Memory Chapter 7 A.P. Psychology
MemoryMemoryChapter 7
A.P. Psychology
Chapter 7
A.P. Psychology
Basic TerminologyBasic TerminologyEncoding: involves forming memory codeStorage: involves maintaining encoded
information in memory over timeRetrieval: involves recovering information
from memory stores**Think of your Memory as a computer system -
you have to code the information, store it on a hard-drive and eventually retrieve it**
Encoding: involves forming memory codeStorage: involves maintaining encoded
information in memory over timeRetrieval: involves recovering information
from memory stores**Think of your Memory as a computer system -
you have to code the information, store it on a hard-drive and eventually retrieve it**
EncodingEncoding
Attention: involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuliYou have to pay
attention to information if you intend to remember it
Attention: involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuliYou have to pay
attention to information if you intend to remember it
Cocktail Party Phenomenon: in a crowded party, people tend to focus on one conversation, but if someone else mentions a person’s name, they may notice it, even though they have been ignoring that conversation
Cocktail Party Phenomenon: in a crowded party, people tend to focus on one conversation, but if someone else mentions a person’s name, they may notice it, even though they have been ignoring that conversation
EncodingEncodingLevels of Processing Theory: proposes that deeper
levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes - not all attention is created equal1. Shallow Processing
Structural Encoding - emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus
2. Intermediate Processing Phonemic Encoding - emphasizes what a word sounds like
3. Deep Processing Semantic Encoding - emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
Levels of Processing Theory: proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes - not all attention is created equal1. Shallow Processing
Structural Encoding - emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus
2. Intermediate Processing Phonemic Encoding - emphasizes what a word sounds like
3. Deep Processing Semantic Encoding - emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
Fig 7.4 – Levels-of-processing theory. According to Craik and Lockhart (1972), structural, phonemic, and semantic encoding—which can be elicited by questions such as those shown on the right— involve progressively deeper levels of processing, which should result in more durable memories.
Enriching EncodingEnriching Encoding
Elaboration - linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding; using examples to illustrate an idea
Visual Imagery - the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered; imagery facilitates memory because it provides a second kind of memory code and 2 are better than one
Elaboration - linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding; using examples to illustrate an idea
Visual Imagery - the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered; imagery facilitates memory because it provides a second kind of memory code and 2 are better than one
Visual ImageryVisual Imagery“It was a dark and
stormy night…”“Once upon a time in a
magical kingdom…”With a picture to go along
with the words, the impact is greater
Dual-Coding Theory: holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes
“It was a dark and stormy night…”
“Once upon a time in a magical kingdom…”
With a picture to go along with the words, the impact is greater
Dual-Coding Theory: holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes
Maintaining Information in MemoryMaintaining Information in MemorySensory Memory - preserves info in original
sensory form for a fraction of a secondExample: An Afterimage
Remember the Jesus Illusion from chapter 4
This gives you extra time to try to recognize stimuli
Sensory Memory - preserves info in original sensory form for a fraction of a secondExample: An Afterimage
Remember the Jesus Illusion from chapter 4
This gives you extra time to try to recognize stimuli
Maintaining Information in MemoryMaintaining Information in MemoryShort-Term Memory - a limited capacity store
Usually lasts about 20 sectionsCapacity = 7 items + or - 2Rehearsal - repetitively verbalizing or thinking
about the informationWithout rehearsal, information is lost within 20 seconds
Short-Term Memory - a limited capacity storeUsually lasts about 20 sectionsCapacity = 7 items + or - 2Rehearsal - repetitively verbalizing or thinking
about the informationWithout rehearsal, information is lost within 20 seconds
Maintaining Information in MemoryMaintaining Information in MemoryShort-Term Memory (cont.)
CHUNKING A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unitIncreases Capacity of STM
Example: Remember this pattern of letters
F B I M A C C I A I B M
Short-Term Memory (cont.)CHUNKING
A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unitIncreases Capacity of STM
Example: Remember this pattern of letters
F B I M A C C I A I B M
A string of 12 letters is too long for STM so CHUNK common letter patterns together
FBI MAC CIA IBM
Much easier to remember & 4 remains within STM capacity limit
A string of 12 letters is too long for STM so CHUNK common letter patterns together
FBI MAC CIA IBM
Much easier to remember & 4 remains within STM capacity limit
Maintaining Information in MemoryMaintaining Information in Memory
Long-Term Memory - an unlimited capacity store - holds information for a long timeSome believe it might be permanent
Flashbulb Memories - unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events Can you think of an example?
Long-Term Memory - an unlimited capacity store - holds information for a long timeSome believe it might be permanent
Flashbulb Memories - unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events Can you think of an example?
Are Short-Term and Long-Term Memory really separate?Are Short-Term and Long-Term Memory really separate?
Some theorists believe that these actually work togetherShort-Term memory is really just the tiny and
constantly changing portions of long-term memorySome others think that there is only one, general
memory store that is governed by one set of rules and processes
Decide for yourself!
Some theorists believe that these actually work togetherShort-Term memory is really just the tiny and
constantly changing portions of long-term memorySome others think that there is only one, general
memory store that is governed by one set of rules and processes
Decide for yourself!
Self-Referent EncodingSelf-Referent EncodingMaking material personally meaningful;
people’s recall of information tends to be slanted in favor of material that is personally relevant
Making material personally meaningful; people’s recall of information tends to be slanted in favor of material that is personally relevant