collection period consisting of
three hours on either side of solar noon. The impact of shading on
a PV array has a much greater influence on the electrical harvest
than the footprint of the shadow. Consider Array Orientation:
Different array orientation can have a significant impact on the
annual energy output of a system, with tilted arrays generating
50%-70% more electricity than a vertical faade. Reduce Building
Envelope and Other On-site Loads: Minimize the loads experienced by
the BIPV system. Employ daylighting, energy-efficient motors, and
other peak reduction strategies whenever possible. Professionals:
The use of BIPV is relatively new. Ensure that the design,
installation, and maintenance professionals involved with the
project are properly trained, licensed, certified, and experienced
in PV systems work. In addition, BIPV systems can be designed to
blend with traditional building materials and designs, or they may
be used to create a high-technology, future-oriented appearance.
Semi-transparent arrays of spaced crystalline cells can provide
diffuse, interior natural lighting. High profile systems can also
signal a desire on the part of the owner to provide an
environmentally conscious work environment. APPLICATION
Photovoltaics may be integrated into many different assemblies
within a building envelope: Solar cells can be incorporated into
the faade of a building, complementing or replacing traditional
view or spandrel glass. Often, these installations are vertical,
reducing access to available solar resources, but the large surface
area of buildings can help compensate for the reduced power.
Photovoltaics may be incorporated into awnings and saw-tooth
designs on a building faade. These increase access to direct
sunlight while providing additional architectural benefits such as
passive shading.
The use of PV in roofing systems can provide a direct
replacement for batten and seam metal roofing and traditional 3-tab
asphalt shingles.
Using PV for skylight systems can be both an economical use of
PV and an exciting design feature.
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SOLAR FOREST A solar forest is a design solution for charging
electric vehicles and generating solar energy. This forest offers
shade, provides free EV charging and generates solar energy while
simultaneously improving the appearance of the urban landscape. The
trees here have photovoltaic leaves, responsible for collection of
solar power. Each of their trunks has a power outlet to charge an
electric vehicle. Imagine a parking lot that keeps your car cool
and charges it while you do whatever you need to do after parking
your car. Thats what the new solar forest designed by designer
Neville Mars aims to achieve. Electric-powered automobiles are a
great way of reducing pollution levels but the main hurdle in the
way of them becoming mainstream vehicles is long duration of time
they need to recharge. Even to cover small distance you need to
recharge your vehicle for hours. One solution is to speed up the
recharging process, and another is recharging the cars while they
stand unused, like in a parking lot.
Sometimes vehicles are left in the parking place for hours while
people take care of their chores or work in their offices. This is
the perfect time to charge the vehicles. The trees of the solar
forest are made of photovoltaic leaves mounted upon poles that are
like giant power strips for electric vehicles. You can simply plug
in your vehicle to charge it. To increase efficiency the solar
panels adjust themselves according to the position of the sun. The
vehicles also remain cool under their shade.
Just like any other new innovation there are naysayers for this
project too, like, there is not going to be enough sun for every
tree, or it is going to be very costly to build such panels, and,
it will be very difficult to take your vehicles in (as it happens
in the natural forest) and then take them out, but the basic idea
is the thought that goes into such projects. We are sure to find
new solutions as more and more people pitch in instead of just
pointing at things that cannot be achieved.
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SOLAR AND WATER-POWERED STREET LIGHTS Take a Cue from the Mango
Leaf
Designer Adam Mikloski has come up with a beautiful design for
solar powered street lights in India. Mimicking the structure of a
seedling and the shape of mango leaves, the concept design captures
not just sunlight but also rain to power the lamps.
The tops of the leaves have solar cells for sunny days.
Meanwhile when it rains, the shape of the "leaves" funnels water to
a drain into the post, where a water turbine can gather energy from
the moving water.
The designer writes: [In] India, due to monsoon climate there is
a high fall, which can be perfectly utilized...The number of sunny
hours after the rainy season is high. Recycling the power of the
sun and rain constitutes the basis of my concept. To define the
shape, I used leaves and shoots of plants. Leaves are
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extremely important for drainage. I considered the shape of
mango leaves favorable as regards functionality, shape, and
cultural history. The top of the leaf is appropriate for installing
solar cells and for collecting water, while the stalk can divert
and recycle this amount of rain. LEDs are operated by rechargeable
batteries. One question is what happens to the water once it cycles
through the post. These lamps will be less appealing if they have
to be part of a more elaborate drainage system under water.
However, perhaps it is enough to have a hole at the base of the
post for the water to exit. The LED bulbs are a good choice for
minimizing how much energy the lamps consume, and the rechargeable
batteries would be placed in the post. Over all, the concept design
is a beautiful and elegant use of biomimicry, as well as an
interesting and practical use of both solar and water power to
light up a street. Maximizing two natural elements rather than just
one to power the lights is a great way to make sure a design is a
good fit for an area with varying weather, and will work no matter
what the conditions.
PHASE-CHANGE MATERIAL Anyone with thick brick or stone walls has
probably noticed that their home takes a long time to heat or cool
during the day. This is because for years architects have employed
high mass materials, which slow the flow of temperature, as a means
to build passive, eco-friendly buildings. While these materials
work well at regulating temperature fluctuations, they can be
expensive, require additional structure and eat up building square
footage. Thankfully, scientists have been working hard on
developing the same technology, but on a microscopic level, in the
form of phase change materials. The basic idea of passive buildings
and thermal mass, is building materials with a high mass (water,
stone or concrete) collect and store heat throughout the day, and
then slowly release it as the temperature drops. Ideally this
design technique is used in climates who have extreme temperature
fluctuations from day to night, or season to season. The thermal
mass aides in a building's efficiency, reduces the need for heating
and cooling equipment and is done so without any moving parts.
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Phase change materials (PCM) provide thermal mass, but on a much
smaller scale. PCMs work by melting and solidifying at a specific
temperature heat is absorbed at the solid state, and when the
material reaches a predetermined temperature, it changes to a
liquid and releases the stored energy (heat). When the temperature
falls below a predetermined degree, the PCM re-solidifys and the
process repeats. The most common PCMs come in the form of paraffin,
fatty acids and salt hydrates, each with their own advantages and
disadvantages. Most PCMs must be encapsulated to be stored and
prevent evaporation and absorption. How do they work?
When heat is applied to a substance, the energy transfers in one
of two ways. The first is that the substance gains heat. For
example, if heat is applied to water, it will rise in temperature
to a maximum of 100C its boiling point. Likewise, if heat is
removed, the temperature of the water will fall, to a minimum of
0C, or its freezing point. This type of heat transfer, or storage,
is called sensible heat.
However, adding heat does not always cause a substances
temperature to rise. If heat is added to water that is already
boiling, it remains at 100C, and the absorbed heat instead causes
the water to turn from a liquid into a vapour.
This is a phenomenon common to all pure substances. As they
absorb heat, they eventually reach a melting point (in solid form)
or evaporation point (in liquid form), at which point they change
state from solid to liquid, or from liquid to gas. During this
process, they absorb heat but do not get hotter. This type of heat
storage is known as latent heat.
It is this latent heat that enables PCMs to control room
temperature. The PCMs used in construction typically change from
solid to liquid at 23-26C. (Computer simulations show that 26C is
the optimal phase-change temperature for passive summer heat
reduction in buildings, while 23C is needed for situations where
PCMs are part of a mechanical air-conditioning system.) As they
melt, they begin to absorb heat from the room, rather than simply
gaining heat themselves. In this way, the room temperature can be
kept constant until the change of state or phase change is
complete. The PCM can be returned to its solid state by night-time
ventilation (as long as the night air is cooler than the
phase-change temperature), or by mechanical means in hotter
climates. The phase-change cycle is then ready to begin again the
next day.
Types of PCM There are many types of PCM but not all are
suitable for use in buildings. Water, for example, has transition
temperatures of 0C and 100C, neither of which are conducive to a
comfortable living or working environment. The selection criteria
when choosing a PCM include:
A melting temperature in the desired operating range in
construction this would be 23C or 26C.
A high latent heat of fusion per unit volume in other words,
they can store a large amount of heat per unit of volume,
minimising the area of PCM tiles that are needed.
High thermal conductivity. The quicker the PCM reacts to changes
in temperature, the more effective the phase changes will be.
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Minimal changes in volume substances expand or contract when
they change state. Because PCMs in construction need to be
contained within a cassette, large changes in volume could create
problems.
Congruent melting. This means that the composition of the liquid
is the same as that of the solid, which is important to prevent
separation and supercooling.
A completely reversible freezing/melting cycle. Durability over
a large number of cycles. Non-corrosiveness to construction
materials. Non-flammability.
The two main types of PCM used in construction are inorganic
salt hydrates and organic paraffin or fatty acids, and both
materials have a set of advantages and disadvantages that must be
taken into consideration.
1. Inorganics: salt hydrates
Advantages: Salt hydrates are a low-cost, readily available PCM.
They have a high latent heat storage capacity and high thermal
conductivity. They are also non-flammable.
Disadvantages: The volume change between the solid and liquid
states is very high. Another problem with the solid-liquid
transition is the danger of supercooling. This is when the
temperature of a liquid is reduced to below its freezing point
without it becoming a solid.
Additives called nucleating agents can help with this process,
but they become less effective over time. Salt hydrates are also
very hygroscopic, which means they trap humidity. By doing this,
the water content varies and the melting point varies as well. This
is a danger for long-term stability.
2. Organics: paraffins and fatty acids
Advantages: Paraffins and fatty acids do not expand as they
melt, and freeze without much supercooling, so they do not need
nucleating agents. They are chemically stable, compatible with
conventional construction materials and recyclable. Paraffins are
hydrophobic, which means they are water-repellant. As a result,
their phase-change points are reliable. Pure paraffins are also
highly durable, and do not degrade in contact with oxygen. Nor can
pure materials, consisting of a single substance, separate from
themselves unlike salt hydrates, which could break away from their
water content when cycled frequently.
Disadvantages: Organic PCMs are flammable and have low thermal
conductivity and low latent heat storage capacity. Impurities
reduce heat capacity further, so it is very important that the
paraffins used are in a pure state. This, however, raises the cost,
as they have to be completely refined of oil.
When to use PCMs PCMs are particularly suitable for applications
in classrooms, offices, retail or healthcare buildings, which
generally rise in temperature during the working day, through the
heat load generated by people and equipment, but can be purged with
night-time air when not in use.
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PCMs can be used in the following ways:
Designed in conjunction with the heating, ventilation and
air-conditioning (HVAC) system to maximise the efficiency of active
or passive cooling strategies. From naturally ventilated spaces to
integrated chilled ceilings, most types of HVAC system can be made
more efficient.
To offset the requirement of air conditioning, therefore saving
on energy, and energy costs. To optimise the use of regenerative
cooling and heating sources.
PCMs should NOT be considered in the following
circumstances:
As a replacement for insulation PCMs act as a thermal storage
unit, rather than blocking out or containing thermal energy.
On exterior walls being exposed to solar gain greatly reduces
the capacity of the PCM. As an addition to existing active cooling
or heating. As a replacement for air conditioning to manage
internal humidity PCMs only manage thermal
comfort. Construction materials Microencapsulation Construction
applications use phase-change materials as they change between
their solid and liquid states, rather than between a liquid and a
gas state, as the volume change is far less. This does present the
practical problem of containing the material in its liquid state.
An effective solution here is microencapsulation. The idea is that
the PCM, in the form of a wax, is contained in an extremely hard
plastic shell. Each capsule is tiny for example, the BASF Micronal
DS 5000 X microcapsules used in Armstrongs CoolZone products have a
diameter of about 2-20 microns or 0.002-0.02mm. Because the
capsules have a very large surface-volume ratio, they allow a high
level of heat transfer, while also protecting the paraffin to keep
it in its pure form. Pure paraffin is a suitable material for the
wax because it undergoes less expansion than other PCMs, maintains
its form in a liquid state and is highly durable after 10,000 test
cycles of the BASF Micronal DS 5000 X microcapsules (which use pure
paraffin) there were no damaged capsules. The formulation of the
paraffin wax can be adjusted to give a melting point of either 23C
or 26C. PCMs in ceiling tiles Because heat rises, an effective use
of PCM microcapsules is to place them in a cassette and add them to
a suspended ceiling tile. As paraffin is flammable, the PCM insert
must be sandwiched between tiles in a material with a good fire
reaction performance, such as metal. A metal tile also offers good
thermal conductivity, pulling the heat through into the PCM. A
typical loading of 50% of the ceiling in PCM tiles will maintain
the temperature in an typical mechanically ventilated office at 24C
for up to four to five hours. After that, the room will continue to
heat up as before, until the heating load reduces. The other 50% of
tiles can be service tiles or standard acoustic ceiling tiles. PCM
tiles should not be cut and so are not suitable for perimeter cuts
or service penetrations.
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With cooler night-time temperatures, the PCM will return to
solid form, transferring the heat energy back into the room. This
means that the room is not too cool first thing in the morning but
at a comfortable working temperature, and the PCM tiles are reset
for another working day. Using metal PCM ceiling tiles in this way
can lead to significant reductions in energy use. For example, 10sq
m of Armstrongs CoolZone tile can store up to 2kWh of energy. Over
a 30-year lifecycle, this saves 6MWh of thermal energy, which would
create approximately 1,140kg of CO2, if supplied by mechanical
cooling. A metal PCM ceiling tile such as Armstrong CoolZone can be
dropped into a standard suspended ceiling grid system, making
installation simple. Each PCM cassette weighs approximately 9kg, so
grid strengthening may be required. LIGHT SENSITIVE GLASS /
PHOTOSENSITIVE GLASS Photosensitive glass is a crystal-clear glass
that belongs to the lithium-silicate family of glasses, in which an
image of a mask can be captured by microscopic metallic particles
in the glass when it is exposed to short wave radiations such as
ultraviolet light Photosensitive glass is similar to photo paper;
however, it responds to UV light instead of visible light. The
United Nations Secretariat Building at their headquarters in New
York City makes use of this technology in a unique way. Built in
1952, by Le Corbusier and Niemeyer, this 39-story structure is
located next to the East River. The building uses steel frame
construction with glass and marble curtain walls. In a 1952 issue
from The New Yorker, Brendan Gill and Gordon Cotler state that the
glass walls are made to resemble marble, which covers the faade of
the structure as well. They mention a benefit of the marble glass
is that it does not need to be cleaned as often as plain clear
glass. In order to give the wall material the look of marble
without it actually being marble, photosensitive glass was used.
Each panel of glass used had to be baked, at an extremely high
temperature so that the texture and color of the marble would
appear on it in visible light. The image appears like a photograph,
but not on paper. The photosensitive glass walls of the United
Nations Secretariat Building are purely for aesthetic value. It is
not just simply a wall of glass. Well, it is, but it does not
appear that way. Thanks to Corning, customized glass can be
madecreating the perfect piece of cladding for anyone who wants
it.
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SELF CLEANSING GLASS SGG Bioclean The transparent coating on the
exterior surface of SGG Bioclean harnesses both solar and hydro
power to efficiently remove dried water marks, organic pollutants,
dust, etc from the glass. To activate the coating, the self
cleaning glass must be exposed to natural light.
DESCRIPTION A low-maintenance exterior glass that stays clean by
itself is what SGG BIOCLEAN stands for. This self cleaning glass is
ideal for most outdoor applications, particularly for areas which
are hard or unsafe to reach out to for cleaning purposes.
PRODUCT APPLICATION SGG Bioclean has been specially designed to
remain cleaner for longer than conventional glass. This importantly
allows using glass in places never thought of before. It is
designed for varied external applications and can be used in all
environments and is particularly effective in heavily polluted
areas.
The basic applications could be: Glazed facades, exterior shop
fronts and display windows, overhead and atria glazing
Conservatories, balconies and overhead glazing Windows and patio
doors Hard to reach areas
RANGE SGG Bioclean is available on SGG Planilux, SGG Planitherm
FUTURN N and many products from theSGG COOL-LITE range.In the two
latter cases, the glass is dual-coated with a coating on each
face.
PERFORMANCE The performance of the self-cleaning function can
vary depending on the environment and the location of the glass
such as:
The type of dirt The amount of dirt Total exposure to light and
rain The incline of the installation
Optimum performance is obtained when glazed in a vertical
position with maximum exposure to direct sunshine and rain. During
dry spells and in shaded areas, SGG Bioclean still has the ability
to clean itself very easily than ordinary glazing and may simply
require rinse with clean soft water. GREEN ROOFS The building of
green roofs is becoming a good practice in a lot of countries in
Europe, especially in Germany, as well as in the USA (Osmundson,
1999). In the Netherlands a lot of small scale projects has been
realized (Teeuw et al., 1997) but large scale implementation takes
much more effort. In a report published by the municipality of
Rotterdam (Anonymus, 2007) a survey is given about the different
types of green roofs with full financial details. Comparison of
different types was needed to stimulate large scale application
including suggestions for a system of subsidies (Anonymus,
2007).
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The advantages of vegetation on roofs are clear: Increase of
water buffering capacity. Less runoff due to use by plants,
transpiration and evaporation. Decrease of the amount of water in
the sewer system (reducing cleaning costs). Improvement of air
quality (deposition of particulate matter on leaves for example).
Reduction of the heat island effect in urban areas. Energy savings
(increase of insulation capacity keep building cool in summer and
keep cold out in
winter). Noise level reduction up to 10 dB(A). Increase of
lifetime of roofing material. Increase of aesthetic values.
Increase of ecological values. Higher selling price of
buildings.
A range of different types of designs are now available and
realized: from very extensive (ecological roof, Sedum roof) till
intensive roofs (garden and parks). Greening of outside walls of
buildings The same advantages of vegetation on roofs can be
described for greening systems on walls. In recent years different
systems (figure 1) have been developed, like greening direct on the
wall, greening systems before the wall and greening possibilities
incorporated within the construction of the wall (Hendriks, 2008).
Despite the range of possibilities there is still great hesitation
in the building sector (from the originator, designer, architect
till the builder and the user) to increase the amount of outdoor
wall greening. Probably mainly due to the possible disadvantages:
the need for extra maintenance, falling of leaves, chance of
damaging the wall structure, increase of the amount of insect and
spiders in the house and the expected extra costs involved.
Different types of faade greening (from Hermy et al., 2005) By
allowing and encouraging plants to grow on walls the natural
environment is being extended into urban areas; the natural
habitats of cliff and rock slopes are simulated by brick and
concrete. There is a
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widespread belief that plants are harmful to building
structures, ripping out mortar and prising apart joints with their
roots. The evidence suggests that these problems have been greatly
exaggerated, except where decay has already set in and plants can
accelerate the process of deterioration by the growing process.
Certainly there is little evidence that plants damage walls. In
most cases the exact opposite is true, with plant cover protecting
the wall from the elements. Ancient walls still stand, despite
centuries of plant growth. The leaves of climbing plants on walls
provide a large surface area which is capable of filtering out a
lot of dust particles (particulate matter PMx) and other pollutants
such as NOx and taking up CO2 in daytime. Hard surfaces of concrete
and glass encourage runoff of rainwater into the sewage system.
Many plants hold water on their leaf surfaces longer than materials
and processes of transpiration and evaporation can add more water
into the air. The result of this is a more pleasant climate in the
urban area.
What is a green wall?
Photo credit: Patrick Blanc Lets focus on living walls, also
called biowalls, vertical gardens or Vertical Vegetated Complex
Walls (VCW). The simplest way is to picture it as a cliff: the
synthetic medium is the interface to which the cliff growing plant
species can hang onto. The hydroponic system is often used to
create a succession of dry periods and humid ones. One of the more
important moments in the design process of a green wall is the
choosing of species: you must choose plants which will grow
straight and will have beautiful lower foliage, as they will be
seen from underneath. The first living walls used tropical plants
but the choice is now much larger. As more recent green walls
create beautiful patterns, it is becoming a new urban art.
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Why green walls? They have multiple impacts on cities and
citizens; they protect buildings from the effects of natural
elements; they are introducing more gardens in urban areas and they
can even be used to grow vegetables! Under sun exposure, a bare
wall will contribute to heat conduction inside the building, making
the internal building temperature rise, and contributing to the
urban heat island effect. But green walls, where the leaves of
plants lose water through evapotranspiration, lower the surrounding
air and building temperatures. Green walls also depress the cities
temperaturethey create a microclimate.
Photo credit: Patrick Blanc The Tokyo Institute of Technology
proved that green walls lower the energy loss of buildings. They
also prevent the creation of urban dust (partly due to the effect
of wind over buildings) and absorb heavy metal particulates from
the atmosphere. However, the first consequence of living walls is
the creation of new green space in cities, where available space is
scarce. Green walls are still newcomers in landscape architecture,
and innovation is fast. They are invading new places every day. On
bridges and roads, they can cover ugly or decaying concrete
structures, such as in Mexico City.
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Photo credit: Patrick Blanc Every country invents new solutions
to answer its own particular problems. In Canada, where winters are
very long, green walls are placed inside buildings to help offset
SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder). We need gardens to be happier,
even scientists have proven as much with the biophilia hypothesis.
Lets build some green walls to achieve this goal! One must not
forget that as with every green space, green walls have advantages
and drawbacks (such as using a non-biodegradable medium and often
huge water needs) and must only be seen as part of the solution to
make our concrete jungle cities greener. Benefits
Green Roof and Green Wall installations have increased
significantly in recent years due to a variety of aesthetic,
economic, and ecological benefits. The following list includes a
brief overview of the various benefits associated with green roofs
and green walls. Aesthetic Value & Improved Health Green roofs
and green walls transform unsightly roofing materials and walls
into attractive green spaces that help restore metal health and
well-being. Many studies have shown positive health benefits
directly associated with views and access to vegetation. In the
city we are surrounded by utilitarian, even unsightly building
materials such as asphalt shingles, roofing membranes, concrete
walls, etc. So, why not consider a green roof or a green wall to
improve your views? The aesthetic and experiential pleasure you
derive from daily exposure to a green roof or wall can translate
into increased property value.
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Habitat Creation Green roofs often produce habitats similar to
that of meadows or fallow farm fields. Adding a green roof to a
residential or commercial structure effectively recreates the
habitat that may have existed on site prior to development. These
habitats attract beneficial insects and birds, bringing nature
closer to your home and restoring urban ecology on your property.
As more people install green roofs, our neighbourhoods and city
will benefit from improved & restored urban ecology. Rainwater
Retention Green roofs are designed to capture and store rainwater
to support plant growth. Rainwater on a conventional roof is
directed to downspouts or city infrastructure which can overload a
combined storm water / sewage system, resulting in a series of
problems. Like rain barrels connected to downspouts, rainwater
storage and reuse with a green roof or wall makes good ecologic
sense. The ability for green roof plants to utilize existing
rainwater means less irrigation. Native and drought tolerant plants
further reduce the need for green roof irrigation. However, a
sturdy waterproof membrane beneath a green roof or wall ensures
that your building always remains dry. Atmospheric Cooling &
Moderation Rainwater captured by a green roof or wall and
transpired by its plants moderates surrounding temperatures. Moist
soil and active plants act like a humidifier. During hot summer
days this extra moisture can help cool the spaces around green
roofs and walls. On a larger scale, green roofs and walls when
combined with other sustainable strategies can significantly reduce
the urban heat island effect. Reversing the heat island effect
would ultimately result in cooler summer temperatures and a much
more pleasant living environment. Structural Cooling, Insulation
& Reduced Energy Costs Vegetation on green roofs or walls
intercepts the suns rays to help keep your house cooler during hot
summer months. The special media used for plant growth acts as an
added layer of insulation, further moderating the internal
temperature of a building all season long. During the height of
summer, surface roof temperatures can be reduced by up to 30
degrees Celsius with a green roof. This presents considerable
savings on air conditioning costs. Furthermore, the cooler surface
area on a green roof enables roof-mounted air conditioners as well
as solar panels to operate much more efficiently. In a number of
different ways, green roofs and walls help reduce your energy
demands and save you money. Improved Air Quality & Physical
Health Plants convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen through
a process known as photosynthesis. A green wall in your home,
office or commercial establishment can increase oxygen levels and
remove harmful toxins from the air. This results in a better living
or working environment and has a positive impact on physical
health. Studies show significant reduction in employee illness when
working in a green building. Reducing employee illness has
considerable financial benefits for an employer. Extended Roofing
Membrane Life Replacing a large roofing membrane represents a
significant capital cost to a building owner. However, some
estimates suggest green roofs can actually double the life
expectancy of your roofing membrane. While green roofs represent a
greater initial investment, a green roof represents a financial
savings over time by doubling the life of your waterproof membrane
and providing significant energy savings.
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Sound Attenuation & Radiation Blockage External noises can
be reduced significantly with green roofs and walls. Plants,
growing media and the void spaces between particles, as well as
drainage board, filter fabric, and a waterproof membrane
collectively perform as a sound barrier. Sound attenuation can be
highly effective in urban environments when trying to reduce
automobile noise from adjacent roadways, overhead airplane noise,
emergency vehicle sirens, etc. Green roofs have also been found to
block almost all incoming and in some cases outgoing
electromagnetic radiation. With the proliferation of
telecommunication devices, transmission towers are now commonly
located on top of buildings where we live and work. Reducing our
daily exposure to electromagnetic radiation with green roofs can
have significant heath benefits. LEED Certification Points Earn a
variety of LEED Credits for your building project by including
green roofs and green walls. Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) is a third-party certification program and an
internationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction and
operation of high performance green buildings. Marketing Potential
& Increased Property Value Green roofs and walls can increase
your property values. Market research has shown a considerable
increase in the lease rates or purchasing prices that can be
charged for buildings with green amenities such as green roofs or
green walls. Rooftop gardens accessible to condominium tenants can
be marketed as a unique amenity to fetch higher prices per unit.
Green roofs and walls make a bold statement about a persons or a
companys commitment to environmental sustainability. Food
Production Vegetables, salad greens and herbs can be grown on a
green roof or a green wall. High-end restaurants that depend on
organic and fresh produce have begun to employ green roof and wall
systems for on site food production and harvesting flexibility. As
more people question the origin of their produce, local food
production on roofs and walls could become commonplace in our
society. Green roofs with meadow flowers can be used to produce
honey with an on site bee hive/apiary. Such food production
represents a cost savings and profit stream for green roof and wall
growers.
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CII SOHRABJI GODREJ GREEN BUSINESS CENTRE Project Details
location Hyderabad, India Name CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business
Centre Developer The project is a unique and successful model of
public-private partnership between the Government of Andhra
Pradesh, Pirojsha Godrej Foundation, and the Confederation of
Indian Industry (CII), with the technical support of USAID
Architectural Design Karan Grover and Associates, India size 4.5
acres (total site area) 1,858 m2 (total built up area) 1,115 m2
(total air-conditioned area) type Office building Building details
Office building Seminar hall Green Technology Centre displaying the
latest and emerging green building materials and technologies in
India Large numbers of visitors are escorted on green building tour
Ratings Awarded the LEED Platinum Rating for New Construction (NC)
v 2.0 by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) in November 2003
The building is a perfect blend of Indias rich architectural
splendor and technological innovations, incorporating traditional
concepts into modern and contemporary architecture. Extensive
energy simulation exercises were undertaken to orient the building
in such a way that minimizes the heat ingress while allowing
natural daylight to penetrate abundantly. The building incorporates
several world-class energy and environmentfriendly features,
including solar PV systems, indoor air quality monitoring, a high
efficiency HVAC system, a passive cooling system using wind towers,
high performance glass, aesthetic roof gardens, rain water
harvesting, root zone treatment system, etc. The extensive
landscape is also home to varieties of trees, most of which are
native and adaptive to local climatic conditions.
The green building boasts a 50% saving in overall energy
consumption, 35 % reduction in potable water consumption and usage
of 80% of recycled / recyclable material. Most importantly, the
building has enabled the widespread green building movement in
India.
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Green features and sustainable technologies
Energy Efficiency State-of-the- art Building Management Systems
(BMS) were installed for realtime monitoring of energy
consumption. The use of aerated concrete blocks for facades
reduces the load on air-conditioning by 15-20%. Double-glazed units
with argon gas filling between the glass panes enhance the thermal
properties.
Zero Water Discharge Building All of the wastewater, including
grey and black water, generated in the building is treated
biologically
through a process called the Root Zone Treatment System. The
outlet-treated water meets the Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) norms. The treated water is
used for landscaping Minimum Disturbance to the Site The
building design was conceived to have minimum disturbance to the
surrounding ecological
environment. The disturbance to the site was limited within 40
feet from the building footprint during the construction
phase. This has preserved the majority of the existing flora and
fauna and natural microbiological organism
around the building. Extensive erosion and sedimentation control
measures to prevent topsoil erosion have als been taken
at the site during construction. Materials and Resources 80% of
the materials used in the building are sourced within 500 miles
from the project site. Most of the construction material also uses
post-consumer and industrial waste as a raw material
during the manufacturing process. Fly-ash based bricks, glass,
aluminum, and ceramic tiles, which contain consumer and industrial
waste,
are used in constructing the building to encourage the usage of
recycled content. Office furniture is made of bagassebased
composite wood.
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More than 50% of the construction waste is recycled within the
building or sent to other sites and diverted from landfills.
Renew able Energy 20% of the building energy requirements are
catered to by solar photovoltaics. The solar PV has an installed
capacity of 23.5 kW. Indoor Air Quality Indoor air quality is
continuously monitored and a minimum fresh air is pumped into the
conditioned spaces at all times. Fresh air is also drawn into the
building through wind towers. The use of low volatile organic
compound (VOC) paints and coatings, adhesives, sealants, and
carpets
also helps to improve indoor air quality. Other Notable Green
Features Fenestration maximized on the north orientation Rain water
harvesting Water-less urinals in mens restroom Water-efficient
fixtures: ultra low and low-flow flush fixtures Water-cooled scroll
chiller HFC-based refrigerant in chillers Secondary chilled water
pumps installed with variable frequency drives (VFDs)
Energy-efficient lighting systems through compact fluorescent light
bulbs (CFLs) Roof garden covering 60% of building area Large
vegetative open spaces Swales for storm water collection Maximum
day lighting Operable windows and lighting controls for better day
lighting and views Electric vehicle for staff use Shaded carpark
Cost and Benefits This was the first green building in the country.
Hence, the incremental cost was 18% higher. However,
green buildings coming up now are being delivered at an
incremental cost of 6-8%. The initial incremental cost gets paid
back in 3 to 4 years.
Benefits achieved so far: Over 120,000 kWh of energy savings per
year as compared to an ASHRAE 90.1 base case Potable water savings
to tune of 20-30% vis--vis conventional building Excellent indoor
air quality 100% day lighting (Artificial lights are switched on
just before dusk) Higher productivity of occupants
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MEASURABLE RESULTS energy savings 55% reduction, with ASHRAE
90.1 as the baseline 120,000 kWh / year Reduction in CO 2 emissions
~ 100 tons / year (building is functional since January 2004) Water
savings 35% reduction in potable water consumption Envelope thermal
transfer value U-value of double glazing: 1.70 Watt/m2 K
U-value of solid wall: 0.57 Watt/m2 K U-value of roof: 0.294
Watt/m2 K
Air conditioning system efficiency 0.8 kW/ton (watercooled
scroll chiller system with CoP: 4.23 at ARI condition) Installed
two 25 TR chillers
Energy efficiency index (EEI) 84 kWh/m2/year
WIPRO DEVELOPMENT CENTRE Developer: Wipro Technologies Location:
Udyog Vihar, Phase III City: Gurgaon Project Usage: IT Office
Project Architect: Design and Development Energy Consultant: EDS
Project Start: Completion: 2004 2006 LEED Rating Status: Certified
LEED Rating Type: New Construction LEED Rating Level: Platinum
Built up Area (Sq ft): 175,000 Material Selection: 40% of the
material sourced within 500 miles of the site. Use of certified
wood. Project Highlights/ Special Green features: Energy efficient
technologies for non regulated loads. Water efficiency by use of
water saving fixtures.
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Factors impacting sustainability Effective Use of soil &
Landscapes Efficient Use of Water Energy Efficient & Eco
Friendly Equipment Effective Control & Building Management
Systems Use of Renewable Energy Use of Recycled/Recyclable
Materials Improved indoor air quality for health and comfort
Benefits Reduces energy and water consumption Reduces ecological
footprint Improves quality of workspace
TECHNOPOLIS Client: Rahul Saraf Category: It/office Building
Location: Sector-v, Salt Lake, Kolkata Total Built-up: 670118.88
Sqft Duration: 2004-2006 Construction Cost: 99 Crores Structural
Consultants: Pedric Error + Sanjiv Parekh Associates, Kolkata Faade
Consultants: Glasswall Systems, Mumbai Mep Consultants: Entask,
Kolkata Landscape Consultants: Design Accord, Delhi As a pioneer of
its time, Technopolis has the distinction of achieving the Gold
Rating from The U.S. Green Building Council. The project
incorporates several green features that amount to about 35% of
energy savings. Considering the fact that any IT edifice houses
employees who work under a lot of pressure around the clock, trying
to meet the demands of deadlines, it is but inevitable that the
architecture around them has to be pronounced in such a way that it
provides relief, both visually and physiologically. The challenge
of design, therefore, lay in providing a sense of openness in a
high density development. We knew from the beginning that we wanted
the building to incorporate characteristics of a public square or a
public campus, both of which suggest interaction and social
interface, and thus creating spaces that would act as a buffer
between home and workplace. The project sits on 2 acres of land
with a total built-up area of about 6.3 lac sqft. accommodated in
16 floors and houses approximately 7000 employees. As part of the
design, it was decided to open up the ground floor with an
unobstructed view of the main approach interface that occupies a
large expanse. About 30,000 sqft. of space has been planned with
triple height which covers the driveway and the entrance foyer. A
full height glass wall supported by spider-fixture system on metal
structure has been used to divide the driveway & foyer. This
particular element has provided multiple opportunities in
incorporating design sophistication, landscaping & interior
planning. The 20,000 sqft. portico is covered with a metal roof
supported on inclined steel columns. The large span structure with
40 ft. high ceiling generates a total
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sense of openness. The sloping grass patch partially protruding
in the covered area of portico further adds to the purpose of this
Techno Environment.
The overall building mass has been split into two volumes and
treated with glass in different colors. To gain full advantage of
the northern orientation, maximum glazing is applied with varying
characters. Faades facing south & west have been provided with
large overhangs and minimum glazing. The six storied high void acts
as a courtyard and helps in faade articulation. The terrace garden
in the front extends into this courtyard and generates about 20,000
sqft. of green space for employee usage. The loss of openness due
to high ground coverage could be recompensed with the large terrace
garden at 2nd floor level. The first floor in its entirety has been
spared to provide common amenities such as a large food court,
coffee shops, bookstore, training center and others. Health club
facilities have also been provided on the top floor adjacent to the
terrace garden. In all, Technopolis, as far as IT office buildings
are concerned, has turned out to be a combination of sophistication
and sustainable design example, a well-rounded representation of
our initial intentions to provide buffer spaces for the well-being
of its employees while adhering to green design principles.
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GRUNDFOS GREEN BUILDING Grundfos Green building - A symbol of
responsibility and sustainability Grundfos, the Danish pump major
has always been in the forefront of delivering sustainable pump
solutions with a clear vision for the future, etched on strong
fundamental values. Like their products, their product innovation,
in-house production process, usage and choice of materials and new
technologies highlight their sincere desire on World's resource
conservation, with minimal impact on the surrounding environment.
'The overall Grundfos goal is that when this generation delivers
planet Earth to the next generation, it should be a cleaner and
more energizing place than the place when we inherited' says the
Group Chairman Mr.Niels Due Jensen. Hence, it is a logical turn for
Grundfos India when it built its new facility in March 2005, as
'Green Building' which symbolizes its core values and the positive
way they wished to conduct their business in India. Grundfos have
achieved 42 points out of 69 points in LEED rating leading to be
certified as the First Gold Rated Green Building in India. Grundfos
managed to score four out of five in innovation and design process
and 12 out of 15 in indoor environmental quality. However, they
were able to achieve five out of 17 points in energy and atmosphere
category. Table I: Points achieved by Grundfos for their Green
Building under LEED rating.
Double skin brick wall with 25mm air cavity, double-glazed low U
glass to minimize the heat ingress
into the building thus minimizing the building heat load
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Hydro Fluoro Carbon (HFC) based Chillers with a high
Co-efficient of performance (COP - 2.7) and
with thermal storage system to minimize peak and connected load
Continuous monitoring and maintaining fresh air (around 15-20 CFM
per person) by effective CO2 level
monitoring through Sensors, installed at key locations of the
building
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95% of the time, the daylight is used due to open lighting
Architectural construction
'Zero discharge' of water due to 100% waste water recycling and
its economic use for irrigation and
flushing of toilets Less usage of low Volatile Organic Compound
(VOC) sealant / carpets / composite woods / paints to
reduce air pollution to maintain good indoor air quality 10% of
the building materials used for the construction of the building
are either refurbished or
salvaged from Grundfos old offices to minimize the use of virgin
materials Less usage of low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) sealant
/ carpets / composite woods / paints to
reduce air pollution to maintain good indoor air quality 43%
reduction in potable water usage installing water efficient
fittings like dual flush toilet, sensor
based urinals, waterless urinals and low flow fixtures Rainwater
recharge pits to improve groundwater levels in the surrounding
areas 60% of the materials used in the building have high recycled
content (Al, Steel, Glass, Brick, Fly ash
cement, MDF wood) Native plants to minimize water requirement
for irrigation and uprooting and re-planting of 'the already
existing trees' within the premises High efficiency irrigation
system like sprinklers for lawn & drip irrigation for trees and
shrubs. Limiting building foot print to have more open spaces for
landscaping Shower & changing facilities for the bicyclists,
battery operated vehicle's charging facility Rainwater recharge
pits to ensure zero discharge to municipal drainage Most non-roof
impervious surfaces around the building are shaded by the use of
mature vegetation to
minimize the heat island effect No smoking zones created all
over the building
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The Olympia Tech Park covers 1.8-million square feet in Chennai,
Tamilnadu. This is considered as the largest green building in the
world. This building was awarded with LEED Gold certification.
"Olympia Tech Park has the lowest energy consumption, high natural
lighting systems, 100 per cent water recycling and other
environment-friendly practices," says Ajit Chordia, managing
director of Khivraj Tech Park Pvt Ltd, which owns Olympia Tech
Park. The building plays host to companies like Hewlett-Packard,
ABN Amro, Visteon, Mindtree Technologies and Verizon. At present, a
third of the power required to run the building is met through
renewable energy sources. With the opportunity to meet two-thirds
of power requirements through renewable energy sources and other
green practices over the next two years, the tech park has more
carbon credits to gain in the pipeline. Olympia Tech Park stands to
earn revenues in the region of Rs 1.50 crore a year, to begin with,
by forward trading incertified emission reductions (CERs) or carbon
credits. "In our case, returns via carbon credits amounts to just 2
per cent of our revenues," says Chordia, adding: "But the goodwill
generated among our participant companies is unlimited."
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"The long-term gains from energy efficient sources like
air-conditioning, renewable energy sources like recycled water,
efficient ventilation systems and lesser carbon emissions will
result in annual savings of at least 20 per cent of our overall
maintenance expenses," says a developer. The park has applied for
registration with the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCC), as a forerunner to entering the lucrative
carbon credit trading market. "We expect UNFCC approval within
three weeks, following which we will commence carbon trading. We
expect to generate 20,000 CERs annually for now, but will generate
more carbon credits as we comply with additional compliance norms
laid out under the Kyoto Protocol," Chordia said.