Unit 3 Discussion

THEME 3 DISCUSSIONINTRODUCTION A : what is our plan in the holiday tomorrow? B : how if we go to the beach! I love the beach so much. A : we have kids! I think its not good for them, I'm afraid of them. The zoo is a good place for us, we can see and teach our kids about animal. B: I think you are right, OK then! SPOKEN CYCLE A. Building knowledge of the field tongue twist 1. challenging 2. experience 3. foresight 4. maintaining 5. perform 6. valuable 7. considerably 8. acquire 9. opportunity 10. decisions

Task 1. look at the following picture. What are they doing? GAMBAR 2 ORANG YANG BERKELAHI.

Do you think that is the only way to solve their problems? Can you suggest other solution for them? Choose one of the following solution that you think is the best to take. a. asking someone else to help solve the problem. b. discussing the cause of the problem then finding the way out. c. fighting is the only way to solve the problem. Task 2. Study the pictures of activities done by some high school students after school and discuss the questions with your partner. The words and phrases in the box may help you.

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Questions 1. What do the students do? 2. Do you know why they decide to take part time jobs? 3. Do you agree with their decisions to work while studying? If you do, state your reasons. If you dont, state what the students should do to make sure that they do not

fail. task 3. Listen

to the teacher reading the text below and fill the blanks!Should Students Take Part Time Jobs?

Working and going to school is challenging, it can be a (1) rewarding experience if you use some foresight. However, youd better think a hundred times before you decide to take a part time job. There are a lot of things that should be factored in on the (2) decision to take a part time job. On the negative side, working and still maintaining a good (3) grade at school is not an easy task. Having less time for schoolwork becomes the main negative effect. Consequently, many students who work part time fail to perform at their best both on (4) schoolwork and on examinations. Moreover, a part- time job can really interfere with the students free time. It also cuts into their studies and/or social life. On the positive side of things, a part time job helps students to support day to day living (5) expenses. Working can be a valuable part of a students life, if taken on responsibly. Students can (6) derive a great deal from working, considerably more than just money. In most cases, they can acquire a nice dose of discipline and a whole new set of (7) skills and experiences. Another benefit of part- time work is the opportunity to expand the resume. Ideally, a student should try to find a job that is related in some way to his/her selected (8) field of study. But even not, a student can still gain some work experience and develop skills. Working takes a lot of time and energy, so students need to make sure to be able to (9) handle both employment and their current commitments. Finally, if you are considering working part-time, talk to your school (10) counsellor to discuss this move. Simply explain your goals to someone else can help you make decisions and figure out your priorities.

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Taken from: http:// www.collegeboard.com;

http://www.epinions.com

task 4. answer the questions based the text above! 1. What should a student consider before taking a part time job? answer: they have to consider the negative and positive affects about it. 2. Mention/list some consequences of working while studying. answer : Having less time for schoolwork becomes the main negative effect. Consequently, many students who work part time fail to perform at their best both on schoolwork and on examinations. Moreover, a part- time job can really interfere with the students free time. It also cuts into their studies and/or social life. 3. Mention/list some benefits of taking a part time job. answer : On the positive side of things, a part time job helps students to support day to day living expenses. Working can be a valuable part of a students life, if taken on responsibly. Students can derive a great deal from working, considerably more than just money. In most cases, they can acquire a nice dose of discipline and a whole new set of skills and experiences. Another benefit of part- time work is the opportunity to expand the resume. 4. How can a school counsellor help students to make decisions? answer : to help students make decisions and figure out their priorities. 5. Based on your opinion, after knowing the positive and negative affects about part time job, will you do this activity? Why? Answer : kebijakan guru task 5. Listen to your teacher carefully, and complete the last line stating Fathers decision whether he allows Anita to take the job or not. Then, perform the dialogue with your partner. GAMBAR AYAH DAN ANAK YANG SEDANG BICARA DI DALAM RUMAH

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Anita

:

Dad, look at this job vacancy! Its a part time job for students of senior high.

Hmm, I think its worth doing. Father : What are you talking about, sweetheart. Dont say that youre interested in

taking part time job! Anita Father : : Oh, come on Dad, would you allow me to take a part time job, please. No, dear. I wouldnt let you get a job before you finish your study. Your job is to

be a student. Anita Father : : But, Dad, Id be very grateful if youd just let me take the part time job. Oh, dear, dont you realize that you have everything paid for by your parents.

You dont have to earn money. Anita : Yeah, I know Dad. But its not about making money! By taking a part time job, I

could gain some work experience. Moreover, this job is related to my study. Im sure it will help me in the future. Father : time? Anita studying for tests, should always be my top priority! Father : Anita : Are you sure you can do that? I am sure I can. Thats a promise, dad. So, would you allow me to take this : I promise to manage my time well. Schoolwork, including homework and Yeah, I understand and I know its a good job. But how can you manage your

opportunity? Father : _____________________________________________

Study the expressions below. Requesting In the conversation between Anita and her father, you find: ...would you allow me to take a part time job, please? The expression above is commonly used in requesting. Here are some other expressions:

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Would you mind..., please? Id be very grateful if youd ... Would you be so kind as to ...? Could I ask you to ...?

Promising In the conversation, you also find: I promise to manage my time well. The expression above is commonly used in promising. Here are some other expressions: Thats a promise I promise to ... He promised he would allow me ...

NOTE: to keep a promise = to do what you said to go back on a promise or to break a promise = not to do what you said you would do task 6. Complete the following dialogues by expressing your request and/or promise based on the situations. Compare your answers with your classmates. 1. You see an interesting vacancy in a classified ad in your friends newspaper. Express your request telling him/her that you wish to cut it. Your friend : Hey, what are you going to do with that? You : _________________________________________

answer : kebijakan guru 2. You belong to a famous school band, but your mother worries if it will disturb your study. Express your promise to convince her that youll manage your time well.

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Mother You

: I wonder how you manage your time to study. : _________________________________________

answer : kebijakan guru 3. Your best friend has a problem in maintaining his/her good grades as he takes a part time job. Express your request asking him/her to quit the job. You friend : Oh, I was too tired to study so that I got this bad mark! Your : _________________________________________

answer : kebijakan guru task 7. Work in pairs. Choose one of the situations in Task 6 and have a dialogue based on the situation. (the example is on the task 5) ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... answer : kebijakan guru Expressing Stance In the conversation between Anita and Denias, you find: I strongly believe that taking a part time job helps me learn about responsibility The expression above is commonly used in expressing stances. Arguments are given to strengthen ones stance. Here are some other expressions: Argument(s) for: I strongly believe that I absolutely agree with Im standing in a position to support .... Argument(s) against: I disagree with That might be true, but I Im in opposition to

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Task 8. Lets say it right. Study how the words are pronounced and practice pronouncing them after your teacher. In expressing her stance, Anita said I strongly believe that taking part time helps me. The word in bold strengthens her stance. Heres how the word pronounced: strongly believe The stress of the word is in the first syllable. Some other words which can be used to strengthen ones stances are: definitely absolutely certainly positively surely confidently task 9. Here are some arguments posted by some students in http://www.epinions.com on students taking part time jobs. Express your stances toward the arguments. Mind your pronunciation when you strengthen your stances. 1. jeri Wrote: never allow a job to get in the way of your health and school years in general. While work may keep you motivated and get you needed money, its not worth losing your education. You say: Im positively standing in position to 2. Dinda wrote:

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It can be a good experience to work during high school, and if you think that you can handle having a part time job I encourage it. Students are always short on money. Remember to carefully consider if you can plan your schedule around school and work. You say: .. 3. Bryan Carey wrote: A benefit a part-time work is the opportunity to expand your resume. Ideally, you should try to find a job that is related in some way to your selected field of study. You say: B. Modelling of text task 1. find the meaning of the following words in your dictionary! 1. Law 2. country 3. abundant : hukum : negara : berlimpah : melelahkan : mendorong 6. damage 7. impacts 8. violate 9. deny 10. choice : rusak : dampak : melanggar : menolak : pilihan

4. fatigue5. spurs

Pros and Cons on Anti-smoking Law The pros and cons on anti-smoking law or smoking is haram is still being discussed in our country. The issue is not new. It is only a small part of the anti-smoking wave which has been promoted for more than 50 years. Arguments for anti-smoking are abundant. Some of them such as: smoking is a slow suicide and makes other people passive smokers who has same impacts in term of health. Furthermore smoking invites death and impotence, causing tuberculosis, lung damage, stomach injury, liver and heart damage and cancer. In social interaction, cigarettes make smoker smelly, weak, thin and poor. Moreover, cigarette smoke contains around 4,000 chemicals causing air pollution. However, smokers have a self-defense argument. They say that smoking helps thinking, spurs creativity, calms the nerves, eliminates fatigue and grief, is social, invites chumminess and healthy emotions.

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Criticizing regulations, smokers argue that the anti-smoking law is unjust, inhumane, violates privacy, restricts expression and is discriminatory. The anti-smoking regulation is siding with one and denying the other at the same time. The two sides are equally strong. It is impossible to disregard either. Is smoking or not smoking a matter of personal choice? Adapted from The task 3. answer the question based the text above! 1. what is the purpose of the text? Answer: the discussing of Anti-smoking Law 2. why the arguments for anti-smoking are abundant? Answer: because smoking is a slow suicide and makes other people passive smokers who has same impacts in term of health. 3. Why the smoke from the cigarette are dangerous for the environment? Answer: because cigarette smoke contains around 4,000 chemicals causing air pollution. 4. What are the arguments of the active smoker? Answer: They say that smoking helps thinking, spurs creativity, calms the nerves, eliminates fatigue and grief, is social, invites chumminess and healthy emotions. 5. Do you think the governments regulation can reduce the active smoker in our country? Give your reason! Answer: kebijakan guru

Jakarta Post

C. Joint construction of text words scramble 1. rdhudne = hundred 2. sonrea = reason 3. cnrocen = concern 4. calbrepnuidte = unpredictable 5. alerginse= releasing 6. crigatulre = agriculture

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7. atrp = trap 8. tiecxed = excited 9. allacyf = fallacy 10. yenigade = delaying task 1. Arrange the following paragraphs in a coherent text! 1. There is no reason for us not to concern with it. The global warming will not only make summer hotter and hotter, but will also lead more rain, more flood, higher sea level, and more unpredictable weather. 2. As the result of the controversy, scientists are now more highly motivated to find whether global warming is only an issue or even a delaying facts. 3. Modern living, like modern industry and agriculture, produces more carbon. Meanwhile, the higher level of carbon released into the air means the more heat trapped on earth. Today the level of carbon dioxide is the highest for half million years. 4. Global warming has become more serious after the Asian Tsunami occurred, for example in some parts of Indonesia, India and Srilanka, that killed more than three hundred thousand peoples. 5. Greenhouse gases (carbon monoxide and methane) , processed from releasing the carbon into the air then mixes the oxygen, takes an important role in stimulating global warming. Carbon dioxide traps the heat from the sun so that it keeps the earth warm. 6. Not all people are excited about this issue. Some Americans, for example, feel that global warming was a fallacy, inspired by European businesses and governments wanting to hinder the US economy. Aswer: Global warming has become more serious after the Asian Tsunami occurred, for example in some parts of Indonesia, India and Srilanka, that killed more than three hundred thousand peoples. There is no reason for us not to concern with it. The global warming will not only make summer hotter and hotter, but will also lead more rain, more flood, higher sea level, and more unpredictable weather.

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Greenhouse gases (carbon monoxide and methane), processed from releasing the carbon into the air then mixes the oxygen, takes an important role in stimulating global warming. Carbon dioxide traps the heat from the sun so that it keeps the earth warm. Modern living, like modern industry and agriculture, produces more carbon. Meanwhile, the higher level of carbon released into the air means the more heat trapped on earth. Today the level of carbon dioxide is the highest for half million years. Not all people are excited about this issue. Some Americans, for example, feel that global warming was a fallacy, inspired by European businesses and governments wanting to hinder the US economy. As the result of the controversy, scientists are now more highly motivated to find whether global warming is only an issue or even a delaying facts.

Www.bbc.com.ukTask 2. Answer the following questions based on the text above? 1. what is the most appropriate title for the text above? Answer: global warming 2. mention some of Asian countries attacked by tsunami! Answer : Indonesia, india and srilanka 3. what does the writer mean by global warming? Answer : global warming is the increasing of the earth temperature caused by carbon monoxide and methane 4. in your opinion, is tsunami in Asia one of indicators of global warming? Explain your answer briefly? Answer: kebijakan guru 5. mention some natural phenomenon that according to the scientist, indicate global warming? Answer : Greenhouse gases which has processed from releasing the carbon into the air then mixes the oxygen 6. what are the effects of global warming? Answer : The global warming will not only make summer hotter and hotter, but will also lead more rain, more flood, higher sea level, and more unpredictable weather.

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7. why dont some of the Americans believe in the issue of global warming? Answer : they feel that global warming was a fallacy, inspired by European businesses and governments wanting to hinder the US economy.

8. What does the word it (paragraph 2) refer to?Answer : global warming

9.

What does the word it (paragraph 3) refer to? Answer : Carbon dioxide

10.

How do the scientists react to the global warming controversy? Answer : scientists are now more highly motivated to find whether global warming is only an issue or even a delaying facts.

D.

Independent construction of text Look at the pictures carefully!

Source www.sxc.hu

Source www.staticflickr.com

Make a discussion text based on the picture above (why and when we have to obey it?) then perform it in front the class. Written Activity A. Building Knowledge of Field Task 1. Observe the picture, then answer the questions below!

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Picture:

http://i134.photobucket.com

1. What are they doing? Answer : they are debating something 2. do you have ever involved like in the pictures? Answer: kebijakan guru 3. give your reason why they doing like that? Answer: kebijakan guru

Task 2. Complete the text below using the words in the box! National Exam in Pros and Contras

National exam becomes the hot (1)topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by (2)the government on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some (3)debates include the primary questions such as; does the (4)quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian (5)education system worsen without national exam? People, who support the national exam explains that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system. However there are people who (6)disagree with the opinion. Those who (7)against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesnt need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only (8)measures a small portion of students competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students competences throughout the semester. In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to (9)evaluate or detect the level of students cognitive (10)competence in several subjects, on a national scale.

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Adapted from many source.

a. the government b. evaluate c. education d. quality

e. against f. debates g. topic h. measures

i. competence j. disagree

Grammar Subjunctive The subjunctive is a special, relatively rare verb form in English. Structure of the Subjunctive The structure of the subjunctive is extremely simple. For all verbs except the past tense of be, the subjunctive is the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to"):

be (past) I were you were he, she, it were we were you were they were

be (present) I be you be he, she, it be we be you be they be

all other verbs (past & present) I work you work he, she, it work we work you work they work

The subjunctive does not change according to person (I, you, he etc) Use of subjunctive We use subjunctives mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody: wants to happen hopes will happen imagines happening

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Look at these examples: The President requests that you be present at the meeting. It is vital that you be present at the meeting. If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.

The subjunctive is typically used after two structures: the verbs: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest +that the expressions: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that

Here are some examples with the subjunctive: The manager insists that the car park be locked at night. The board of directors recommended that he join the company. It is essential that we vote as soon as possible. It was necessary that every student submit his essay by the weekend.

Notice that in these structures the subjunctive is always the same. It does not matter whether the sentence is past or present. Look at these examples: Present: The President requests that they stop the occupation. Past: The President requested that they stop the occupation. Present: It is essential that she be present. Past: It was essential that she be present.

The use of the subjunctive as above is more common in American English than in English, where should + infinite is often used:

The manager insists that the car park should be locked at night. It was essential that we should vote as soon as possible.We usually use the subjunctive were instead of "was" after if (and other words with similar meaning). Look at these sentences: If I were you, I would ask her. Suppose she were here. What would you say?

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Why do we say "I were", "he were"? We sometimes hear things like "if I were you, I would go" or "if he were here, he would tell you". Normally, the past tense of the verb "to be" is: I was, he was. But the if I were youstructure does not use the past simple tense of the verb "to be". It uses the past subjunctiveof the verb "to be". In the following examples, you can see that we often use the subjunctive form were instead of "was" after: if as if wish suppose

Formal

Informal

(The were form is correct at all times.)

(The was form is possible in informal, familiar conversation.)

If I were younger, I would go. If he weren't so mean, he would buy one for me. I wish I weren't so slow! I wish it were longer. It's not as if I were ugly. She acts as if she were Queen. If I were you, I should tell her.

If I was younger, I would go. If he wasn't so mean, he would buy one for me. I wish I wasn't so slow! I wish it was longer. It's not as if I was ugly. She acts as if she was Queen. Note: We do not normally say "if I was you", even in familiar conversation.

Some fixed expressions use the subjunctive. Here are some examples: Long live the King!

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God bless America! Heaven forbid! Be that as it may, he still wants to see her. Come what may, I will never forget you. We are all citizens of the world, as it were.

Task 3. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate forms! 1. It's important that she (remember) to take her medicine twice a day. answer: remember 2. I suggest that Frank (read) .. the directions carefully before assembling the bicycle. He doesn't want the wheels to fall off while he is riding down a hill answer: read 3. Mrs. Finkelstein demanded that the heater (repair) immediately. Her apartment was freezing. answer: be repaired 4. It's vital that the United States (focus) . on improving its public education system. What we do now will affect our country for generations to come. answer: focus 5. The monk insisted that the tourists (enter) .. the temple until they had removed their shoes. answer: not enter 6. I am not going to sit here and let her insult me. I demand that she immediately (apologize) .. for what she just said. answer: apologize 7. Judy asked that we (attend) .. her graduation ceremony next week. answer: attend 8. Was it really necessary that (sit) I . there watching you the entire time you were rehearsing for the play? It was really boring watching you repeat the scenes over and over again. answer: be sitting 9. It is important to remember that Janine (think) . very differently from you. She may not agree to the changes you have made in the organization of the company. answer: thinks 10. It's a little difficult to find the restaurant. I propose that we all (drive) .. together so that nobody gets lost along the way.

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answer: drive Task 4. Study this grammar

Wish and If onlyWish and If only are both used to talk about regrets things that we would like to change either about the past or the present. Talking about the present If only I didnt have so much homework I could go to the concert tonight. She has a lot of homework and she cant go to the concert. I wish you didnt live so far away. I wish I knew what to do.

When we talk about present regrets, both wish and if only are followed by the past simple tense. The past tense emphasises that we are talking about something unreal. Talking about the past I wish Id studied harder when I was at school. He didnt study harder when he was at school. I wish I hadnt eaten all that chocolate. I feel sick. If only Id known you were coming.

Both wish and if only are followed by the past perfect tense when we talk about past regrets. Wish/if only and would We use wish + would to talk about something in the present that we would like to change usually something that we find annoying. I wish you wouldnt borrow my clothes without asking. I wish it would rain. The garden really needs some water. I wish youd give up smoking. its really bad for you.

Task 5. Learn the exam[le and do the task below! There are three distinct types of I wish / if only sentences:1 - REGRETS with the PAST PERFECT (the third conditional) e.g. I wish I hadn't got so angry. 2 - WANTING CHANGE FOR THE PRESENT OR FUTURE with the PAST SIMPLE e.g. I wish I had enough money to go to Mozambique this summer. 3 - COMPLAINTS with WOULD + INFINITIVE e.g. I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the

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time. Regrets 1 2 I wish I ___________________ drunk and kissed Samantha. (get NEGATIVE) I wish it ___________________ so much. The garden's turned to mud. (rain NEGATIVE) 3 If only I ___________________ there, I wouldn't have got a fine. (park NEGATIVE)

Wanting change 4 5 6 If only I ___________________ more time for my hobbies. (have) I wish it ___________________ more often in Valencia. (rain) I wish I ___________________ to go to your nephew's wedding. (have NEGATIVE)

Complaints 7 I wish you ___________________ so much. You're a complete idiot when you're drunk. (drink NEGATIVE) 8 9 If only it ___________________ . The garden's as dry as a bone. (rain) I wish Samantha ___________________ her hair more often. It looks so greasy all the time. (wash) Mixed 10 I wish you ___________________ so horrible to your brother. He's a really nice bloke. (be NEGATIVE) 11 I wish the council ___________________ that beautiful old house. It was part of the town's heritage. (demolish NEGATIVE) 12 If only I ___________________ the money to go to Jon's wedding in The States. (have) 13 I wish I ___________________ her she'd put on weight. She hates me now. (tell NEGATIVE) 14 15 I wish you ___________________ to your mother like that. (speak NEGATIVE) If only we ___________________ a Hewlett Packard printer. The cartridges are so expensive. (buy NEGATIVE) 16 I wish Jorge ___________________ so fast. It's only a matter of time before he kills someone. (drive NEGATIVE)

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Answer: 1 2 3 I wish I hadnt got drunk and kissed Samantha. I wish it hadnt rained so much. The garden's turned to mud. If only I hadnt parked there, I wouldn't have got a fine.

Wanting change 4 5 6 If only I had more time for my hobbies. I wish it rained more often in Valencia. I wish I didnt have to go to your nephew's wedding.

Complaints 7 8 9 I wish you wouldnt drink so much. You're a complete idiot when you're drunk If only it would rain. The garden's as dry as a bone. I wish Samantha would wash her hair more often. It looks so greasy all the time.

Mixed 10 11 I wish you werent so horrible to your brother. He's a really nice bloke. I wish the council hadnt demolished that beautiful old house. It was part of the town's heritage. 12 13 14 15 16 If only I had the money to go to Jon's wedding in The States. I wish I hadnt told her she'd put on weight. She hates me now. I wish you wouldnt speak to your mother like that. If only we hadnt bought a Hewlett Packard printer. The cartridges are so expensive I wish Jorge wouldnt drive so fast. It's only a matter of time before he kills someone.

B. modeling of Text task 1. find the meaning in your dictionary 1. Consume = memkan, menghabiskan 2. Shelter = tempat perlindungan 3. Consumption = pemakaian

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4. Cutlery = alat pemotong 5. Disposable = dapat dibuang 6. Purchase = pembeliaan, belanjaan 7. Convenience = alat untuk mempermudah hidup 8. Dispose = mengatur 9. Shavers = alat cukur elektrik 10. Extent = luas task 2. read the text carefully and answers the following questions! Convenience or Care? When something issued by someone, we say it has been consumed. We as consumers use many things, both natural and processed. We consume more of the Earths resources than other animals do and, as a result, we cause problems for the environment. Like all animals, we need clean air and water, food and shelter for survival. Unlike other animals, however, we have certain want. These are items that are not necessary for our survival, but that we want because they make our lives easier or more enjoyable. Environments claim that a great deal of waste is created by both the production and the consumption of these items or product. Disposable products, such a pen, take away food containers, plates, shavers and cutlery, are made using the Earths resources. When these products are thrown away, the resources are lost. Another example of waste is the unnecessary packaging on many products. The material is often not recycled and used again. Throwing thing away also increases pollution. The amount of disposable plastic litter that ends up in waterways is a serious problem. When this waste reaches the oceans, it can kill marine life. Industrialist counters these arguments with their own point of view. They claim that consumers expect to be able to purchase food which is attractively presented, prepackaged to extent its life and easy to store. In a busy society, convenience is a priority product which makes life easier. Era in demand. Industrialist argues that they cater to this perceived need.

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Packaging is also big business and provides jobs for many people who might otherwise be unemployed and a burden to society. Environmentalist declares that for thousands of year, people survived perfectly well with re-usable products. However, people of the twenty-first century have become used to wing in a thrown-away society. It is up to each one of us to dispose of waste products carefully, recycle as much as possible and to reduce the stress on our environment. Think when buying pre-packaged goods and consider whether the same products can be bought without the extra wrappings. Lets make the best of what we have. Source: http://understandingtext.blogspot.com 1. What is needed by all living things? Answer: clean air and water 2. Why we have certain want? Answer: because they make our lives easier or more enjoyable 3. What kind of the thing that could kill the marine life? Answer: disposable plastic litter that ends up in waterways and reaches the oceans 4. It is up to each one .. (last paragraph) it in this sentence refers to Answer: a thrown-away society 5. in your opinion, what is the best way to protect our environment? Answer: kebijakan guru

Observe the generic structure of discussion text below! Discussion texts Discussion texts are not limited to controversial issues but polarised views are generally used to teach this text type as this makes it easier to teach children how to present different viewpoints and provide evidence for them. Discussions contrast with persuasion texts which generally only develop one viewpoint and may present a biased view, often the writers own. Like all text types, discussion texts vary widely and elements of discussion writing are often found within other text types Purpose: To present a reasoned and balanced overview of an issue or controversial topic. Usually

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aims to provide two or more different views on an issue, each with elaborations, evidence and/ or examples. A table showing core elements and aspects of discussion texts to support teaching and learning

Generic structure

Language features

Knowledge for the writer

The most common Written in simple present 2. structure includes: tense. a statement of the issues involved and a preview of the main arguments; arguments for, with supporting evidence/examples; arguments against or alternative views, with supporting evidence/examples. 3. Generalises the participants and things it refers to using uncountable noun phrases (some people, most dogs), nouns that categorise (vehicles, pollution) and abstract nouns (power). 4. Uses connectives (for

3. Questions often make good titles. (Should everyone travel less to conserve global energy?) 4. Use the introduction to show why you are debating the issue. (There is always a lot of disagreement about x and peoples views vary a lot.)

example, therefore, however). 5. Generic statements are often

Another common structure presents for the and arguments against

5. Make sure you show followed by specific examples both/all sides of the (Most vegetarians disagree. argument fairly. Dave Smith, a vegetarian for 20 years, finds that ) Sometimes combined with diagrams, illustrations, 6. Support each viewpoint you present with reasons and evidence.

alternatively. Discussion texts usually end with a summary and a statement recommendation of or

moving images and sound to 7. If you opt to support provide additional information one particular view in or give evidence. the conclusion, give reasons for your decision. Dont forget that discussion texts can be combined with other

conclusion. The summary may develop one particular viewpoint using reasoned judgements based on the evidence provided

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text types depending on your audience and purpose.

Read and Study the example below! Title Issue Is an X-Ray Examination Necessary? Students, can you show me your hands? Right! Now can you show me your head? Excellent! But, can you show me what is inside your stomach? Hmm Can you show me your lungs? No? Why? Yeah, youre right. Because they are inside our body. So what do you think, how can we see the internal parts of our body? Yes. We use an X-Ray. So, what is an X-Ray? Does anybody know? No? Well, an X-Ray is a spectrum of light. It is radiated through our body. It is used for detecting our internal body organs. Am I making myself clear? Well, let me continue. Where can you find an X-Ray? Yes, thats right. In a hospital. And do you know who invented the X-Ray? Does anybody know? No? Oh, come on. Nobody remembers the name? Well, the XRay was invented by a German scientist, William Conrad Rontgen. Where was I? Oh, O.K. Hmm When do people get an X-ray? Correct. When they are ill. I mean when there is something wrong with the internal parts of their body. Can you give any examples of illnesses? When people have these diseases they need an X-Ray to check. Yes, cancer, kidney trouble, heart trouble, tumors, etc. Students, do you know that there are many conflicting opinions about the use of X-Rays in a hospital? Argument for point Well, look at the chart! 60% of people agree that an X-Ray examination is beneficial. They say that doctors should use an X-Ray in examining a severe elaboratio n illness. If doctors dont use an X-Ray, they could miss some important information which is very useful in making a diagnosis on a patients disease. And this will sometimes cause a doctor to be inaccurate in prescribing medicine to cure an illness.

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Argument against point

However, not all patients agree with the use of X-Ray examination. Look at the chart again, 40% of patients disagree with the use of an X-Ray examination. Do you know why? Gues what?

elaboratio n conclusio n

They think that using an X-Ray examination will cost them a lot of money. Thats really true. Another reason is that the radiation of an XRay has some risks to body tissues. Well, as a result of this controversy, many people use traditional health cure to avoid the high cost of hospital care. However, hospitals still insist on having X-Ray examinations on patients to get an accurate diagnosis although the cost is very high.

C. Joint Construction of text Arrange the paragraph below into good order! Low-Cost Airlines As a matter of fact, the emergence of discount carriers has enormous benefits for travellers. Middle class-people, who could not afford full fare, would pay for cheaper seats. They now can afford to fly by .. getting affordable ticket price. Its not a surprising fact that many people prefer taking these no-frills airlines than spending more money to travel on planes. Moreover, early ticket booking allows people to get cheaper price of tickets. Usually theres no free in-flight food or drinks. Even though passengers do not get free food or drinks, most people do not matter that. Before 1999 flying in Indonesia was too expensive for many people. Buses, ships, and trains were probably the alternatives to travel. People would probably take long journeys on buses or ships or both. In 1999 the first Indonesias low-cost airline was established. The low-cost (or no frills or budget) airlines had begun in the early 1990s in the USA. The term low-cost doesnt always refer to the price of the ticket. Low-cost refers to the operating costs of the airline. These airlines can operate more cheaply than other airlines because they usually only use one or two .. types of aircrafts, so the cost of training staff is cheaper. Employees sometimes have to work in two jobs-the flight attendants sometimes clean inside the aircraft after each flight. Since 1999 several mode budget airlines have begun flying in Indonesia.

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Travelling by plane is the best alternative to reach the destination with no time and energy consuming. However, safety is something to take into account, instead of spending less money. However, bad safety records have been showed by airlines in Indonesia. The idea is so much supported by a number of plane crashes that mostly happened to low-cost airlines. In the past three years, an Indonesian low-cost airline vanished without a trace; another plane cracked open upon landing; a flight overran the runway in Yogyakarta and caught fire, and another discount aircraft went off a runway in Java. Indeed, Indonesia may be the scariest nation in Asia for fliers.Adapted from: KangGURU Radio English September 2006; http://www.iht.com

..

Answer: Low-Cost Airlines Before 1999 flying in Indonesia was too expensive for many people. Buses, ships, and trains were probably the alternatives to travel. People would probably take long journeys on buses or ships or both. In 1999 the first Indonesias low-cost airline was established. The low-cost (or no frills or budget) airlines had begun in the early 1990s in the USA. The term low-cost doesnt always refer to the price of the ticket. Low-cost refers to the operating costs of the airline. These airlines can operate more cheaply than other airlines because they usually only use one or two types of aircrafts, so the cost of training staff is cheaper. Employees sometimes have to work in two jobs-the flight attendants sometimes clean inside the aircraft after each flight. Since 1999 several mode budget airlines have begun flying in Indonesia. As a matter of fact, the emergence of discount carriers has enormous benefits for travellers. Middle class-people, who could not afford full fare, would pay for cheaper seats. They now can afford to fly by getting affordable ticket price. Its not a surprising fact that many people prefer taking these no-frills airlines than spending more money to travel on planes. Moreover, early ticket booking allows people to get cheaper price of tickets. Usually theres no free in-flight food or drinks. Even though passengers do not get free food or drinks, most people do not matter that. However, bad safety records have been showed by airlines in Indonesia. The idea is so much supported by a number of plane crashes that mostly happened to low-cost airlines. In the past three years, an Indonesian low-cost airline vanished without a trace; another plane cracked open upon landing; a flight overran the runway in Yogyakarta and caught fire, and another discount aircraft went off a runway in Java. Indeed, Indonesia may

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be the scariest nation in Asia for fliers. Travelling by plane is the best alternative to reach the destination with no time and energy consuming. However, safety is something to take into account, instead of spending less money. Adapted from: KangGURU Radio English September 2006; http://www.iht.com

D. Independent Construction of text Interview Choose one of the following issues. Go around the class and ask your friends stances toward the issue. Categorize their stances into two arguments, for and against in the table below. Then make a discussion text! Issues: Having a job while studying can add another source of stress to your life. With a little bit of creative scheduling, you'll be able to take care of school and work. Arguments against Arguments for

Review I. choose the correct answer by crossing (x) a, b, c, or d Text for number 1-5 Scientist and doctors say that about 34 million Americans are too fat. Why is this? One cause is the kind of foot Americans eat. Many Americans like fast food. These foods (such as hamburger and ice cream) often have fattening things in them. Another cause is the way Americans eat. They often eat little snack between regular meals. These extra foods add extra fat on the body. A third cause is not enough exercise. Americans like driving everywhere, instead of walking. They often have machines to do a lot of the work. Some Americans are also too heavy because of health problems. But for most of those 34 million Americans the problem is the American lifestyle.

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Adapted from many source of American news 1. From the text above , there are .. reasons why many Americans get obesity. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 Answer: b 2. The text tells us about .. a. What Americans eat b. Americans fat food c. Health problems in America d. The American lifestyle e. Why many Americans are too fat Answer: e 3. from the text, we may infer that the main problem of Americans is about their . a. Food b. Health c. Job d. Government e. Lifestyle Answer: b 4. These extra foods add extra fat on the body (sentence 8). What does the underlined word refer to? a. Hamburgers b. Meals c. Snacks d. Ice cream

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e. Fast food Answer: e 5. Which statement is true based on the text? a. High-tech machine are an advantage to the health of Americans b. Snacks are include in the regular meals of Americans c. Sixty-six million Americans do not consume fast food d. Eating little snacks is the cause of major health problems e. May Americans are fat because of the way they live. Answer: e 6.. Ita : Hi, Nadia. You look tired. Didnt you sleep very well last night? Nadia : I slept OK, but not enough. Ita : . a. How are you doing? b. Why didnt I think of that? c. Why dont you lie down for a while? d. Why not? e. go sleep now! Answer: c 7. Adi : Will you let me know if she has returned the book? Dani : . a. Thats a good idea. b. Why? c. Sure. d. Excuse me. e. nice answer: c 8. Nadia : This book is interesting. The author wrote it for teenagers. I suggest you read it. Adi : .

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a. It sounds great. b. Are you sure? c. I wouldnt do that if I were you. d. Youre welcome. e. thank you answer: a 9. Maya : The weather is bad. Would there be any possibilities of changing your plan. Nisa : . a. Whats on your mind? b. Really? c. Alright. d. Thats one possibility e. sure answer: d 10. Adi : Im doing a survey on homework. I wonder if you would mind answering some questions for me Nadia : . a. No, Im afraid I cant. b. Sure, I will. c. Here you are. d. OK, what are they? e. no, dont do that. Answer: b Questions 610 are based on the listening text you are going to hear. (The text read by teacher) In the eastern part of Persia there lived at one time a gardener whose one joy in life was his flowers and fruit trees. He had neither wife, nor children, nor friends; nothing except his garden. At length, however, the good man wearied of having no one to talk to. He decided to go out into the world and find a friend. Scarcely was he outside the garden

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before he came face to face with a bear, who, like the gardener, was looking for a companion. Immediately a great friendship sprang up between these two. One afternoon it happened that an unusually large fly alighted on the gardener's nose. The bear drove it off, but it only flew to the gardeners chin. Again the bear drove it away, but in a few moments it was back once more on the gardeners nose. The bear now was filled with rage. With no thought beyond that of punishing the fly, he seized a huge stone, and hurled it with such force at the gardeners nose that he killed not only the fly, but the sleeping gardener. It is better to have a wise enemy than a foolish friend. Taken from http://www.pitt.edu/ 11. What is the text about? a. A garden. b. A menagerie. c. A gardener and a bear. d. Quinces and melons. e. friendship answer: c 12. Where did the gardener live? a. In the western part of Persia. b. In the eastern part of Persia. c. In the eastern part of Iraq. d. In the southern part of Iran. e. in the eastern part between Persia and Iraq answer: b 13. Why did the gardener make friends with the bear? a. Because he got bored growing flowers and plants. b. Because he wearied of having no one to talk to. c. Because the bear fed him on quinces and melons. d. Because his children wanted a pet.

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e. because he was afraid doesnt have family answer: b 14. What did the bear do to express his gratitude to the gardener? a. He helped the gardener grow flowers and plants. b. He stood by and drove off the flies when the gardener took a nap. c. He guarded the gardeners garden. d. He invited the gardener to come into his nest. e. be the best friend answer: b 15. How was the gardener killed? a. The bear ate him. b. The bear hurled a stone at his nose. c. The bear scratched him. d. The bear was angry with him and killed him. e. the bear poisoned him answer: b 16. had I realized that Bobby was a bad driver, I . My car. a. Would not lend him b. Did not lend him c. Will not lend him d. Had not lent him e. Would not have lent him Answer: a 17. if the plane had taken off on time, we wouldnt have been late for the seminar It means that we were late because the flight .. a. Was delayed b. Has to be delayed c. Was going to be delayed

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d. Had not been delayed e. Was not delayed Answer: a 18. Why didn't you buy this bag? I think you like it. i would have if it had been cheaper. the answer means .. a. I bought the bag b. I was not against the price c. d. the bag was too expensive I looked for more expensive e. the bag was bargained answer: c 19. if I had a car, I would drive to Jakarta very often. the sentence means . a. I didn't have the car, so I didn't drive to Jakarta very often. b. I don't have a car, so I don't drive to Jakarta very often. c. I didn't have a car, yet I drove to Jakarta very often. d. I don't have a car, yet I drive to Jakarta very often. e. I had a car, so I could drive to Jakarta very often. Answer: a 20. he didn't the exams. If he had studied harder, he . a. can pass b. could pass c. d. could have passed can passed it e. will pass it answer: b 21. i'm sorry I don't know the answer, but I really wish I ..

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a. know b. will know c. d. knew had know e. have know answer: a 22. Did you get the compensation for your car? No I didnt. If only . a. I would insure it b. I have insured it c. I wouldnt insure it d. I had insured it e. I should insure it. Answer: a 23. I wish you . to stay at home because Im sure you would have enjoyed the concert very much. a. Didnt have b. Hadnt had c. Hadnt d. Dont have e. Havent had Answer: b 24. Susi Susanti has won a medal for badminton. I wish I .. as good as she is. a. Were b. Should be c. Will be d. Would be

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e. Am Answer: d 25. If only his son had studied harder. Means a. His son did not study hard b. His son has studied hard c. His son has not studied hard d. His son will not study hard e. His son has not studied hard Answer: a 26. A : .. I borrow your pen? B : OK. Here it is. a. Should b. Must c. Could d. Am i e. Dont Answer: c 27. Could you the window please? Of course. a. Open b. Opens c. Opening d. Opened e. Is opening Answer: a 28. These expressions are used for asking permission except .. a. Could I borrow your bicycle?

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b. Can I switch on the fan? c. Can you sweep the floor? d. May I go to the mall, mom? e. Could I have your phone number? Answer: c 29. Shoopkeeper : is there anything I can do for you? Customer : I need a pair of butchery shoes. In the dialog the shopkeeper wants to . Help. a. Ask b. Get c. Offer d. Accept e. Refuse Answer: c 30. X : would you mind lending me your book? Y : here you are. The closet meaning for the underlined expression is .. a. X asks Y to lend him book b. Y wishes x lend him a book c. X wants Y to lend him book d. Y palns to lend him book e. X wants to read a book Answer: a Greenhouse Effect When fossil fuels, or other fuels, such as wood or peat, which contain carbon are burned, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Vehicles also give out, and so add, carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The Earths atmosphere allows most of the Suns rays to pass through it to heat the Earths surface. The Earth reflects much of the heat energy back into the atmosphere, but

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much of this reflected radiation cannot escape because gases such as carbon dioxide absorb it. They grow warm and send heat radiation back to Earth. This is the greenhouse effect. Many scientists think that the greenhouse effect may change the climate, over the next 100 years or so. One consequence of soalled "global warming" resulting from the greenhouse effect could be melting of the polar ice - caps. This in turn, could lead to a rise in sea level which could flood large areas of highly populated coastal land. If carbon dioxide proves to be as harmful as thought. In order to reduce carbon dioxide levels we need to reduce the amounts of carbon-rich fuels burned.Taken from Kingfisher Science Encyclopedia, 1997

31. What is emitted out when fuels which contain carbon are burned? a. Carbon dioxide. b. Wood. c. Peat. d. Radiation e. oxygen answer: a 32. What effect does carbon dioxide have on the atmosphere? a. It makes the atmosphere darker to long-wave radiation. b. It makes the atmosphere allow most of the Suns rays to pass through. c. It makes the atmosphere allow most of the Suns rays to pass through it to heat the Earths surface. d. It makes the atmosphere become warmer. e. it makes the earth warm answer: c 33. The Earth reflects much of the heat energy back into the atmosphere .... What is the Indonesian equivalent of the italicized word? a. Menyerap. b. Memancarkan. c. Mencerminkan.

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d. menghadapkan e. Memantulkan. Answer: e 34. What causes the Earth to become warmer? a. The Suns rays reflected by the Earth into the atmosphere. b. The heat radiation sent back to Earth by gases that grow warm. c. Reflected radiation that escapes into the atmosphere. d. The burning of wood or peat. e. the broken atmosphere answer: b 35. What will happen if the sea level rises? a. The polar ice will melt and make the sea get cooler. b. Some large areas of coastal land will be inundated. c. Some large areas of coastal land will be dried up.

d. The surface of the Earth will be flooded with water.e. we'll get much water answer: c II. Make dialogs based the situation below! 1. You see an interesting movie in a theaters schedule tonight. Express your request telling him/her that you wish to see it. answer : kebijakan guru 2. You join with the football club, but your mother afraid it will make you tired and dont study hard. Express your promise to convince her that youll manage your time well. answer : kebijakan guru

Remedial exercises I. complete the text below using the words in the box!

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Junk Food Lollies, chips and (1)fast food are called 'junk food'. This kind of food has too much fat in it. It has too much salt in it too. And it has too much sugar. It's OK to eat a little bit, but too much is not good. What is junk food? Lollies, soft drink, potato chips, hot chips, ice cream, and hamburgers, hot dogs and other kinds of take away food are called junk food. What's (2)wrong with junk food? Too much fat! Junk foods such as hamburgers, pizza, fried chicken and chips usually contain loads of saturated (3)fats. Too much saturated fat in the diet will cause people to put on weight and get fat or obese (very fat). Being (4)overweight is a risk to the health of the heart and can cause other diseases. Too much salt! Junk foods often have too much salt. There's a lot of salt already in foods such as bread, breakfast cereals and biscuits and cakes. So people are getting more salt than they need when they eat junk food. Too much salt is (5)unhealthy for the heart. Too much sugar! Soft drinks, cordials, biscuits, cakes and lollies all have loads of sugar. That's what makes them taste so good! But too much sugar makes people fat, rots the teeth, is bad for the blood and may cause other (6)diseases. Should people eat junk food? Junk food does have some of the good things that the body (7)needs for good health. And the body needs some salt, fat and sugar for energy to burn while we work and play. However too much fat, sugar and salt is bad for our health and eating lots of junk food will overload your (8)body with these things. It is probably OK to eat junk food sometimes! But people should look for foods that are (9)low in fats and salt and sugar. Choose grilled fish and chicken rather than fried,

fish burgers instead of beef, grilled lean beef burgers, and vegetarian pizza and pizza with seafood instead of fatty meat type pizza.Eat lots of (10)fresh foods, healthy foods most of the time. Choose to eat junk food only now and again.

http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/junkfood.htm a. Overweight b. Fats c. Unhealthy d. Low e. bodyf. wrong g. fresh h. needs i. fast food J. diseases

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II. Arrange the jumbled paragraphs below into good order! Giving Children Homework 1. I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only given at the weekend when children have more time. 2. There are a lot of discussion as to whether children should be given homework or not. Is it enough for children having time to study at school or needing additional time in home for study after school time? 3. However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and teachers argue that it is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good time for children to sit down and think about what they have learned in school. 4. Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that children have their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport or music. A further point they make is that a lot of homeworks are pointless and does not help the children learn at all. 5. Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which do not need the teacher support. Answer : Giving Children Homework There are a lot of discussion as to whether children should be given homework or not. Is it enough for children having time to study at school or needing additional time in home for study after school time? Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that children have their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport or music. A

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further point they make is that a lot of homeworks are pointless and does not help the children learn at all. However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and teachers argue that it is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good time for children to sit down and think about what they have learned in school. Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which do not need the teacher support. I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only given at the weekend when children have more time. Source: http://understandingtext.blogspot.com

Enrichment Exercises I. Classify the statements. Which are the advantages of computers at home and which the disadvantages are? Do it in your workbook. 1. Computer games are great! They're better than TV. On TV you can watch a space ship, but in a computer game you can fly a space ship! 2. Computers are bad for our health. In the past children ran around and played sports. Now they just sit at home. 3. A lot of children spend too much time with computers. They start playing and then they can't stop. They dont talk to anyone, they just sit and look at the computer for hours and hours. 4. When children play with computers, they learn to understand them. Computers are going to be very important in the future. So children should play with them and learn about them. 5. The Internet is very useful. There is more information on the Internet than in the worlds biggest library. 6. A lot of computer games are very bad. There is a lot of shooting and killing. These games are worse than TV. You can see bad things on TV, but in computer games you do bad things. It cant be good for you. 7. I don't think children learn much from computers. They can't learn about life from a

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computer. And they can't do their homework if they play computer games all the time. 8. I've got friends all over the world. I've never seen any of them but I know them all well because we send mails to each other. My computer is the door to the world! Advantages disadvantages

Answer : Advantages:1, 4, 5, 8 Disadvantages: 2, 3, 6,7 II. read the following text carefully and answer the questions! Giving Children Homework There are a lot of discussions as to whether children should be given homework or not. Is it enough for children having time to study at school or needing additional time in home for study after school time? Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that children have their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport or music. A further point they make is that a lot of homework are pointless and does not help the children learn at all. However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and teachers argue that it is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good time for children to sit down and think about what they have learned in school. Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which do not need the teacher support. I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only given at the weekend when children have more time.

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Find out: 1. What is the topic of the text above? Answer: the discussions as to whether children should be given homework or not 2. why for some people homework is pointless? Answer: because children have their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport or music 3. give the reason for some people who support the homework? Answer: t is important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support from the teacher. They say that the evening is a good time for children to sit down and think about what they have learned in school. Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to send home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which do not need the teacher support. 4. Is it enough for children .. (paragraph 1). it refers to..... answer: homework 5. in your opinion, is homework important for children or students? Give your reason! Answer: kebijakan guru

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