Unit 4: Review

Unit 4: Review AP Psychology

Who conducted the Prison Experiment?

ZIMBARDO

LOSS OF SELF-RESTRAINT THAT OCCURS WHEN GROUP MEMBERS FEEL ANONYMOUS

DEINDIVIDUATION

TENDENCY FOR SOME GROUPS TO MAKE BAD

DECISIONS…LIKE KENNEDY’S THE BAYOF PIGS

INVASION

GROUPTHINK

RULES ABOUT HOW PEOPLE SHOULD ACT IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS, DOESN’T HAVE TO BE

STATED ANYWHERE

NORMS

IN 1974 HE FOUND THAT OVER 60% OF PARTICIPANST

OBEYED THE EXPERIMENTER’S ORDERS

STANELY MILGRAM

SOLOMON ASCH (1951) STUDIED THIS WHEN HE FOUND THAT 1/3 OF THE

SUBJECTS GAVE THE WRONG ANSWER TO AGREE WITHGT

HE GROUP

CONFORMITY

PEOPLE PERFORM BETTER IN FORNT OF AN AUDIENCE THAN THEY DO WHEN THEY

ARE ALONE

SOCIAL FACILITATION

SIMILARITY, PROXIMITY, AND RECIPROCAL LIKING CAUSE US TO BE ______________

TO OTHERS

ATTRACTED

THE MORE PEOPLE THAT WITNESS THE CRIME, THE LESS LIKELY IT IS THAT SOMEONE WILL CALL OR GO FOR HELP

BYSTANDER EFFECT OR

DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY

Sheriff’s research (1966) at a summer camp established the

effectiveness of ________________________

Superordinate Goals

Belief that one’s culture (ethnic or racial group) is superior to

others

ETHNOCENTRISM

AN UNDERSERVED NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD A GROUP

OF PEOPLE

PREJUDICE

ACTING ON PREJUDICE

DISCRIMINATION

WHEN EXPLAININING OTHERS’ BEHAVIOR, I BLAME INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS, BUT FOR MY INAPPROPRIATE BX I TEND TO BLAME SITUATIONAL CUES

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION

ERROR

OUR EXPECTATIONS ABOUT OTHERS CAN INFLUENCE

THE WAY OTHERS BEHAVE

SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY

IF YOU WANT SOMETHING, ASK FOR SOMETHING HUGE FIRST, AFTER YOUR DENIED ASK FOR

SOMETHING MORE REASONABLE

DOOR-IN-THE-FACE EFFECT

FESTINGER & CARLSMITH CONDUCTED A CLASSIC

EXPERIMENT ABOUT THIS IN THE 1950S. THEY FOUND THAT

PARTICIPANTS CHANGED THEIR ATTITUDES AND TOLD OTHERS THEY ACTUALL ENJOYED THE

BORING TASK THEY WERE ASKED TO COMPLETE

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

THE MORE I EXPERIENCE IT, THE MORE I LIKE IT

MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT

A SET OF BELIEFS AND FEELINGS

ATTITUDE

I AM A THEREAPIST TRAINED IN FREUDIAN

METHODS, I AM A…

PSYCHOANALYSTS

I HAVE AGRADUATE DEGREE (M.A.) IN

PSYCHOLGY, I AM A THEREAPIST, I DEAL WITH LESS SEVERE PROBLEMS

THAN A CLINICAL ONE

COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST

I COUNSEL CLIENTS, BUT HAVE A PH.D., NOT A M.D.

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

I COUNSEL AND PRESCRIBE MEDS TO MY CLIENTS, I

GRADUATED FROM MEDICAL SCHOOL AND

HAVE A M.D.

PSYCHIATRISTS

A COMMON FORM OF PSYCHOSURGERY IN THE

1940S AND 1950S

PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY

I AM STILL USED TODAY AS A LAST RESORT TO TREAT

MAJOR DEPRESSION

ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)

I AM A SOMATIC THERAPY

I AM A TANQUILIZER

I AM COMMONLY CALLED XANAX AND VALIUM

ANTIANXIETY DRUGS

I AM USED TO TREAT MOOD DISORDERS

I MANIPULATE SEROTONIN

SOME REFER TO ME AS PROZAC

ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS

IF YOUR SYPTOMS INCLUDE DELUSIONS OR HALLUCINATIONS

YOUR PSYCHIATRIST WILL PRESCRIBE ME

ANTIPSYCHOTICS, LIKE THORAZINE AND

HALDOL

WHAT IS THE VOCAB TERM FOR DRUGS THAT TREAT

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS?

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

WHAT DO YOU CALL THERAPIES THAT PRODUCE BODILY

CHANGE?

SOMATIC THERAPIES

Albert Ellis started this therapy, one is encouraged to expose

and confront dysfunctional thoughts

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

(REBT or RET)

An example of this is REBT developed by

Ellis

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

This therapy locates the cause of the psychological

problem in the way that people think

Solution her is to change unhealthy thought patterns

Cognitive Therapy

A type of behavioral therapy involving operant

conditioningDesired behaviors are identified and rewarded and

rewards are exchanged for desired objects and privileges

Token Economy

Pairing a habit one wishes to break with an

unpleasant stimulus

Like smoking and nausea

Aversion Therapy

This involves having the client address the most

frightening scenario, produces extreme anxiety,

client soon realizes that their fears are irrational

FLOODING

Tries to get client to replace feeling of anxiety with

relaxation, often used to treat specific phobias

Systematic Desensitization

Charlie has been conditioned to cry whenever he enter the doctor’s office. His Mom uses this behavioral therapy technique, when she attempts to replace the conditioned fear of crying with contentment by bringing Charlie’s favorite snacks and toys with them every time they go to the doctors

Counterconditioning

Humanistic therapy that focuses on helping clients

achieve a subjective meaning to their lives

“What is the purpose of life?”

Existential Therapy

Developed by Fritz Perlsfocuses on the importance of the whole, goal is to get clients in touch with their whole selves

Gestalt Therapy

In this method used in client centered therapy, therapist say very little,

they encourage clients to talk = goal is to get clients

to choose a course of action for themselves

Active Listening (Reflective Listening)

The therapist uses blanket acceptance and

support of a person regardless of what the person says or does

Unconditioned Positive Regard

I created client-centered therapy, obviously I am a

humanist

CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)

This branch of therapy focuses on helping people

understand, accept themselves, and strive to

self-actualize

Humanistic Therapies

Psychologists that have been influenced by Freud’s

work

Psychodynamic Theorists

Type of treatment that uses medicine for

psychological disorders, ECT, or psychosurgery

Somatic Treatments

In the course of therapy this sometimes happens when patients begin to have strong feelings toward their therapist, they may think they are in love with

them or view them as a parental figure, or may seethe with hatred toward them

Transference

A term used by psychoanalysts to describe a patient disagreeing with

his/her therapist’s interpretation or suggestions

RESISTANCE

These techniques are used by

psychoanalysts to uncover unconscious

conflicts

Dream Analysis &

Free Association

Term used to refer to all forms of talk therapy

Psychotherapy

I am the center of the universe, I am the best, I

have a personality disorder called

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Sufferers feel constantly persecuted, but it’s not my

dopamine (I don’t have schizophrenia)

Paranoid Personality Disorder

I need a lot of help from others, and their attention,

I may have this pxy disorder

Dependent Personality Disorder

Sufferers are overly concerned with certain

thoughts including compulsions to perform certain behaviors to the

point that their daily routine is significantly altered

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Sufferers like order and rules and live their life very rigidly by

these rules and are often shocked and dismayed that

others may violate these rules

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Personality disorder where sufferers exhibit overly

dramatic behavior

Histrionic Personality

Person has little regard for the feelings of others,

criminals seem to manifest a high incidence

of this disorder

Antisocial Personality

Disorder

OFTEN APPLIEED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA

ENVIROMENTAL STRESSORS CAN PROVIDE THE CIRCUMSTANCE

FOR BIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITION

THUS ENCOURAGINGTHE ILLNESS TO EXPRESS ITSELF

STRESS-VULNERABILITY

HYPOTHESIS (OR DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL)

MUSCLE TREMORS AND STIFFNESS

A SIDE EFFECT ANTI-PSYCHOTIC DRUGS

(AFFECTS 15% OF SCHIZOPHRENICS)

TARDIVE DYSKINESIA

States that high levels of dopamine, overactive receptors or too many receptors seem to be

associated with schizophrenia

Dopamine Hypothesis

______________ schizophrenia causes sufferers to remian motionless in

strange postures for hours at a time

Catatonic

__________ schizophrenics evidence use of odd language, inappropriate laughter, or exhibit the flat effect

Disorganized

_____________ schizophrenics have delusions of persecution, sufferers may claim “They are out to get me!”

Paranoid

Belief that you have greater power and influence than you do, like

you believe you are the channel the aliens have chosen to contact mankind, or you believe you are the US ambassador to France

Delusion of Grandeur

Martin Seligman’s research finding on a cause of depression.

Occurs when one’s prior experiences cause someone to view

themselves unable to control aspects of their future, resulting in

passivity and depression

Learned Helplessness

Disorder with both Highs and Lows

Bipolar Disorder

Feeling depressed? Try phototherapy it may be lack

of the sun

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Name some MOOD Disorder

Major depression, Bipolar, Dysthymic, Cyclothymic,

SAD

They used to call me “Multiple Personality Disorder”

Now they call me“DID”

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A dissociative disorder that involves sufferers finding themselves in unfamiliar

environments and psychogenic amnesia

Dissociative Fugue

I can’t move my arm, but doc can’t find any medical explanation for it…my

Psychiatrist say it is________

Conversion Disorder

I have had a headache all week…I bet I have a brain tumor

Last week I had a fluttering heart, I bet I am going to have a heart attack any day

Hypochondriasis“hy po con dry a seeze”

Disorder

Manifest psychological problem into a physical

disorder

Somatoform

Fear of open, public spaces, and worry if can’t

find exit

Agoraphobia If severe they may not leave

home

Anxiety Disorder, in DSM-IV

What does DSM stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders