Muscular System 37. Unit 3 Notebook Check (glue/get signed) 38. Muscular System Vocabulary (21 words/definitions and 10 pictures) 39. Muscle Diagrams (3;

Muscular System37. Unit 3 Notebook Check (glue/get signed)38. Muscular System Vocabulary (21 words/definitions and 10 pictures)39. Muscle Diagrams (3; colors and labels)40. Muscle Labeling Practice Worksheet41. Muscle Anatomy Lecture 42. Muscle Crossword 43. Muscle Lab 44. Case Studies45. Types of Body Movements46. More About Muscles 47. Muscular System Test 48. Muscular System Portfolio Check TOMORROW

Nervous System48. Muscular System Portfolio Check GET SIGNED!49. Nervous System Overview homework (stamped)50. Intro to the Nervous System Lecture51. Parts of the Nervous System (color, label, definitions)52. Cells of the Nervous System (notes and color) 53. Neurons (notes and research) 54. Neuron Lab 55. The Brain (notes and color)56. Nervous System Crossword57. Sheep Dissection58. Test 159. Diseases of the NS 60. Neurotransmitters61. Nerve Impulse Lecture62. Sensory Receptors63. TedTalk64. Notebook Check

Test and Notebook Check

Wednesday!

AB

CD

E

F

G

• Releases message to other neurons.

• Contains nucleus.• Allows message

to jump from one another.

• Insulates the axon.

• Receives signals from other neurons.

• Controls cell activity.

• Transmits message from dendrites.

AB

CD

E

F

G

• Releases message to other neurons.

• Contains nucleus.• Allows message

to jump from one another.

• Insulates the axon.

• Receives signals from other neurons.

• Controls cell activity.

• Transmits message from dendrites.

AB

CD

E

F

G

• Releases message to other neurons.

• Contains nucleus.• Allows message

to jump from one another.

• Insulates the axon.

• Receives signals from other neurons.

• Controls cell activity.

• Transmits message from dendrites.

THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

●Sensory -  gathers info

●Integrative - information is brought together

●Motor - responds to signals, homeostasis

Basic Divisions of the Nervous System

Figure 12.2

Central Nervous System (CNS): • brain and spinal cord.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

• nerves of the body

• 31 pairs of spinal nerves

• 12 pairs of cranial nerves

• two subdivisions:

Somatic Nervous System controls skeletal muscles (voluntary)

Autonomic Nervous System controls organs, smooth muscles, glands (involuntary)

A. Central Nervous SystemB. Peripheral Nervous

SystemC. Brain (yellow)D. Spinal Cord (light blue)E1. Autonomic Sensory Nerves (red)E2. Somatic Sensory Nerves (red)F1. Somatic Nerve (green)F2. Sympathetic Nerve (green)F3. Parasympathetic Nerve (green)G. Gray Matter (gray)H. White Mattera. Heart (other organs)b. Skin Sensesc. Skeletal Muscle

Green = motor nervesRed = sensory nerves

A.  Neurons = nerve cells that carry messages through an electrochemical process.Parts of the neuron:• 1. Cell Body - contains the nucleus

and two extensions • 2. Dendrites – shorter, more

numerous, receive information • 3. Axons – single, long “fiber” which

conducts impulse away from the cell body, sends information

• 4. Myelin – wrapped around the axon of neurons; accelerates nerve impulses

• 5. Axon Terminals – contain neurotransmitters, release the message to other neurons

• 6. Nodes of Ranvier – spots that the message jumps to, increase the speed of the message

52. Cells of the Nervous System

B.  Neuroglial Cells = nervous system cells that support neurons

1.  Microglial Cells: digest debris or bacteria; respond to immunological alarms

2.  Oligodendrocytes: makes the myelin sheath that provides insulation around the axons of nerves in the CNS

3. Astrocytes: connect blood vessels to neurons

I connect to blood vessels

4.  Ependymal Cells:  forms a membrane; produce CSF

5. Schwann cells:  form the insulating myelin sheath around the neurons in the PNS         

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

A. Neuron (blue)B. Myelin (pink)C. Nodes of

Ranvier (black)

D. Astrocytes(yellow)

E. Microglial (green)

F. Ependymal (orange)

G. Oligodendrocytes (purple)

H. Capillary (red)

B

AB

CD

E

F

G

• Releases message to other neurons.

• Contains nucleus.• Allows message

to jump from one another.

• Insulates the axon.

• Receives signals from other neurons.

• Controls cell activity.

• Transmits message from dendrites.

#53. Neurons

• Sensory Nerves – conduct impulses into the brain or spinal cord from senses; AFFERENT nerves

• Motor Nerves – carry impulses to muscles or glands; cause a response; EFFERENT nerves

• Interneurons – connect sensory and motor nerves

Types of Neurons

NEUROPATHY – damage to nerves in the PNS usually from underlying medical conditions (ie. Diabetes)

• symptoms include burning/tingling sensation and loss of sensation

Interesting Facts about the Neuron●Longevity – can live and function for a lifetime

●Do not divide – fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis; neural stem cells are an exception

●High metabolic rate – require abundant oxygen and glucoseThe nerve fibers of

newborns are unmyelinated - this

causes their responses to stimuli to be coarse and sometimes involve the

whole body.  Try surprising a baby!

White vs. Grey Matter

Myelinated neurons (white matter) – myelinated axons

Unmyelinated neurons (grey matter) - unmyelinated

Take notes…

Nerves to know RESEARCH WHERE THESE NERVES ARE FOUND AND WHAT THEY INNERVATE!

●Olfactory nerve

●Optic nerve

●Vagus nerve

●Sciatic nerve

●Phrenic nerve

●Trochlear nerve

Researc

h!!

The Brain #55• Can be divided into 4 main parts:

Cerebrum (A): LARGEST PART OF BRAIN• Front of brain• Composed of left and right hemispheres• Controls movement, temperature, touch, vision,

hearing, judgment, prob-solving, emotions, learningBrainstem (D)

• Middle of brain• Includes the midbrain (D1), pons, and medulla

oblongata• Controls movement of eyes/mouth, relaying

sensory messages, hunger, respirations, consciousness, cardiac function, body temperature, sneezing, coughing, swallowing, vomiting, involuntary muscle movements

Cerebellum (C)• Back of brain• Controls coordination of voluntary muscle

movements, maintain posture, balance, and equilbrium

Frontal Lobe• Largest section of brain at front• Personality characteristics, movement, smell

• 4 Lobes of the brain

Parietal Lobe• Middle part of brain• Identify objects, spatial relationships, interpret

pain and touch

Diencephalon (B)• Consists of thalamus (B1), hypothalamus (B2),

and epithalamus (B3)

Temporal Lobe• Sides of brain• Memory, speech, musical rhythm, smell

• Pons and Medulla – in the brainstem

Pons (D2)• Deep in brain• Eye and face movements

Medulla Oblongata (D3)• Most vital part of entire brain• Controls heart and lungs

Occipital Lobe• Back part of brain• Vision

• VENTRICLES – filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); CSF is used for communication and protection mainly

Why do we need CSF surrounding our brain

tissue?

Top View Bottom View

Inside Views

#59 NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES

For each disease, determine the following:• Brief description• What part of the brain it affects• Who it affects• Signs and symptoms• Prognosis

Multiple SclerosisStroke

EpilepsyParkinson’s Disease

HydrocephalusALS

Ions in the cell and outside the cell create a positive and negative side, which produces an electric current.

Steps of a Nerve Impulse

1. Neuron is at rest at -70mV2. Stimulus hits the neuron causing Na+ to rush

into the nerve cell and K+ to rush out (-55mV is the ALL response)

3. The nerve impulse travels down the axon to the axon terminals

4. Calcium rushes into the cell releasing the neurotransmitters in the synapse

5. Neuron gets back to resting as Na+ and K+ are pumped back to their original places

6. Neurotransmitters carry the message to the next neuron.

Neurotransmitters• GABA – nature’s valium; inhibitory; reduces

stress and anxiety• Dopamine – reward; too much =

Schizophrenia and too little = Parkinson’s disease, both inh and exc

• Serotonin – too little = depression, OCD, anger, suicide; inhibitory; happiness, appetite, & sleep

• Norepinephrine – brings us on “high alert;” excitatory, increase blood pressure and heart rate; memories

• Acetylocholine – first NT discovered; mimics vagus nerve; learning/memory, dream/sleep, stimulate muscles; both inh and exc

• Endorphins – inhibitory; similar to opium; pain reduction and increases pleasure; hiberation (slows heart rate, metabolism, respiration)

Neurotransmitters #60

Excitatory - increase membrane permeability, increases chance for threshold to be achieved

Inhibitory - decrease membrane permeability, decrease chance for threshold to be achieved

A: Neuron (axon)B: Neuron (dendrite)

1. Mitochondria

2. Vesicle 3. Receptor

4. Synapse5. Receptor6. Calcium Channel7. Releases neurotransmitter8. Re-uptake

Drugs that Affect Synapses and Neurotransmitters