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1 UNIT 6 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM I. Functions of Muscular System A. Produces Movement Internal vs. External « locomotion & manipulation « circulate blood & maintain blood pressure « move fluids, food, baby B. Maintaining Posture C. Stabilizing Joints tendons span across joint D. Generation of Heat ATP ADP + P + Energy
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UNIT 6 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM - Badger Anatomy & Physiology€¦ · UNIT 6 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM I. Functions of Muscular System A. Produces Movement –Internal vs. External «locomotion

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Page 1: UNIT 6 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM - Badger Anatomy & Physiology€¦ · UNIT 6 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM I. Functions of Muscular System A. Produces Movement –Internal vs. External «locomotion

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UNIT 6 THE MUSCULAR 

SYSTEM

I.  Functions of Muscular SystemA.  Produces Movement

– Internal vs. External« locomotion & manipulation« circulate blood & maintain

blood pressure« move fluids, food, baby

B.  Maintaining Posture

C.  Stabilizing Joints– tendons span across joint 

D.  Generation of Heat– ATP            ADP + P + Energy

 

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II.  Types of Muscle (Review)*Muscle cells are also called muscle fibers

myo-mys-sarco-

SHAPE Elongated ­ cylinder shape Spindle shape

Cylinder shape w/ branching ends, intercalated disks

NUCLEUS Multi­nucleated Single Single

APPEARANCE Striated, non­branching

Non­striated, arranged in sheets/layers

Striated, Branched ends

CONTROLVoluntary (reflex also), by nervous system

Involuntary, nervous system, hormones

Involuntary, nervous system, hormones

CONTRACTIONSlow­Rapid, Great force, Tire easily

Slow sustained contractions

Sustained steady rate, can increase

SKELETAL         SMOOTH CARDIAC

Key Words:

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III.  Gross Anatomy:  Skeletal MuscleA.  Connective Tissue Protection

– Muscle fibers are fragile– Protected by...

« Surrounded by connective tissue« Bundled together

B.  Organization– Endomysium:  Delicate connective 

tissue sheath around individual muscle fibers

– Perimysium:  Coarser membrane wrapped around several fibers (Fasicle)« Fasicle:  Bundle of fibers

– Epimysium: Very tough layer surrounding many fasicles making up entire muscle« Blends together at end to form

» Tendons:  cordlike» Aponeuroses:  sheetlike

*Tendons & Aponeuroses attach muscle to bones, cartilage, or other connective tissue

III.  Gross Anatomy:  Skeletal Muscle cont'd

> Origin: site of attachment on a fixed bone

> Insertion:  site of attachment on a bone that moves

> Action:  function 

– ex.  

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IV.  Microscopic Anatomy: Skeletal Muscle

A.  Sarcolemma:– plasma membrane of muscle fiber

B.  Myofibril:– organelles that fill up muscle fiber that are made up of smaller units called myofilaments

C.  Myofilaments:– protein filaments that are responsible for the contraction (shortening) of muscle fiber/cell« Myosin:  thick filament w/ projections« Actin:  thin filament

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IV.  Microscopic Anatomy:  Skeletal Muscle cont'd

D.  Sarcoplasmic Reticulum:– smooth ER that surrounds myofibril– stores & releases Ca2+ on demand

E.  T­Tubules:– extensions of sarcolemma that penetrate into cell– passes by each myofibril, conducts impulse– ensures each myofibril contracts at same time

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IV.  Microscopic Anatomy:  Skeletal Muscle cont'd

F.  Sarcomere:– tiny contractile unit linked together making up myofibril– one sarcomere goes from z­line to z­line– gives muscle banded appearance

« A­Band:  appear dark because thick Myosin filaments overlap with thin Actin filaments» except for small space in middle (H­Zone)

« I­Band:  appear light because only thin actin

MYOFIBRIL

REVIEW:

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Sliding Filament Model:• Actin slides past myosin causing shortening of muscle fiber

• Contracted Sarcomere:> I bands shorten

> Z lines move closer together

> H zone disappears

> Successive A bands move closer together

> A bands stay same length

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V.  Muscle Stimulation & Contraction

A.  Terms:> Neurotransmitter:  chemical released from axonal 

terminals

> Acetylcholine (ACh):  neurotransmitter for muscle contractions

> Action Potential:  electrical current caused by changes in ion concentration across a membrane

> Contractility:  ability to shorten/contract

> Irritability:  ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

> Neuron:  nerve cell

> Motor Unit:  motor neuron & all cells it stimulates

> Neuromuscular Junction:  nerve­muscle junction

> Synaptic Cleft:  gap between axonal terminal and sarcolemma

Motor Unit> Motor neuron and

all muscle fibers it stimulates

Neuromuscular Junction

Leave space (~1/3 to 1/2 page) to draw a motor unit 

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Motor Unit> Motor neuron

and all muscle fibers it stimulates

Neuromuscular Junction

POLARIZED MUSCLE FIBER (will add to...)

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

V.  Muscle Stimulation & Contraction cont'd

B.  Contraction Intro:

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POLARIZED MUSCLE FIBER

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

V.  Muscle Stimulation & Contraction cont'd

B.  Contraction Intro:

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

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V.  Muscle Stimulation & Contraction

B.  Contraction:

> Nerve impulse– AP reaches axon terminal– Ca2+ voltage­gated channels open & Ca2+ diffuses in

> Acetylcholine is released from axonal terminal & diffuses across synaptic cleft– Attaches to sarcolemma (receptors on chemically­gated ion channels)

> Sarcolemma becomes permeable to Na+ (leads to change in membrane voltage) – As Na+ diffuses into the cell, local depolarization occurs

« Opening Na+ voltage­gated channels along sarcolemma– Depolarization can lead to an ACTION POTENTIAL

« Membrane voltage must reach threshold to generate an AP

– K+ diffuses out, repolarization wave occurs

(Depolarization Action Potential)

(Repolarization)

« Due to a certain change in membrane potential» Na+ voltage­gated channels close» K+ voltage­gated channels open

« Repolarization only restores electrical conditions

DEPOLARIZATION VS REPOLARIZATION

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DEPOLARIZATION VS REPOLARIZATION

Effects of Membrane Potential Changes

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V.  Muscle Stimulation & Contraction cont'd

B.  Contraction cont'd:

> As AP travels along sarcolemma & T­tubules:– Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

> Ca2+ allows myosin heads to attach to actin filaments (forming cross bridges)– Sliding Filament Model

> When action potential ends:– ACh broken down by Acetylcholinesterase– Ca2+ reabsorbed by SR (via active transport)– Na+/K+ pump restores ion concentrations– Muscle cell relaxes and returns to original length

RELAXED SARCOMERE

CONTRACTED SARCOMERE

Role of:> Ca2+

> ATP

REVIEW:

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Local Depolarization

Depolarization Action Potential

Repolarization

Action Potential: Generation & Propagation

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Cross Bridge Cycle