09/14/2018 1 Economic Growth Inventors and Inventions Unit 4 Lesson 1 Essential Questions 1. What were the social, political, and economic causes of the Second Industrial Revolution that began in the late 19th century? 2. Who were the most important inventors of the Industrial Revolution, including African Americans and women? Foundation for Economic Growth 1. Abundant Natural Resources • Fertile soil • Swift flowing rivers • Lots of timber • Rich deposits of coal, iron, oil, phosphates, and copper 2. The “Free Enterprise” System • Capitalist system = tools, factories and other means of production (including money) are privately owned • People free to buy and sell goods and labor in an open market… known as a market economy • To compete and stay in business you needed to produce better and cheaper goods • Everyone pursued own interests but market is guiding us to most efficient means of production • Competitive work ethic strengthened the system • Culture emphasized individualism and material success which encouraged entrepreneurs, farmers and laborer to work hard • Social Darwinism: most successful individuals were endowed with superior talents to adapt survive and thrive stressed free competition • Wealthy people viewed poverty as the fault of the poor themselves rather than the product of circumstances or of injustices in the social system 3. The Role of Government • “laissez‐faire” capitalism = government should interfere as little as possible in free market; government should be “hands‐off” • Industrialization encouraged with the patent system • Gave inventor exclusive rights to an invention for a limited period of time • Encouraged inventors to share their ideas with the public • Tariffs protect American manufacturers • Customs duties (taxes) added to products from foreign countries • Laws to protect business contracts • Congress regulates banks and currency • Federal land policies and expansion of railroad out West
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09/14/2018
1
Economic GrowthInventors and Inventions
Unit 4 Lesson 1Essential Questions
1. What were the social, political, and economic causes of the Second Industrial Revolution that began in the late 19th century?
2. Who were the most important inventors of the Industrial Revolution, including African Americans and women?
Foundation for Economic Growth
1. Abundant Natural Resources• Fertile soil• Swift flowing rivers• Lots of timber
• Rich deposits of coal, iron, oil, phosphates, and copper
2. The “Free Enterprise” System• Capitalist system = tools, factories and other means of production (including money) are privately owned
• People free to buy and sell goods and labor in an open market… known as a market economy
• To compete and stay in business you needed to produce better and cheaper goods
• Everyone pursued own interests but market is guiding us to most efficient means of production
• Competitive work ethic strengthened the system• Culture emphasized individualism and material success which encouragedentrepreneurs, farmers and laborer to work hard
• Social Darwinism:most successful individuals were endowed with superior talents to adapt survive and thrive stressed free competition
•Wealthy people viewed poverty as the fault of the poor themselves rather than the product of circumstances or of injustices in the social system
3. The Role of Government• “laissez‐faire” capitalism = government should interfere as little as possible in free market; government should be “hands‐off”
• Industrialization encouraged with the patent system• Gave inventor exclusive rights to an invention for a limited period of time
• Encouraged inventors to share their ideas with the public• Tariffs protect American manufacturers
• Customs duties (taxes) added to products from foreign countries
• Laws to protect business contracts• Congress regulates banks and currency
• Federal land policies and expansion of railroad out West
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4. The Legacy of the First Industrial Revolution• US first nation to follow Great Britain’s lead in using steam power and mass production of goods in factories
• Northeastern states = center of manufacturing
• Steamboats and railroads link regions together• Expansion of “Cotton Belt” in South = cotton produced here to export to British factories
• Midwest produced wheat and livestock for Northeast and South
5. The Economic Stimulus Provided by the Civil War• Northern manufacturingdoubled during the Civil War• Need for uniforms, guns, processed foods, and other war supplies
• Secession of South freed Northern Congressmen to enact federal laws favorable to growth of Northern industry
New Railroads United America after Civil War Making Truly National Market
• America’s Second Industrial Revolution
• End of Civil War 35,000miles of railroad
• 25 years later more than 175,000 miles• More than all of Europe!
• Greatest growth occurred in the West• 1st transcontinental railroad in 1869 (fourmore followed)
• Fed. and State governmentencouraged construction
• Steel rails replaced iron ones• Uniform track width adopted
• George Pullman = sleeping car
• George Westinghouse = air brake
• Schedules created need for uniform time zonesRailroads Affected Almost All Aspects of American Life Railroads Affected
Almost All Aspects of American Life
• Stimulated steel, iron, and coal industries
• Brought settlers to the Great Plains
• Encouraged growth of cities• Allowed workers to commute
• Farmers could ship their crops and livestock long distances
• Connected rawmaterials to factories
• Railroad hubs became major urban centers
Growth Dependent on Inventionand Innovation
• Steel• “Bessemer” Process removed impurities before turning iron to steel and reduced the cost of making steel by more than 80%
• Led to production of• Thousands of miles of railroads
• Giant steamships
• Suspension bridges• Turbines and engines• Skyscrapers
•Communications• Samuel Morse and the telegraph.• used special “code” of long and short spaces by breaking and closing a circuit… Morse Code!
• Cyrus Field and the transatlantic telegraph cable• Allowed messages to be sent between America and Europe
• Alexander Graham Bell and the telephone• Allowed communication over long distance with speech instead of code
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• Electricity• Thomas Alva Edison
• Phonograph• Practical electric light bulb
• Electric motors were used in factories and to operate streetcars and subway trains
• Nikola Tesla• Created AC current that traveled longer distances
•Oil• Edwin Drake
• Drilled first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859
• Refining allows products from petroleum to be used• Kerosene in lamps
• Gasoline in combustion engines
•Other Industries• Henry Ford
• Assembly line in automobile factories
• Wilbur and Orville Wright• First airplane in 1903