Unit 4 Organization: The 6 Essential Elements. Flashcard Warm-up Buffer A chemical that is resistant to change in pH. These chemicals help regulate the.

Unit 4

Organization: The 6 Essential Elements

Flashcard Warm-up

Buffer

A chemical that is resistant to change

in pH. These chemicals help

regulate the pH in living things and

maintain homeostasis.

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Macromolecules

“giant molecules” made of hundreds to thousands of smaller

molecules

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Essential Life Elements - Inorganic

Inorganic: Carbon is NOT present

Water = H2O60-90% of all living organisms are made of water.

C

Salts = often donate trace elements and influence the environment of the cell

Na+ Cl-

pH Scale-Acid: pH range 0-6.9; H+ ions form in a solution

Base: pH range 8-14; OH- ions form in a solution

BuffersMaintain homeostasis by regulating

the pH within a living organism.

These are examples of artificial “buffers” we use

We have buffers in our blood to keepthe pH regulated in a narrow range of 7.35-7.45

Buffers Regulate pHNot enough hydrogen? Here’s another H atom!

Buffers can donate hydrogen

Too much hydrogen? I’ll hold a hydrogen atom!

Buffers can accept hydrogen.

Ahhhhh – just the right pH!

Ticket out the Door1. Salt water has a pH between 7.5-8.4 is this

considered an acid, base or neutral substance?

2. Sally has been exercising in excess and there is a increase of lactic acid in her blood which is causing a decrease in pH. How will the buffers found in Sally’s blood respond?

3. True or False – If you answer false correct the statement to make it true.

Buffers can only regulate a pH below 7 on the pH scale.

Flashcard Warm-up

SubunitA large object can be made of many smaller parts

called subunits.

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Mono & PolyPrefixes that mean “one” and “many”

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OrganicOrganic compounds must contain

Carbon and the presence of Hydrogen; Oxygen may also be present

Examples: CH4 = Methane

C6H12O6 = Glucose

CO2 = Inorganic

The “Core Four” Organic CompoundsCarbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Organic Macromolecules

CarbohydratesElements: (CHO)

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Monomer (subunit) = Monosaccharides (glucose)Many monosaccaharides make up a carbohydrate

Functions of Carbohydrates:Provide energy through Cellular Respiration

Structure and support in the cell and body

Carbohydrate chains on surface act like name tags for cells

Polysaccharides: In plants STARCH is formed from many

monosaccharides bonded togetherIn animals GLYCOGEN is excess glucose

bonded together (similar to starch)CELLULOSE makes up the plant cell wall

Examples:Glucose - monosaccharide -simple sugar

Sucrose – disaccharide – table sugar

Starch – polysaccharide - corn

Organic Macromolecules Lipids

Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Subunit: glycerol and fatty acidsTriglyceride = 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

LipidsFunctions of lipids

Long term energy sourceEx. Bears accumulate a layer

of fat before winter (when food will be less available)

Insulation and protection for internal organs.

Some hormones are composed of lipids (steroids).

Lipids Examples:

Saturated – solid at room temp.Bacon fat, butter

Unsaturated – liquid at room temp.Olive oil, vegetable oil

Phospholipids – make up cell membrane

Ticket out the Door

1. Decide whether the following compounds are considered organic or inorganic.

H2O

C12H22O11

2. Excess carbohydrates are stored as ______ in animals.

3. Excess carbohydrates are stored as ______ in plants.

4. List two functions of a Lipid.

Flashcard Warm-up

Monosaccharide

The subunit of a carbohydrate. Ex.

glucose

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ProteinMade of amino acids and perform many functions for living things. For instance

they build certain parts of organisms (hair,

nails, muscle) and they can be enzymes, which

speed up reaction rates.

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Nucleic AcidsElements: C, H, O, N, and PMonomer (subunit): Nucleotide

Functions of Nucleic Acids:DNA makes up

genes which determine our traits through the synthesis of proteins

RNA helps produce proteins

Examples of Nucleic Acids

DNA – double strand of nucleotides

RNA – single strand of nucleotides

Protein

Elements: CHNOPSMonomer (subunit): Amino Acids

Function of ProteinsProteins function is determined by

shape. Responsible for structural parts, transport, communication, antibodies, pigments, and enzymes

Examples of Proteins

Chlorophyll pigment that absorbs light in plants

Hemoglobin transports oxygen

Hormones used for communication

Keratin found in hair and nails

Ticket out the Door

1. What are the three substances that make up a nucleotide?

2. List one function of Nucleic Acids.

3. What is the monomer of a protein?

4. The protein hemoglobin is a major component of a red blood cell and transports O2

throughout the body. If the shape of hemoglobin were to change what type of consequences would this cause?

Flashcard Warm-up

SubstrateA reaction starts with the substrate. During

the reaction, it is changed and becomes the

products.

EnzymeA protein that is a

biological catalyst and speeds up chemical

reactions. An enzyme is shaped to fit with only one specific substrate. Three

factors can affect enzymes: temperature, pH, and

salinity.

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EnzymesCharacteristics:

Shape Specific = only work on specific reactions

Biological Catalysts = speed up reactions

Reusable =will repeat its role

EnzymesFunctions

Lowers Activation Energy (energy needed to start a reaction)

Maintain homeostasis by catalyzing (speeding up) chemical reactions

Enzymes (Include in margin)Denature: Enzyme changes shape and will not function; can be caused by salinity, temp, pH.

Enzyme Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzyme

Product+

Synthesis Reaction

Substrate 1 Substrate 2

+

Decomposition Reaction

Substrate

+

Enzyme Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Product 1 Product 2

Indicators: chemicals or tools that indicate a substance is present by changing color.pH paper: test

presence of acid or base

Iodine: solution that changes from a brown to blue or black in the presence of starch (a carbohydrate)

IndicatorsBenedicts: Tests for

presence of glucose (simple sugar); color change from a blue to yellow or red

Biuret: Tests for the presence of a protein; color change from blue to pink-purple

Brown Paper bag test: Tests for presence of lipids; bag get translucent.

Ticket out the Door1. Enzymes are a type of which organic molecule?

2. How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction?

3. If a protein becomes denatured, What does this mean?

4. What type of organic molecule does the Iodine test for?