Unit 6 (B): Classical Conditioning: Expanding Pavlov’s Understanding Mr. McCormick A.P. Psychology.

Unit 6 (B):Unit 6 (B):Classical Classical

Conditioning:Conditioning:Expanding Pavlov’s Expanding Pavlov’s

UnderstandingUnderstandingMr. McCormickMr. McCormickA.P. PsychologyA.P. Psychology

Do-Now:Do-Now:(In Journal)(In Journal)

Pavlov’s Experiment in “Classical Pavlov’s Experiment in “Classical Conditioning”Conditioning”

Identify the following components of Identify the following components of Pavlov’s experiment.Pavlov’s experiment.

1.__ Neutral Stimulus1.__ Neutral Stimulus 2.__ Unconditioned (Unlearned) Stimulus2.__ Unconditioned (Unlearned) Stimulus 3.__ Unconditioned (Unlearned) Response3.__ Unconditioned (Unlearned) Response 4.__ Conditioned (Learned) Stimulus4.__ Conditioned (Learned) Stimulus 5.__ Conditioned (Learned) Response5.__ Conditioned (Learned) Response

A. Bell A. Bell B. Food B. Food C. Salivation (to Food)C. Salivation (to Food) D. D. Salivation (to Bell)Salivation (to Bell)

AcquisitionAcquisition

Acquisition:Acquisition: Classical Conditioning:Classical Conditioning:

Initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus Initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulusand an unconditioned stimulus

Neutral stimulus begins triggering conditioned Neutral stimulus begins triggering conditioned responseresponse

Operant Conditioning:Operant Conditioning: The strengthening of a reinforced responseThe strengthening of a reinforced response

Neutral stimulus should come (.5 seconds) Neutral stimulus should come (.5 seconds) before the unconditioned stimulusbefore the unconditioned stimulus

AcquisitionAcquisitionThe Conditioned Stimulus (CS) needs to come half a

second before the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) for acquisition to

occur.

AcquisitionAcquisition

Higher-Order Conditioning:Higher-Order Conditioning:

The conditioned stimulus in one The conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a new neutral experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulusweaker) conditioned stimulus

E.g. An animal that learns that a tone E.g. An animal that learns that a tone predicts food might then learn that a predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and may begin light predicts the tone and may begin responding to the light aloneresponding to the light alone

GeneralizationGeneralization

Generalization:Generalization: The tendency, once a response has been The tendency, once a response has been

conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responsesresponses

John B. Watson, Rosalie Rayner: “Little John B. Watson, Rosalie Rayner: “Little Albert”Albert”

GeneralizationGeneralization

Interpret this quote:Interpret this quote:

““The cat, having sat upon a hot The cat, having sat upon a hot stove lid, will not sit upon a hot stove lid, will not sit upon a hot stove lid again. But he won't sit stove lid again. But he won't sit upon a cold stove lid, either.” upon a cold stove lid, either.”

––Mark TwainMark Twain

DiscriminationDiscrimination

Discrimination:Discrimination: The learned ability to distinguish The learned ability to distinguish

between a conditioned stimulus and between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulusunconditioned stimulus

DiscriminationDiscrimination

Can you think of an Can you think of an

example example of how aof how a

pet pet dog dog may exhibit may exhibit discriminationdiscrimination

of a stimulus?of a stimulus?

ExtinctionExtinction

Extinction:Extinction: The diminishing of a The diminishing of a

conditioned responseconditioned response Classical Conditioning:Classical Conditioning:

An unconditioned An unconditioned stimulus (US) does not stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned follow a conditioned stimulus (CS)stimulus (CS)

Operant Conditioning:Operant Conditioning: A response is no longer A response is no longer

reinforcedreinforced

ExtinctionExtinction

How could How could PavlovPavlov make the make the conditioned conditioned response response (salivating (salivating to the sound of a bell) to the sound of a bell)

become become extinctextinct??

Spontaneous RecoverySpontaneous Recovery

Spontaneous Recovery:Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance, after a pause, of an The reappearance, after a pause, of an

extinguished responseextinguished response

Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness

Learned Helplessness:Learned Helplessness: The hopelessness and passive The hopelessness and passive

resignation an animal or human learns resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated or when unable to avoid repeated or aversive eventsaversive events

Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness

How might being How might being bulliedbullied as a child lead as a child lead to the individual experiencing to the individual experiencing “learned “learned helplessness?”helplessness?”

How might How might school leveling/tracking school leveling/tracking lead to the individual experiencing lead to the individual experiencing “learned helplessness?”“learned helplessness?”

How would you How would you suggestsuggest the individual the individual should work to should work to correctcorrect this this learned learned behaviorbehavior??

Biological Biological PredispositionsPredispositions

John Garcia showed that the duration between the CS and the US may be long (hours), but yet result in conditioning. A biologically adaptive CS (taste) led to conditioning but other stimuli (sight or sound) did not.

Biological Biological PredispositionsPredispositions

Even humans can develop classically to conditioned nausea.

Biological Biological PredispositionsPredispositions

Psychologists may suggest Psychologists may suggest that alcoholics use that alcoholics use “Antabuse,” “Antabuse,” a pill that causes a pill that causes nausea when combined with nausea when combined with alcoholalcohol

The use of this drug may serve The use of this drug may serve to condition the alcoholic to to condition the alcoholic to become nauseous when become nauseous when drinking alcohol drinking alcohol (aversive (aversive conditioning)conditioning)

Applications of Applications of Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

1. 1. Former crack cocaine users Former crack cocaine users should avoid cues (people, should avoid cues (people, places) associated with previous places) associated with previous drug use. drug use.

2. 2. Through classical conditioning, a Through classical conditioning, a drug (plus its taste) that affects drug (plus its taste) that affects the immune response may cause the immune response may cause the taste of the drug to invoke the taste of the drug to invoke the immune response.the immune response.

Applications ofApplications ofClassical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

John B. Watson used John B. Watson used classical conditioning classical conditioning procedures to develop procedures to develop

advertising advertising campaigns for a campaigns for a

number of number of organizations, organizations,

including Maxwell including Maxwell House, making the House, making the “coffee break” an “coffee break” an American custom.American custom.

ReviewReview

What is What is acquisitionacquisition?? Provide an Provide an exampleexample of the following of the following

elements of elements of Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning:: GeneralizationGeneralization DiscriminationDiscrimination ExtinctionExtinction Spontaneous RecoverySpontaneous Recovery

In what ways was the Study of In what ways was the Study of “Little “Little Albert” Albert” unethicalunethical? ?

HomeworkHomework

Unit 6 Key PeopleUnit 6 Key People

Research Study # 10: Research Study # 10: “Little “Little Emotional Albert” (Pgs. 72-78)Emotional Albert” (Pgs. 72-78)

Unit 6 Quiz: Unit 6 Quiz: “Learning”“Learning”