UNIT 3: Defining Culture and Society: The Perspective of ...

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UNIT 3: Defining Culture and Society: The Perspective of Anthropology and Sociology

Table of Contents Introduction 3

Essential Questions 4

Learning Targets 4

Lesson 1: Anthropological and Sociological Perspective on Culture and Society 4

Starting Out 5

Learn about It! 5

History Maker 7

Check Your Understanding 9

Putting Value 10

Lesson 2: Aspects of Culture & Society I 10

Starting Out 10

Learn about It! 11

History Maker 12


Putting Value 14

Lesson 3: Aspects of Culture & Society II 14

Starting Out 14

Learn about It! 15

History Maker 16


Putting Value 18

Lesson 4: Aspects of Culture & Society III 18

Starting Out 18

Learn about It! 19


History Maker 20


Putting Value 21

Real-world Challenge 22

Society and I: Self- Check 24

Wrap Up 24

Bibliography 25

Answers to Check Your Understanding 27

Glossary 28


GRADE 11/12 |Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

UNIT #3

Defining Culture and Society: The Perspective of Anthropology and Sociology The previous lesson introduced the different disciplines of the social sciences, their area of interest and their intersections. This unit delves deeper into understanding of anthropology and sociology, by analyzing their most basic subject matters: culture and society. It may come as surprising that these disiciplines can explain one’s daily life experiences. In addition, these seemingly theoretical fields of study can be applied in everyday’s life.

Fig. 1. Pintados-Kasadyaan Festival celebrated by the whole region of Leyte held every June “Tourism Marketing”. Department of Tourism. Accessed January 16, 2018.

http://web.tourism.gov.ph/special_marketing.aspx

Festivals are celebrated in the different parts of the Philippines. They usually showcase the history, major sources of livelihood, and unique dishes of a specific place. These highly anticipated events are among the best illustrations of culture. In this unit, we will learn about the different aspects of culture and how it is shared and transmitted to the members of society.


Learning Targets

In this unit, you should be able to: ● explain anthropological and sociological perspective on culture and society; ● describe culture and society as a complex whole; ● identify aspects of culture and society; and● raise questions toward a holistic appreciation of cultures and societies.

Lesson 1: Anthropological and Sociological Perspective on Culture and Society

The terms “culture” and “society” are introduced as early as the grade-school level in social studies subjects. In this lesson, a more complex definition of the concepts will be discussed. More importantly, one will discover how anthropologists and sociologists define and analyze these concepts in contrast to their daily usage.

• How do the fields of anthropology and sociology define and view

culture and society? • Why do cultural and societal practices change over time? • How is culture transmitted from one generation to another? • What are the roles of social interaction and language in the creation

and transmission of culture?


Starting Out

Form a group with your classmates with the help of your teacher. Choose one topic from the components of Filipino culture: dance, music, language, food, religious belief, or values. Prepare a performance for your classmates related to the chosen topic. After the preparation period is over, perform in front of your classmates and watch the performances of the other groups. Reflect on how the different aspects of culture relate to each other.

Learn about It! Social sciences like anthropology and sociology are interested in people’s behavior. Society and culture are among the most dominant forces that shape how people behave and act in given situations. Although one might use the term interchangeably, society and culture are two different but interrelated concepts. Defining Society and Culture Society is a collection of people having the same culture. For instance, the Philippine society, despite geographical barriers, shares general similarities in terms of day to day practices, beliefs, values, and moral conduct. Filipinos from the different parts of the archipelago are described to be jolly, hospitable to visitors, and family-centered. Such characteristics are just examples of the shared traits among Filipinos. However, these are just subcomponents of culture. Culture can be simply defined as a way of life, but E. B. Tylor defines it as “that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society”. As you may have learned from the activity at the start of the lesson, culture is an entirety of different phenomena practiced and shared by people in a group or society.


Culture is present in different forms. Material cultures are tangible objects significant to the society. They can be public figures, historical places, things essential to the everyday lives of the people or special resources exclusive to their place. The Philippines’ national symbols are good examples of the heritage and culture of the country. On the other hand, culture can also be in intangible forms, such as value systems, mores, and laws. This is known to be non-material culture. Norms are the standard of behavior set by society. For example, it will be inappropriate to speak casually to an elderly the same way one talk to his/her friend. Instead, Filipinos use terms of address like lolo/lola, and polite language with po and opo in between words. Filipinos do these, in addition to kissing of the hand or pagmamano. In most Western cultures, first name basis is used even when talking to the elderly. In contrast to norms, taboos are the forbidden behavior in society. In Filipino culture, the topic of sex is off the table due to its conservative culture.

Fig. 2. Philippine Five Hundred (500) Peso Bill “New Generation Currency Series (2010-Present).” Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Accessed January 16, 2018.

http://www.bsp.gov.ph/bspnotes/curr_ngc_banknote.asp

Money can be considered as a part of culture. As a complex whole, analyze how money is an important part of culture. You may focus on how money is present in the daily life of Filipinos, on the beliefs and values attached to them, or on the graphical illustrations that can be seen on them.


Theories on Culture and Society There are different lenses or theories used to view culture and society. Sociology uses three major paradigms in viewing society, and these are structural functionalism, critical theory, and the interpretive approach. Structural functionalism focuses on the interrelated parts of society and the important functions they perform to sustain its needs. Like an organism with different body parts, society has various institutions with unique roles for its survival. Robert Merton identified two types of functions that a member of society may perform: manifest functions and latent functions. Manifest functions are the expected outcome of social phenomena, while latent functions are its unintended effects. For instance, festivals are originally made to bring celebration in the community and to thank the Higher Being for a good harvest. As time passed, these festivals attracted local and foreign tourists to visit their place. Although in the contemporary times, these have been the motivations of political leaders in creating festivals. Thus, the said latent function is now becoming a manifest one. This latter situation can be considered as a latent function of festivals since it is not the original goal.

In contrast, critical theory is considered as a conflict theory since it focuses on the inequalities present in society. It sees culture and social as a mechanism of superior groups to further take advantage of other sectors in society. This can be changed and challenged by subordinate groups through revolutionary means. Karl Marx is one of the most prominent

Robert K. Merton was an American sociologist, who was highly interested in sociology and its theories. He served as a professor in various universities, such as Tulane University and Columbia University. Robert K. Merton was also the first sociologist to receive a National Medal of Science. He received the award in 1994. Aside from Robert Merton’s theoretical work on functionalism, Merton also developed theories on how different types of adaptation are related to deviant behavior. Some of his works include Social Theory and Social Structure, Mass Persuasion, and The Sociology of Science.


names associated with this theory. According to Marx, society is composed of people from different social classes. The proletariats or the working class must revolt and overthrow the ruling class or bourgeoisie to attain equality and his original idea of socialism. The two theories presented above view society in the macro level. Conversely, interpretive approach deals with micro interactions and relationships of people within society. It explains how people, as members of society, make sense of their world and attach meaning to it. This theory places premium significance to language and symbols that people use to communicate with each other. Herbert Blumer coined the term symbolic interactionism which asserts that relationships are facilitated by using symbols, interpretation and attaching meaning to one’s and others’ action.

Theory View on Society View on Culture Structural Functionalism Has different parts with various

important functions to maintain social order

Functional for society’s survival

Conflict Composed of different groups with prevailing social

inequalities that needs to be change in disorderly manner

Used by dominant groups to further rule society

Interpretive Played by actors that make sense of his world through

symbols

Communicated and interpreted by individuals

Explain the phenomena of festivals using the structural functionalism, interpretive and critical perspective of sociology.


Check Your Understanding A. Identify whether the following statements are True or False. If false, underline the word/s

that made the sentence incorrect. _________________1. The concept “society” and “culture” are terms with different but

interrelated meaning. _________________2. Anthropology has three major perspectives in viewing society namely

structural functionalism, conflict and interpretive. _________________3. Critical theory agrees to the existing social order and believes that we

can do nothing about it. _________________4. Karl Marx supports the theory of structural functionalism. _________________5. The interpretive approach can be considered as a macro theory of

sociology. B. The new K-12 curriculum has been recently introduced in the Philippine education system.

How do you think a structural functionalist would view this new social phenomenon? Include the latent and manifest functions of the K-12 program in the space provided below. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. As a senior high student, in what ways can you promote Filipino culture to others? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Putting Value

In a ½ illustration board, make a collage of Filipino culture. Make sure to show the aspects of culture as a complex whole, including its material and non-material components.

Lesson 2: Aspects of Culture and Society I (Dynamic, Flexible, & Adaptive; and Shared & Contested)

Culture is defined by the previous lesson as a complex whole. It is composed of different phenomena inherited by simply belonging to society. There are other characteristics of culture that will be discussed in this and in the succeeding lessons.

Starting Out

Divide a sheet of paper into two. Label the first column as Noon, label the other half as Ngayon. Choose among the following topics: courtship, language, clothing, and treatment of women and LGBTQIA (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex and Asexual) community. Write about the past Filipino cultural practices and beliefs associated with your topic in the Noon column, and write about the present cultural practices and beliefs


associated with your topic in the Ngayon column. What are the differences between the past and present practices? Have the practices and beliefs regarding your topic changed drastically?

Learn about It!

Culture as Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive From the activity above, one can see the changes in Filipino culture in terms of its different subcomponents. Change is inevitable even in the way of life of people in a society. Being dynamic and flexible is one of the aspects of culture. Meaning, culture changes as time passes. However, it is usually a slow process, especially in the case of non-material culture. In addition, changes in culture do not modify simultaneously. Cultural lag occurs when material culture innovates in the society but non-material culture towards it remains stagnant. In the Philippines, the use of contraceptives is still frowned upon by the general public, despite its availability and developments. Since the topic of sex is a taboo in the country, such materials are not being accepted by most Filipinos. One possible reason why cultural changes occur is to adapt to the present environment or to existing social situations. The adaptive feature of culture is essential to society’s survival. Rather than changing our biological characteristics, humans adapt through culture. For instance, Ilocanos are usually stereotyped as thrifty individuals. Although this is not always true about all people coming from the Ilocos region, this is reflected in their cuisine. Some Ilocano dishes have lesser ingredients compared to the recipes of other regions in the country. One possible reason is their environmental condition, since some parts of their land are not suitable for vegetable production. This shows how the food culture adapted to the environment.


Subcultures and Countercultures Not every group in society adopts cultural changes. In fact, some groups in society develop their own culture. This paves the way to subcultures and countercultures inside the general culture of a society. Subculture is the shared way of living of a subgroup in a society. For instance, each ethnic and indigenous group in the country has their own unique traditions. Although they share the general Filipino customs, they practice their own way of life in their communities. On the other hand, counterculture is a type of subculture which rejects some of the norms acceptable to the general public.

Cite an example of change in Filipino culture. What are the driving forces that led to its change? Was the change widely accepted?

The feminist movement, which existed from ancient times, has been one of the most influential countercultures in patriarchal societies and cultures, which tend to view men as more capable and tend to provide more privileges and opportunities to men. For instance, in the 3rd century BCE, Roman women occupied Capitoline Hill and blocked the entrance to the Forum, when the consul refused to repeal laws that tried to limit women's use of luxury goods. The feminist movement has been successful in gaining more rights and privileges for women throughout history, such as the right to vote, the opportunity to work in trades traditionally associated with men, and the right to education. In recent years, the feminist movement has been pushing for equal treatment of men and women in the workplace and the end of all types of abuse against women.


Check Your Understanding

A. Identify whether the following statements are True or False. If false, underline the word/s that made the sentence incorrect. _________________1. Filipino culture undergoes numerous changes, and will continuously

change in the future. _________________2. Culture is one way by which human societies adapt to their

environment. _________________3. Non-material culture is easier to change compared to its material

counterparts. _________________4. Countercultures reject some of the practices or beliefs of the society to

which they are part. _________________5. All groups within a society share the exact components of culture.

B. Think of an example of how Filipino society has adapted to its environment. Do you think

the adaptation was effective or is there room for further change? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. Why do you think there are people who do not prescribe to the general culture of the community? Moreover, how do you think society treats them?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Putting Value

Write an essay about the subculture of a group where you belong. It can be a religious or student organizations, ethnic groups, political parties, or fraternities. Compare and contrast the culture of your subgroup to the general culture of Filipino society.

Lesson 3: Aspects of Culture and Society II (Learned or Transmitted Through Socialization or Enculturation)

The preceding lesson discussed the aspect of culture being dynamic, flexible, and adaptive. In contrast, this lesson will further elaborate how culture survives and is transmitted from the past generations to the next.

Starting Out

Think of a tradition or belief that your family holds. Where did your family inherit that tradition or belief? How did it pass down to your generation? Write down your answers to these questions on a sheet of paper.


Learn about It!

Transmission of Culture through Socialization Culture is described as something that is learned by being a member of society. Unlike the system of formal education, where a teacher conducts lecture to transfer knowledge to the student, society teaches its members the different ways of life through different means. Culture can be acquired through socialization and enculturation. Socialization or enculturation is the process of passing culture from one generation to the next. Through socialization, members of society learn the behavior that is acceptable to the society where he/she belongs. In this stage, individuals internalize the values and beliefs prescribed by the society. On the other hand, learning the culture of another society is called acculturation. For example, Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) tend to adapt the culture of the country of destination while working abroad.

Agents of Socialization The different agents of socialization present in society are responsible in teaching its members how to act properly. These agents usually come in the form of social institutions. Social institutions are semi-permanent relationships in the society that endure long period of time. The number one socializing agent for an individual is the institution of the family. It is where an individual is first introduced to right and wrong actions, starting from birth and

Culture of a society survives from one generation to the next through socialization. Through this process, one learns how to be a member of society by following the standard behavior learned from different agents of socialization.


childhood. Parents can have the biggest influence on a child’s beliefs and values. This is especially the case in the family-oriented culture of Filipinos, which makes the family a primary consideration even up to adulthood. Educational institutions are also examples of agents of socialization. Formal teaching of good manners and conduct is done inside the school, from pre-school until college level. It is also where majority of children learn how to socialize with other children. Other examples of agents of socialization are one’s peers, the mass media, and religion. The agents of socialization are important parts of human life. As a member of society, socialization guides behavior even without the presence of others. Individuals who are not able to undergo the socialization process are called feral children. A famous example of a feral child is Tarzan who was raised by animals in the jungle. As a result, he is not able to speak and behave like a cultured human being. Instead, his actions are much like that of the animals. This shows that most of human behavior is nurtured and learned.

One of the earliest records of a feral child in the English language is the story of John of Liege, a boy who was said to have spent his youth alone in the Belgian wilderness. According to accounts made by Sir Kenelm Digby in 1644, John fled to the forest at a young age to escape enemy soldiers, but never returned to the village after the war ended. He lived alone in the forest for 16 years by foraging for berries and roots. At around age 21, he was found naked, trying to steal food from a farm. He was said to have developed a heightened sense of smell and have forgotten the use of language. After being reintegrated back to society, John was eventually able to learn how to speak again.


Check Your Understanding

A. Identify whether the following statements are True or False. If false, underline the word/s that made the sentence incorrect. _________________1. Culture is passed from one generation to the next. _________________2. Most of human behaviors are natural and innate rather than learned. _________________3. Feral children are highly cultured members of society. _________________4. Universities are examples of agents of socialization. _________________5. The process of learning one’s own culture is called enculturation.

B. Pick one agent of socialization that has made a big impact on Filipino culture and on you as

an individual. Elaborate how and why this agent has a great influence on the society and on its members. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. What is the importance of socialization to the members of society?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Putting Value

Write an essay about how the Filipinos’ sense of nationalism is affected by globalization. Cite some ways on how to preserve unique Filipino culture and traditions despite easier exchange of communication through the social media from one country to the next.

Lesson 4: Aspects of Culture and Society III (Patterned Social Interactions, Integrated

and at Times Unstable, Requires Language and Other Forms of Communication ) The preceding unit discusses how culture is transmitted from one generation to another through the process of socialization or enculturation. In this unit, the role of language and social interaction in the process of socialization will be discussed.

Starting Out

Let’s play pass the message. Form two or more groups with an equal number of members with your classmates. Each group should form a line. Assign one person to write down a message, and the first person on each line should read the message and memorize it. At the “go” signal, the first person should relay the message to the next person in line. The next members should pass the message to the person next to them until it reaches the last person in line. The group who passed the message fastest and most accurately wins the game. How do you think your group can successfully win the game next time?


Learn about It!

Patterns of Social Interaction Society and culture are developed through patterns of interaction. Within groups, the constant interaction of its members creates patterns of behavior. These patterns of behavior create relationships, and belongingness to the group is achieved by sharing these patterns of behavior. Culture is defined of as a complex whole, composed of the many things that people learn by belonging in a society. People coming from the same society share the same pattern of behavior. These patterns can be seen through arts, beliefs, values and many other facets mentioned in the previous lessons. Culture as Unstable and Contested Since culture is susceptible to change, it is at times unstable and contested. As mentioned in previous lessons, certain groups in society may hold subcultures that may reject the predominant culture in a society. At times, the development of non-material culture, such as beliefs and norms, may not catch up with the development of material culture. To help ensure that culture remains stable and integrated, language plays a very important role. Language is defined by Merriam-Webster as “a systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings.” In contrast to the usual conception of language, as merely being used only for speaking, language also includes signs, symbols and gestures with attached meanings that are shared by society. Through constant communication and interaction, people have agreed to behave in similar ways and eventually developed pattern of behavior. With the use of language, society teaches its members how to behave through verbal instructions, body language, or written rules. For instance, Filipinos nod their heads when greeting somebody on the street instead of saying hello. This contrasts with Korean custom of bowing their head.


Language also plays an essential role in transmission of culture. Language is at the core of this process since it is the way by which people communicate with each other. In fact, Daniel Everett called language as a cultural tool, an aid to get things done.

Check Your Understanding A. Identify whether the following statements are True or False. If false, underline the word/s

that made the sentence incorrect. _________________1. Culture is an integration of all the things learned by an individual from

his society. _________________2. Culture is just a subcomponent of language. _________________3. Language allows the transmission of culture to other members of

society. _________________4. Merriam Webster is an American linguist who sees language as a

cultural tool to provide solutions to man’s problems.

Language is comprised of signs, symbols, and gestures with attached meanings that are shared by members of society. These meanings may differ from one culture to the next.

Daniel Everett is an American linguist and anthropologist, who is well-known for his study on the Pirahã people of the Brazilian Amazon jungle. He also served as a professor of linguistics and anthropology at various universities. He has written various books on language, including Language: The Cultural Tool, which discusses his theory that language is not something inborn, but a tool developed by humans to provide solutions to their problems.


_________________5. Language includes gestures, such as waving. B. How do you think the presence of social media affects the exchange of culture in Filipino

society and across countries? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. What is the importance of socialization to the members of society?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Putting Value

On your social media account, share the most bizarre or unique word from your hometown/province or dialect with its meaning. Post it with the format, “In _______________, we don’t call it ____________. Instead we call it ________________________.” For example, “In Bicol, we don’t call it maganda. Instead, we call it magayon.” Submit a screen capture of this post to be monitored by your teacher. See how your friends will react and respond to your post and might lead to exchange of cultural ideas.


Real-world Challenge

Group yourselves into 4-5 members. Read the GRASPS situation below and perform the following tasks. Make sure to read the rubrics for the activity.

Goal: • Your task is to create a museum display of the historical record or artifact that you want to preserve.• The goal is to preserve a historical record or artifact from your hometown’s culture.• The problem/challenge is to make the display accessible or easy to understand for the viewers, so that they may also transmit the culture to other people by word of mouth. Role: • You are a conservator-restorer at a museum. • You have been asked to make sure that the rare artifacts from your hometown can be inherited by the next generation.Audience: • The members of the target audience are the museum visitors, both local and foreign. Situation: • The context you find yourself in is in a community where modernization and development is quickly changing material and nonmaterial culture.Product/Performance and Purpose: • You will create a display, artwork, or diorama on an example of a material or nonmaterial component of your hometown’s culture (ex. a tool, a document, an item of clothing, etc.) • You need to include a short description of the artifact or record and a short description of the plan to preserve this aspect of your hometown’s culture. Standards & Criteria for Success: • Your work will be judged by the following standards on the next page.


Criteria Beginning

(0-12 points)

Developing

(13-16 points)

Accomplished (17-20 points)

Score

Pres

enta

tion

The chosen artifact or record is a significant part of the community’s culture.

Content (Focus on details/events are clearly evident; it is clearly related to the topic.)

Organization (Logical progression of details/events; clear transitions between ideas.

Conventions (spelling, mechanics, grammar and usage)

Task

-Spe

cific

Creativity (Resourcefulness in the creation of the output/ activities)

Audience Impact (Generates interest regarding the chosen topic)

Team Work (Contributions from all members to the fruition of the work)

Total Score:


Society and I: Self-Check

Check I can…

Define culture and society anthropologically and sociologically.

Explain culture as a complex whole.

Identify aspects of culture.

Reflect

I find __________________________ the most interesting part of Filipino culture because __________________________________________________________________________. This part of our culture should be maintained because _______________________________. However, ________________________ is the part of our culture that needs to be changed/improved because ___________________________________________________________________. This can be done through _________________________________________________________.

Wrap Up

● Society is a group a people sharing the same culture. Sociology has three major theories in explaining society such as Structural Functionalism, Conflict and Interpretive.

● Culture can be simply defined as a way of life. Its most holistic definition comes from E. B. Tylor who described culture as “that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything


that a person learns and shares as a member of society”. ● Culture is dynamic, flexible, and adaptive, but it is also unstable and contested. ● Culture is learned through socialization, enculturation and acculturation. ● Language is the means of society to transmit culture to its members.

Bibliography

Andrews, Evan. "6 Famous Wild Children from History." History.com. Accessed on January 28,

2018. http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/6-famous-wild-children-from-history Blumer, Herbert. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. New Jersey: Pretence-Hall,

Inc, 1969.

Brunell, Laura and Elinor Burkett. "Feminism." Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed on January 28, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism

Anthropological and Sociological

Perspective on Culture and Society

Defining Society and Culture

Theories on Culture and

Society

Aspects of Culture and Society I

Culture as Dynamic, Flexible,

and Adaptive

Subcultures and Countercultures

Aspects of Culture and Society II

Transmission of Culture through

Socialization

Agents of Socialization

Aspects of Culture and Society III

Patterns of Social Interaction

Culture as Unstable and

Contested

Anthropological and Sociological Perspective on Culture and Society


"Daniel Everett." Bentley University. Accessed on January 28, 2018. https://faculty.bentley.edu/details.asp?uname=deverett

"Daniel Everett: 'There is no such thing as universal grammar'." The Guardian. Accessed on

January 28, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/mar/25/daniel-everett-human-language-piraha

Merton, Robert K. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: The Free Press, 1968.

“New Generation Currency Series (2010-Present).” Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Accessed

January 16, 2018. http://www.bsp.gov.ph/bspnotes/curr_ngc_banknote.asp Palispis, Epitacio S. Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc,

2007.

Ritzer, George. Sociological Theories. New York: McGraw Hill, 2010.

"Robert K. Merton." Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed on January 28, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-K-Merton

“The Adaptive Nature of Culture.” University of Manitoba. Accessed January 21, 2018. http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/courses/122/module1/adaptive.html

“Tourism Marketing.” Department of Tourism. Accessed January 16, 2018. http://web.tourism.gov.ph/special_marketing.aspx

Tylor, Edward B. Primitive Culture. 1st ed. New York: Dover Publication, 2016. Weitzman, Raymond S. A Review of Language: A Cultural Tool by Daniel L. Everett. The

Analysis of Verbal Behavior. 25: 185 -198, 2013.


Answers to Check Your Understanding

Lesson 1: Anthropological and Sociological Perspective on Culture and Society

1. True – Society and culture are concepts with different but interrelated meaning. 2. False – Sociology has three major perspectives in viewing society, namely structural

functionalism, conflict theory, and the interpretive approach. 3. False - Critical theory sees inequality in the existing social order. It can be overthrown in

a disorderly process. 4. False - Karl Marx is a proponent of the critical or conflict theory. 5. False - The interpretive approach is a micro theory, since it studies the interactions

between and among people, instead of trends in society as a whole. Lesson 2: Aspects of Culture and Society I

1. True - The cultures of all societies are subject to changes. 2. True - Human adaptation is mostly done through cultural practices. 3. False - Material culture is easier to develop, but its acceptance undergoes slow process

of adoption. 4. True - Countercultures reject some aspects of the culture to which they belong. 5. False - Some groups within a society develop their own culture, such as their own

dialect or their own practices. Lesson 3: Aspects of Culture and Society II

1. True - Culture survives by passing it from one generation to the next. 2. False - Most human behavior is learned from society, rather than being innate. 3. False - Feral children are individuals who did not undergo the process of socialization. 4. True - Educational institutions, like universities, are examples of agents of socialization. 5. True - Enculturation or socialization is the process of learning the one's own culture.

Lesson 4: Aspects of Culture and Society III

1. True - Culture is an integration of the things learned by the individual in the society. 2. False - Language is part of a society’s culture.


3. True - Language is a tool used by individuals to transmit ideas including culture. 4. False - Daniel Everett American linguist who sees language as a cultural tool to provide

solutions to man’s problems. 5. True - Language is the use of signs, sounds, gestures, or marks that have understood

meanings.

Glossary Acculturation - the process of learning the culture of another society Cultural Lag – the gap between the development of material and non-material culture Culture - shared patterns of behavior of people living in a society Language - shared signs, symbols, and gestures with assigned meaning used to transmit culture and ideas.Latent Function - unintended result of a behavior Law - codified norms and formal rules and regulation of society Manifest Function - goal or main objective of an action Mores – standard for moral values of people in a society Norms – standards and acceptable behavior in society Social Institutions - semi-permanent relationships in society that survive for a long period of time Socialization - process of learning one’s home culture Society - collection of people sharing the similar culture

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