UNIT TWO – HONORS WORLD HISTORY BYZANTINE, MONGOL, ISLAM, AFRICAN SOCIETIES.

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SSWH4 - THE STUDENT WILL ANALYZE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BYZANTINE AND MONGOL EMPIRES BETWEEN 450 CE AND 1500 CE.

a. Analyze the importance of Justinian, include the influence of the Empress Theodora, Justinian’s Code, and Justinian’s efforts to recapture the west.

b. Describe the relationship between the Roman and Byzantine Empires; include the impact Byzantium had on Moscow and the Russian Empire, the effect of Byzantine culture on Tsar Ivan III and Kiev, and the rise of Constantinople as a center for law, religion, and the arts.

c. Explain the Great Schism of 1054 CE.

d. Analyze the spread of the Mongol Empire; include the role of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan in developing the empire, the impact of the Mongols on Russia, China and the West, the development of trade, and European observations through the writings of Marco Polo.

e. Explain the Ottoman Empire’s role in the decline of Byzantium and the capture of Constantinople in 1453 CE.

DAY O

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FIRST TEN

• Listen to MLK Jr. Speech – 50th Anniversary

HOOK

Review Test Results

Where can I improve?

List two goals for Unit Two – List these in your “First Ten” area of your notebook.

HOOKOriginally Christianity had one church. Because of political

conflicts and differences in belief, the western and eastern parts of the Christian Church split in 1054 CE (Great Schism).

Roman Catholic: Services are conduced in Latin, Pope has authority over bishops, pope claims authority over kings and emperors, priests cannot marry and divorce is not permitted.

Eastern Orthodox: Services are

conducted in Greek/local

language, patriarch and other bishops

head the church as a group, emperor

claims authority over the patriarch and

other bishops, Priests can marry, divorce is

allowed under certain conditions.

• Gospel of Jesus and Bible

• Baptism

• Priests/

bishops• Seek

converts

WORK SESSION

• Time Period – 500 CE

• Byzantine Empire – 527 CE – Justinian

• 1240 CE Mongols Rise

• 1453 CE – Constantinople falls to Ottomans

• PPT Notes

CONSTANTINOPLE

Constantinople became the sole capital of the empire and remained so until the successful revival of the western empire in the 8th century by Charlemagne.

The city is named after the emperor Constantine

Constantine announced the end to all persecution of Christians

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• 527 – Succeeded his uncle – New Emperors of Rome

• ABSOLUTE Power – Ran a theocracy – leader of the church and state

• “New Caesar” • Known for his law

code• Constant struggle to

gain control of the west and restore the former Roman Empire

JUSTINIAN 482-565 CE

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• Greek Language – Distinctive Culture• Created a uniform law code from

convoluted / contradictory laws of the Romans

• The Code – 5,000 Roman Laws• The Digest: Opinions of legal thinkers about law• The Institutes: textbook to law students• The Novella – The New Laws passed after 534

• Marriage, slavery, property, inheritance, women’s rights, and criminal justice

• Lasted 900 years!

JUSTINIAN’S CODE

NEW RELIGION

Religion as well as law served imperial centralization. In 380, Christianity had been proclaimed the official religion of the eastern empire. Now all other religions were considered “demented and insane.”

Book I, Of Persons

VIII. Slaves

1. Slaves are in the power of masters, a power derived from the law of nations: for among all nations it may be remarked that masters have the power of life and death over their slaves, and that everything acquired by the slave is acquired for the master.

Book II, Of Things

I. Division of Things

1. By the law of nature these things are common to mankind: the air, running water, the

sea, and consequently the shores of the sea. No one, therefore, is forbidden to approach the seashore, provided that he respects habitats, monuments, and buildings which are not, like the sea, subject only to the law of nations. …

5. The public use of the seashore is part of the law of nations, as is that of the sea itself; and, therefore, any person is at liberty to place on it a cottage, to which he may retreat, or to dry his nets there, and haul them from the sea; for the shores may be said to be the property of no man. …

28. If the wheat of Titius is mixed with yours, when this takes place by mutual consent, the mixed heap belongs to you in common because … each grain, which before was the property of one or other of you, has by your mutual consent been made your common property; but, if the intermixture were accidental, or made by Titius without your consent, the mixed wheat does not then belong to you both in common… If either of you keep the whole quantity of mixed wheat, the other has a real actio [claim or suit] for the amount of wheat belonging to him, but it is in the province of the judge to estimate the quality of the wheat belonging to each.  

• Wife of Justinian • Very powerful• Dealt with foreign

problems/disputes/treaties

• Assisted with the legislative process

• Supported the construction of churches

• After her death Justinian passed no more laws

EMPRESS THEODORA 500-548 CE

• Capital City• Rebuilt city with

walled fortifications• Church Construction• Hagia Sophia• Holy Wisdom

• Preservation of Greco-Roman History

• Ottoman Turks sack the city in 1453

CONSTANTINOPLE

"Not since the world was made was there . . . so much wealth as was found in Constantinople. For the Greeks say that two-thirds of the wealth of this world is in Constantinople and the other third scattered throughout the world."

--Robert of Clari, a French crusader who witnessed the pillage of the city in 1204, describing Constantinople.

THE GREAT SCHISM: 1054

1054: The pope and the patriarch excommunicated

each other in a dispute over religious doctrine

LAST TEN

• Rome: • Three Reasons the Roman Empire fell: • First Christian Emperor in Constantinople: • In 476 CE: • Western Europe will see 500 years of dark ages• Eastern Europe is now the _________________ Empire

• Byzantine: • Byzantine was different from the Roman Empire because they utilized

a ____________ language and was a solid ___________ state.• ____________ was the significant leader of the Byzantine Empire• Differences between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics:

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FIRST TEN

• Rome: • Three Reasons the Roman Empire fell: • First Christian Emperor in Constantinople: • In 476 CE: • Western Europe will see 500 years of dark ages• Eastern Europe is now the _________________ Empire

• Byzantine: • Byzantine was different from the Roman Empire because they utilized a

____________ language and was a solid ___________ state.• ____________ was the significant leader of the Byzantine Empire• Differences between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics:

• CNN STUDENT NEWS

HOOKOriginally Christianity had one church. Because of political

conflicts and differences in belief, the western and eastern parts of the Christian Church split in 1054 CE (Great Schism).

Roman Catholic: Services are conduced in Latin, Pope has authority over bishops, pope claims authority over kings and emperors, priests cannot marry and divorce is not permitted.

Eastern Orthodox: Services are

conducted in Greek/local

language, patriarch and other bishops

head the church as a group, emperor

claims authority over the patriarch and

other bishops, Priests can marry, divorce is

allowed under certain conditions.

• Gospel of Jesus and Bible

• Baptism

• Priests/

bishops• Seek

converts

WORK SESSION

Engineering an Empire

Discussion

LAST TEN

HOT SEAT

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FIRST TEN

• Drop your card in the basket on the front chair (Index Card with organization on it you are interested in researching)

• Based on the map below describe the territories the Mongols invaded. For example, if you had to tell a person where the Mongol Empire was WITHOUT the use of a map – visual, how would you describe it? Where did they NOT invade?

HOOK

• Fierce group of horsemen from Central Asia made their way into Russia around mid-1200’s

• Genghis Khan was their leader: one of the most feared leaders of all time.

• Known for their savage killing and burning BRUTAL• Destroyed Kiev (1240) “no remaining eye to weep”• Ruled Southern Russia for 200 years

WORK SESSION

• Quiz

• Crash Course – The Mongols

• PPT Slides

• Start video if time

MONGOL INFLUENCES IN THE WEST

Nomadic people from central Asiagreat horseman Lead by Genghis Khan- one of the most feared warriors of all time

He launched a campaign of terror across central Asia

The Mongols destroyed one city after another

By 1225, Central Asia was under Mongol control

GENGHIS KHAN

Three things that made him such a great conqueror:1. He was a brilliant organizer. He assembled his Mongol warriors into a

mighty force, following the model of the Chinese military.2. He was a gifted strategist. He used various tricks to confuse his

enemy.3. Used cruelty as a weapon. He believed in terrifying his enemies into

surrender.

• Genghis Khan dies in 1227 from illness. His successors continue to expand his empire

PAX MONGOLICA

From the mid 1200’s-1300’s, the Mongols imposed stability and law and order across much of Eurasia.

This period is referred to as Mongol Peace

The Mongols guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of the empire to the other.

MONGOL INFLUENCES IN CHINA

Mongol ruler, Kublai Khan, unites ChinaBut he is warned, “I have heard that one can

conquer the empire on horseback, but one cannot govern it on horseback”

The Mongol rulers had little in common with their Chinese subjects.

Because of their differences, the Mongols kept their separate identity. They lived apart from the Chinese and obeyed different laws.

They kept the Chinese out of high government offices

TRADE UNDER MONGOL RULE

Foreign trade increased under Kublai Khan

Trade between Europe and Asia had never been more active. Ideas and inventions traveled along with the trade goods. Many Chinese innovations, such as gunpowder, reached Europe during this period.

He also encouraged trade by inviting foreign merchants to visit China. – Marco Polo!

INFLUENCES IN RUSSIA

Looted and burned Kiev

Mongol rule cut off Russian contacts with Western Europe which were making advances in art and science

Tatars – Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c.; left Russian church and aristocracy intact

While ferocious in war, the Mongols were quite tolerant in peace. They rarely imposed their beliefs on those they conquered

MOSCOW TAKES LEAD

With their location near trading rivers, Moscow steadily increased their power

Head of Russian Orthodox church made Moscow capital, became political and spiritual center

IVAN THE GREAT ---- IVAN III

• Recovered Russian territories that were lost to invaders

Russia becomes an empire under Ivan III

Tried to limit the power of boyars (landowning nobles)

Took on the title of Czar (Russian for Caesar)

Russia= “Third Rome”

LAST TEN

How did the Mongols influence Russia?

How were the Russian’s Influenced by the Byzantines?

What lead Moscow to grow as a city?

Who was the leader of the Mongols?

DAY F

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FIRST TEN

• GET READY! Quiz #2 will be on Friday over the Mongols and the Byzantine Empire (also the Great Schism) – HINT – I WOULD STUDY!

• Also, we are starting a project in class today and you will work on it tomorrow in class with the sub. It is due when you walk in the door on Friday and then we will quiz.

• Get out handout from yesterday with video question – we are watching the video the first 45 minutes of class and then we will start the project.

WORK SESSION

• Barbarians: Mongols – History Channel with questions

• Start Project

LAST TEN

• Develop one quiz question about the Mongols and one quiz question about the Byzantine Empire or Great Schism and write it on your index card. It can be a short answer, fill in the blank, multiple choice, or true/false. You pick!

DAY F

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FIRST TEN

• Turn in project to basket – be sure name is on it.

• Study for Quiz – Taking it in 5!

WORK SESSION

• Quiz

• Islam PPT

• Discussion

ISLA

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VOCABULARY

Allah

Muhammad

Islam

Muslim

Hijrah

Ummah

Sunna

Shari’a

BASICS

• Islam is the RELIGION and Muslims are the PEOPLE

• Only 1/5 of Muslims are Arabs

• QURAN (or KORAN): Muslim holy book

• Muslims are monotheistic and worship the same one God as Christians and Jews.

• Allah, Yahweh, God

• MOSQUE: a Islamic place of worship

• 5 Pillars:

7http://www.skidmore.edu/academics/arthistory/ah369/islam_map.jpg

IN MECCA DURING THE PILGRIMAGE

www.thefaithclub.com 28http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=204mfSZm_es

MOSQUE IN MEDINA, SAUDI ARABIA

http://islamicbooks.info/H-21-Madh'habs 30

MOHAMMED ALI MOSQUE, CAIRO, EGYPT

http://www.solarnavigator.net/geography/egypt.htm 31

BLUE MOSQUE (SULTAN AHMET MOSQUE), ISTANBUL TURKEY

http://cs.ua.edu/~greg/personal.html 34

INTERIOR OF THE BLUE MOSQUE

http://www.britannica.com 35

DOME OF A MOSQUE, ESFAHAN, IRAN

http://www.perceptivetravel.com/issues/1106/maclean.html 36

MOSQUE IN DJENNE, MALI (WEST AFRICA)

http://www.travelblog.org/Photos/17028.html 38

NORTH AFRICAN MOSQUE

http://www.galenfrysinger.com/tunis.htm 39

INDONESIAN MOSQUE

http://www.richard-seaman.com/Travel/Brunei/index.html 40

MOSQUE IN TEMPE, ARIZONA

http://www.4uth.gov.ua/usa/english/society/muslimlife/mosques.htm 43

Atlanta!

RELATIONS?

• Acknowledges Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael,

Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Jesus, John the Baptist,

and others as the “the good prophets of God”

• A special place for Jesus and Mary

• Accepts that Mary’s conception is from God’s soul. • Rejects the divinity of Jesus (no trinity). • When conquering territories People of the book did

not have to covert and could hold high ranks in the world of Islam.

571 Muhammad born in Mecca.

610 First revelation in the Harraa cave (27 Ramadan).

613 Muhammad starts to preach; Arabs fear monotheism

622 “Hijrah” or Escape. Muhammad and followers escape prosecution and go to Almadinah (Yathrib). MEDINA

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

629 Muhammad conquers Mecca peacefully (NO REVENGE) destroys idols in Ka’aba. brings peace to war-torn Arabia Ummah “Community”

632 Muhammad dies in Medina. Unmarked grave (his will)

Islam by the death of Mohammed 632

MUHAMMAD’S SUCCESSORS SPREAD ISLAM

What do we do next?No named successor

Election: Abu BakrFirst Caliph “successor”

Three more: Umar, Uthman, and Ali

Things start to go wrong = jihad

Expansion occurs after Bakr is dead

By 750 (page 261) 6,000 milesMuslim success: weak surroundings and persecuted victims, tax

Tolerance for people of the book

732, 100 Yrs after Mohammed

SPLIT

Sunni- Believed the community should select Muhammad's successor.

90% of Muslims

Shi’a- Believed a family member, Ali, who was married to Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah should be the first caliph: spiritual head of Islam.

Today Shi’a is mainly in Iran (90%), Iraq (55%) and Lebanon (~40%)

Sea Med. Sea Indian Ocean

Land Silk Roads

Arabic & Dinar Sakk = check

(banks)

CONTROL

Umayyads rule = Shi’a

Abbasids overthrew Umayyads – 750 -1258 Create new capital: Baghdad – trade routes Organized bureaucracy Could not control entire territory

“Independent Muslim states sprang up, and local leaders dominated many smaller regions.”

Fatimid (Shi’a, from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima)

THINKERS

Ibn Sina (980 AD)- Wrote medieval texts like- The Book of Healing & The Canon of Medicine- became standard medical texts for Europe.

Ibn Battuta (1304) – Traveler and scholar. Traveled a much larger area than Marco Polo.

REVIEW

1. List the 5 pillars

2. Who was the first Caliph?

3. Who was Ali?

4. Who were the Abbasids?

5. Why did Muslims split between Sunni and Shi’a?

6. What were the results of the Muslim Empire growing so large?

LAST TEN

HW Assignment – Trans-Saharan Trade Guided Reading with Questions – Classwork Grade