Unit 1

Unit 1 NotesColonization of the New World

1st English Colonies

Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther – leader of the Protestant reformation, expelled from the Catholic Church, but his ideas spread and became known as the Lutheran Church.

• John Calvin - Suggested that the Monarchy should not control the church.

Economic Changes in England

• Manoralism• English nobles realized that they could make

more money by raising sheep than by renting their land.

• Enclosure Movement – landowners converted their estates from farms to sheep pastures and evicted the tenants.

• Created thousands of poor, unemployed beggars.

The 1st English Colony• Richard Hakluyt - Geographer who urged England to start a

colony in the Americas• England didn't control 1 square foot of America at the time

(late 1500's)• Said new colony would benefit England

1. Place to send petty criminals2. Allow England to build overseas bases3. Provide a market for English manufactured goods and a place to get raw materials4. Plant the Protestant faith in the Americas (control Catholicism)

• He forgot to say that the colony should be able to feed itself

The Founding of Roanoke• Roanoke founded by Sir Walter

Raleigh• Claimed land between the 34th

and 45th parallels for England (North Carolina to Maine)

• Named region Virginia (for England's virgin queen)

• 1585 - 1st colony began at Roanoke Island

• Roanoke and Croatian Indians lived nearby and provided help at first

• Colonist treated Indians with disrespect (conflicts ended in violence)

• Indians stopped helping and the Colonist almost starved to death

• Left after a year

Second Attempt• John White leads a 2nd attempt English artist convinces

Raleigh• People carry their families and invest own money• White had to return home for supplies

– His granddaughter (Virginia Dare) was the 1st English child born in America

• Had to wait a couple of years to return because of the Spanish Armada

• Everyone had disappeared when he returned – Only two signs CRO carved on a tree and the word CROATION on a

door• No one knows what happened to the colonist• Called the “Lost Colony”

England Plans for Colonies

• Queen Elizabeth died King James became King• James made peace with Spain enabled England to set

up colonies• Formed joint-stock companies to fund colonies• Virginia Company – British investment group with a

charter to start a colony in Virginia– investors – people who put money into project to earn

money– shares of stock – pieces of ownership in a the company

• Charter – written contract giving certain rights to a person or group

Jamestown (Chesapeake Bay)• April 1607 - 150 colonist settled in

Jamestown• Swampy location caused diseases• Looked for gold and refused to

work• Winter 1607 – Only 38 colonist

remained• John Smith took control of the

colony• Made rule requiring people to

work for food• Persuaded the Powhatan Indians

to give them food• Smith was forced to return to

England after burning himself

Chief Powhatan

• Powhatan – Native American leader who John Smith befriended in an effort to save the colony.

• Powhatan Confederacy – trade agreement between Jamestown and the Native Americans.

Jamestown • Spring 1609 - 600 more colonist

arrive – Only 60 survived the winter

• 1610 – Surviving colonist decided to leave1. Met new colonist on the James River 2. Persuaded to return

• New leaders flogged or hung colonist who neglected work

• Colony continued to grow due to Virginia Company’s support

• Began growing tobacco

Tobacco Saves the Colony

• John Rolfe – Colonist who crossed Brazil tobacco with harsh strain grown in Virginia (High Quality) 1. Demand for tobacco in England made it profitable

• Tobacco was the First Cash Crop • Tobacco created a demand for field labor

1. Headright System – Gave anyone who paid for their or another’s passage 50 acres of land (Increased immigration)2. Indentured Servants – People who agreed to a limited term of servitude in exchange for passage to North America

Tobacco Saves the Colony

• 1610 – 1st African American slaves arrived– Treated them like indentured servants – Not popular in the beginning due to cost (Cost

twice much as indentured servants did) • Late 1600s – Began importing slaves in large

numbers• Indentured servant population dropped• Colonist were wealthier

House of Burgesses

• Burgesses - representative• House of Burgesses - First elected general

assembly in American History.

Clashes with Native Americans • English didn’t want to

live with the Native Americans they defeated

• Leaders began demanding tributes and of corn and labor from local Indians

• Burned Powhaton villages and kidnapped hostages (Pocahontas)

• 1614 – Pocahontas married John Rolfe (Temporary peace)

Clashes with Native Americans

• 1622 – Powahaten Indians killed over 340 colonists 1. Nearly bankrupted the Virginia Company

• 1624 – King James revoked the Virginia Company’s Charter and turned Virginia into a royal colony1. Sent more troops and settler to strengthen colony

The Pilgrims• Separatists – religious group

that broke from the Church of England

• Sought freedom form persecution (bad treatment)

• 1620 – Mayflower landed at Plymouth– storm blew them off course

• Landed outside the limits of the Virginia Company’s– Charter didn’t apply to

them

The Pilgrims

• Mayflower Compact – people agreed to obey laws that were for the good of the colony – 1st in American history

• William Bradford - Leader of the Pilgrims

• Squanto - helped colonist plant corn, beans, and pumpkins in the tribal lands– Served as an interpreter to

local Indians and helped maintain peace

• 1621 – celebrated 1st Thanksgiving

Unrest in England leads to growth of colonies population

• 1620 - King Charles insisted that everyone worship the same as him

• Puritans - group that wanted to purify the Church of England– Wanted to rid the church of “Popish” traditions such as the

use statues, painting, and instrumental music.– Didn’t like celebrations such as Christmas and church

weddings– Thought playing games sports and games on Sunday was

sinful• King said that church and state were one (people

who questioned church’s authority would question the king’s too )

The Great Migration – period when many puritans came to America

• Most move to England’s colonies in the West Indies

• 1629 – Massachusetts Bay Company received charter (recruited Puritans to move to America)

• John Winthrop – led great migration to New England (became 1st governor of colony)

• Great Migration - 1630 – New England’s white population nearly doubled

Massachusetts Bay Colony (Established1630)

• John Winthrop served as governor • Commonwealth - people worked for the good of the

whole• People believed they had an agreement with God to

build a holy society “City Upon a Hill”– It should be an example of Godly living for all the world to see

• Brought their families with them • A Town Meeting was a time for voting on issues, giving

opinions, and setting governances.– Heart of the colonies

Colonial New England Towns• Congregation was the basic unit (people who belonged to

the same church)– Each Puritan congregation set up its' own town

• Towns built around an open field• Farmers lived in the towns and went out each day to work

in fields• Meeting house was most important building in town

(handled politics and church there)– When town grew too big for meeting house, congregation

divided and started a new town.• The Half-Way Covenant perpetuated the role of religion in

the colonies by continuing to encourage people to join the church (even though the church founders had passed away).

New England Way • Everyone was required to attend church• People who made noise were punished • Puritans believed in godliness, hard work and

honesty• Thought dancing and playing games would lead

laziness and sin• Bible was the source of truth so everyone should be

able to read it.• Required everyone to learn how to read• Drunkenness, swearing, theft, and idleness were

illegal

Challenges to the Puritans

• Puritans didn't believe in religious tolerance

• Roger Williams - said that the government should have no power over religious matters, fled Massachusetts and founded the colony of Rhode Island

Challenges to the Puritans

• Anne Hutchinson – declared a Heretic and banished from the colony for saying that each person could find divine guidance without the help of the ministry, moved to Rhode Island and founded the town of Portsmouth

• Killed by Indians in a war between the Native Americans and the Dutch

Disputes over Land

• Native Americans believed that no one owned the land

• Viewed treaties land treaties where they received gifts as agreement to share the land for a limited time

• Colonist saw the agreement as a one –time deal where they bought the land

King Phillip’s War • In 1675 the Plymouth Colony tried and executes three

Wampanoag for a murder which led to attacks by native Americans against colonist

• Wampanoag chief Metacom organized his tribe in an alliance with several others in order to wipe out the colonist

• Attacked and burned outlying settlements in New England • Native American were forced to surrender and flee after a

year of fighting1. Worn down by diseases, casualties, and lack of food

• Metacom was killed by a Native American ally of the colonist 1. Puritans exhibited Metacom’s head at Plymouth for twenty years

• English destroyed the power of the New England Indians

King Phillip’s War

• The reason for King Phillip’s War was that Colonists were trying to enforce British law on Native Americans

• The significance of King Phillip’s War was that few Native Americans remained in New England; many moved to get away from the settlers

New Netherland• Henry Hudson – explored the

area between New England and the Chesapeake and claimed it for the Dutch.

• Settled the area by patroons - a person who brought 50 settlers to New Netherland1. Had same power as a feudal lord

• Dutch profited from Fur trading1. Established Albany and New Amsterdam

• Peter Stuyvesant - governor of New Amsterdam (conquered New Sweden)

Seizure of New Netherlands

• England jealous of New Amsterdam's success ( It also divided their lands)

• King Charles the II decided his brother the Duke of York should take it from the Dutch

• Dutch gave up without a fight • Dutch of York becomes proprietor (owner)

renames it New York

New Jersey & Pennsylvania

• Dutch of York gave New Jersey to two of his friends

• King gave Pennsylvania to William Penn, Penn wanted a place for the Quakers to live without persecution

Quakers face Persecution (Quakers were a Puritan Group)

• Said that neither ministers or the bible were needed (each person could know God directly through an "inner light"

• Were treated harshly in Massachusetts (whipped, thrown in jail, parts of ears cut off and bored their tongues with hot irons)

• 1691 - King forced a new charter on Massachusetts (governor chosen by the King rather than elected)

The Quakers Settle in Pennsylvania

• William Penn received the land as repayment for a debt King Charles II owed Penn’s father

• Penn wanted place for Quakers to live• They were harassed by both Anglicans and Puritans • Gave every settler 50 acres of land • The government called for the establishment of a

representative assembly and freedom of religion• Capital of the colony was Philadelphia “City of brotherly love” • Recruited immigrants from western Europe • Thousands of Germans migrated to the colony

1. Brought craft skills and farming techniques• The colonies principles of equality, cooperation , and religious

tolerance eventually became fundamental values of the new American nation

Maryland

• 1632 - Maryland founded by Lord Baltimore, Wanted a place for Catholics

• Received a land grant from Charles I

• Colony was named after Queen Henrietta Maria1. Charles’ Queen

Carolinas and Georgia• Charles II gave 8 supporters

land between Virginia and Spanish Florida

1. Carolina - Feminine form of Charles

• 1729 - King took over Carolina charter and divided it into North and South

• 1732 Georgia was founded to act as buffer between Spanish and Carolinas

• Georgia founded By James Oglethorpe

• Debtors colony

England and Its Colonies Prosper• Colonies export raw materials,

Britain manufactures goods• Purpose of the colonies was to

make Britain prosper

• Mercantilism—economic system to make a nation self-sufficient- Nation obtains gold, silver, and establishes a favorable balance of trade

• Colonist began exporting goods directly to other European countries- Made more money

England and Its Colonies Prosper• British pass Navigation Acts in

1651 to control colonial trade- Required that all foreign goods pass through English ports - Required that all good be carried on English or colonial ships- Created jobs for dockworkers and ship builder

• Colonial merchants resented the laws - Continued to smuggle goods - Howard Teach became the most famous smuggler (Blackbeard)

New England

• Dominion of New England – created by King James, consisted of Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Rhode Island– A year later New Jersey and Connecticut was

added– Created to help enforce the navigation acts

• Run by a governor-general– He had all power over the colonies

Glorious Revolution• King James unpopular in England: is Catholic, disrespects Parliament• 1688 - James wanted to return England to Catholicism (gets kicked out) • Glorious Revolution—Parliament asserts its power over monarch, 1689

- Parliament crowns Mary (James’s daughter) and William of Orange• Glorious Revolution – showed that government was based on law not the

whims of kings - Authority of the king came from Parliament not God

Glorious Revolution• English Bill of rights (a list)

-No taxation without representation -No cruel or unjust punishment, - Free speech in parliament -No imprisonment without a trial, -The right to petition -The right to bear arms-The right to trial by jury

• Massachusetts colonists arrest Governor Andros and royal councilors • 1691 – England restored Massachusetts’ charter• King appointed a royal governor • Required more religious toleration and non-Puritan representation

in the colonial assembly • Ended Puritan persecution of other groups

England Loosens the Reigns • England turned its attention towards France after

1688- Competing for control of Europe

• Passed laws to tighten the Navigation Acts but didn’t enforce them - Smuggling trials in admiralty courts with English judges, no juries- Board of Trade has broad powers to monitor colonial trade

• Salutary Neglect – England didn’t enforce the regulations in exchange for colonies continued economic loyalty

Plantation Economy • Shaped the southern colonies

- Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia

• Depended on growing cash crops and slave labor- Tobacco and Rice

• Long, deep rivers allow planters to ship goods directly to markets

• Plantations produced most of what farmers needed on their property- Few cities grew: warehouses, shops not needed

• Southern population mostly small farmers

• Planters are minority but control economy

• By mid-1700s, growth in export trade makes colonies prosperous

Bacon’s Rebellion• The main cause of Bacon’s

Rebellion was when Virginia farmers wanted Native American land for larger farms and the government said no.

• The major long-term effects of Bacon’s Rebellion were that it expanded the Southern need for slavery and began a policy of pushing Native Americans west.

The Role of Women

• Women have few legal or social rights, little formal schooling

• Most women cook, clean, garden, do farm chores

• Rich and poor women must submit to husbands’ will

Turn to Slavery• Turned to African slavery after Indians died • Slaves—people who are considered the property

of others• 1660s – South’s labor system began changing from

indentured servants to slavery• New planter class gained power in Virginia (Cavaliers)• English colonists increasingly unable to enslave Native

Americans• Indentured servant price rises; slaves work for life, are

better buy • Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies

slavery

Turn to Slavery

• 3-way Triangular Trade network ties colonies, Africa, West Indies:- New England exports rum to Africa- Africa exports slaves to West Indies- West Indies export sugar, molasses to New England

Turn to Slavery• The Middle Passage—middle leg of transatlantic trade,

transports slaves - 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse, suicide- Slaves were crowded together (Many died)- Beaten if they refused to eat or tried to jump overboard- Overloaded the boats by 1/3

Growth of Plantations • Black population grew rapidly in the

Southern Colonies - Rose from 6 % in 1660 6% to Over 20% in 1700

• Plantation farming grew in South Carolina and Georgia

• Grew rice in the lowlands- Had to drain swamps and clear land - Plantation owners sought out slaves who were from Africa’s rice growing regions

• Grew Indigo in the uplands- Started by Eliza Lucas- Could raise it on land not suitable for rice

Life Under Slavery• Small Farms - People who owned only a few slaves worked

side by side with them- Shared same living area- Treated like indentured servants- Often taught to read and write and given chance to purchase freedom- Common outside the south

• Plantations -Worked in groups of 20-25 • 80–90% of slaves work in fields; 10–20% work in house or as

artisans- Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death - Owners beat, whip slaves considered disobedient, disrespectful

• Planters feared a slave uprising

Life Under Slavery• 1739 Stono Rebellion Slaves

rebelled near Charles Town- Killed planter families - militia defeated slaves (Killed fighting or executed)

• Passed Slave codes –Harsh laws that controlled the treatment of slaves- Prohibited slaves from leaving the plantation without permission- Forbid slaves to meet with free blacks- Forbid slaves to learn how to read or write

New England Colonies

Life in the New England Colonies

• Farming was difficult in the Region • Low mountains and rocky soil• Long cold winters• Atlantic ocean was their main resource

Fishing and Shipbuilding in New England

• Settlers switched from farming to fishing• Good harbors and rich fishing areas• Region had abundance of wood to build ships• Boston became the richest American colonial

town

African Americans in New England

• Little slavery in New England- Didn’t need large amounts of unskilled labor

• New England slave owners differed from Southern slave owners- Often provided religious and educational instruction

• More free blacks lived in New England than any other region- Became merchants, sailors, printers and carpenters

• Were NOT treated as equals to whites

Roles of Women• Women and girls did jobs associated with household

- Made candles, soap, and butter- Spun cloth, weaved, washed, and cooked

• Some women had special skills within the community- Helped deliver babies - Run a Dame school (Home where young children were taught to read and write)

• Widows, women who never married or wives of seagoing fishermen often entered business- Printers, merchants, carpenters, and ship owners

Changes in Puritan Society

• Late 1600s – New England had moved away from the church-centered society

• Caused by growing prosperity and the end of Puritan political control

• New Generation of colonist didn’t share their parent’s strict religious views- Valued wealth

• Puritan Ministers began complaining that their “city on the hill” was full of greedy merchants

Witchcraft Trials in Salem• In 1692 – Several young girls

made false accusations of witchcraft - Led to trials and hysteria

• Many accusers were poor who brought charges against rich

• Several victims were women considered too independent

• Hundreds of people were accused of witchcraft or dealing with the devil

• Nineteen people were hanged after being charged with witch craft during the Salem Witch Trials, showed that a society can create scapegoats for its problems

The Enlightenment

• For centuries philosophers used reason, science to explain world

• Enlightenment—movement in 1700s emphasized reason, observation

• Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through books, pamphlets

• John Locke – Natural Rights - Life, Liberty, and Property

The Enlightenment• Benjamin Franklin

embraced Enlightenment ideas- Kite experiment

• Franklin becomes symbol for Social Mobility

• Other colonial leaders also adopted Enlightenment views

• Thomas Jefferson used reason to conclude people had natural rights that government must respect

The Great Awakening • 1720 – Only 25% of New Englanders

belonged to a church- Lower in other colonies

• Educated men became lawyers and merchants rather than ministers

• 1730s and 1740s – New religious movement roared through colonies

• The Great Awakening was a resurgence of religion in America - Minister went from town to town - Held revival meetings and urged people to return to their faith

The Great Awakening

• Great Awakening was led by Jonathan Edwards - He described the agonies of hell and urged people to repent their sins- preaches people are sinful, must seek God’s mercy - Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

• George Whitfield – Traveled the colonies and gave “fire and brimstone sermons”

The Great Awakening• Great Awakening had several effects

- People returned to the church - A sense of equality among American arose- Everyone was seen as equal in God’s eyes- Many people began calling each other brother and sister- People began reaching out to African Americans and Indians- Jonathan Edwards became a missionary to Indians in Massachusetts - Interest in learning increases; Protestants found colleges

Middle Colonies

A Farm and City Life in the Middle Colonies

• Consisted of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania

• Region had a wealth of resources- Rich soil, good growing season, and several large rivers with good harbors

• New York City – Mouth of the Hudson River• Philadelphia – located on the Delaware river which drained

into Delaware Bay• Colonist came from farming traditions

- Germany, Switzerland, and Holland- Skills enabled them to produce large amounts of food for export- Wheat production earned the colonies the nickname “Bread basket”

The Importance of Mills • Mills –Machines that process materials such as grain• Lumber mills, iron works, paper mills and Gristmills • Most were ran by water power

- A few were ran by wind or animal power• Gristmill was the most common

- Ground grain into flour- Used two large stones (Could adjust the setting to make fine flour or course meal) - Largest mills were in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware

• People in Middle colonies ate about a pound of grain a day (3 times as much as we eat today)

Philadelphia’s Prosperity • Growing commerce and a supply of skilled artisans led to

small scale manufacturing in Middle colonies• Large Scale manufacturing occurred in shipbuilding• 1750 – Region led the colonies in shipbuilding• Philadelphia was the main shipbuilding area

- Philadelphia second largest city in British empire; has urban plan

• Used wealth to build a state of Pennsylvania house (Independence Hall)

• Lighted and Paved Streets• Established a fire department and library• Benjamin Franklin was behind many of the improvements

A Climate of Tolerance• Life was shaped by a number of groups

-Variety of Languages • Differed from the other two regions

- New England – Puritans / Southern – Cavaliers • Earliest settlers practiced religious tolerance

- Quakers in Pennsylvania and Dutch in New York • Quakers believed man and women were equal

- Many women became preachers- 1688 - Quakers were the first people to speak out against slavery

Life in the Backcountry

• Inland settlers differed from people on the coast

• Wore simple clothing • Spoke plain talk • Believed in equality, self-sufficiency and elbow

room

Geography of the Backcountry

• 1700s – Area along the Appalachian Mountains • Started at the fall line in the South

- Point at which waterfalls made river navigation impossible

• Piedmont was beyond the fall line - Broad Plateau leading to the Blue Ridge Mountains

• Numerous Springs and steams made it easy for small family farms to prosper

Settling the Backcountry• Indian traders were the first Europeans to move into

the backcountry• Deerskins were used as currency • Cattle ranchers and then settler followed the traders• Resulted in clashed between settlers and Indians • Many backcountry settlers became self-sufficient

farmers • Cleared land built log Cabin, and planted garden• 1600s =- People moved to backcountry to escape

plantation agriculture • Large estates were crowding out small farmers • 1700 – Scots-Irish became the first group of people to

go directly from England to the backcountry

Backcountry Life• Typical homestead was the

log Cabin- Introduced by the Swedes- Became common after the Scots-Irish arrived

• Ideal for Backcountry- Could be built quickly (Ax)

• Pegs lined the inside of the cabin- Used to hang family’s clothes (also served as decorations) - Sign of wealth or poverty

Backcountry Life• Clothing

- Women wore homespun clothing, and bonnets and went barefoot in warm weather - Men wore a long hunting shirt with large sleeves - Linen in summer deer skin in the winter - Carried a bullet bag, knife and tomahawk on their belt

• People in the backcountry treated each other as equals although some were wealthier than others - Called each by first name

• Spread knowledge through ballads, folksongs, and folktales rather than books

French and Indian War“Seven Years War”

Controlling the Mississippi• Wanted to keep England from expanding• Jean Baptiste de Bienville - oversaw the French settlements

- Fort at Biloxi- 1788 - New Orleans built

• France had two main access points to the American interior- St Lawrence River and the Mississippi River

Wars over Fur Trade

• England and France competing over the fur trade• Quebec – French settlement established for fur

trading• Indians caught in the middle• Iroquois were the most powerful Indian group

- Formed League of the Iroquois (consisted of 5 Indian Group)

• England and France fought two wars over the fur trade- Didn’t change the Balance of Power

English Population Growth

• Changed the balance of power between France and England

• Land speculators - began planning for a settlement in the Ohio Valley

• France began building forts along its rim to prevent English settlement

At the Forks of the Ohio• George Washington sent to

tell the French to leave.- Land claimed by Virginia- Governor ordered him to force the French out

• Washington built another fort (Fort Necessity)

• Battle at Fort Necessity – 1st battle of the French and Indian War- Became part of the Seven Years War

Albany Plan of Union

• Albany Plan of Union called for the colonies to unite

• Each colony would send delegates (patterned after the League of Iroquois)

• Colonies rejected the Albany Plan- Didn't want to give up power or pay taxes for joint defense

Early French advantages

• England lost its Indian Allies – They wanted to be on the wining side

• Controlled access to the interior• Used Guerrilla warfare

William Pitt

• Became England's Prime Minister• Spent large amounts of money on the war• Forced England into debt• Persuaded colonies to furnish more troops and money• England recaptures Fort Duquesne (rename it Pittsburg)

Battle of Quebec

• Most important battle of the war (turning point)

• Quebec seemed unconquerable (location)• England wins and goes on to take Montreal

Treaty of Paris (1763)

• Treaty of Paris 1763 Formally ended the French and Indian War

• England took France's lands east of the Mississippi

• Spain had to give England Florida (sided with France in the war)

• France gave Spain New Orleans and its claim to all of Louisiana west of the Mississippi

Pontiacs Uprising

• Proclamation of 1763—colonists cannot settle west of Appalachians

British Policies Anger Colonists

• Halt to western expansion upsets colonists• Tensions in Massachusetts increase over

crackdown on smuggling• Writs of assistance allow searches of ships,

businesses, homes- British had cracked down on smuggling during war

Problems Resulting from the War• Colonists felt threatened by

British troops stationed in colonies

• Prime Minister George Grenville sets policies to pay war debt

• Parliament passes Sugar Act (1763):- Duty on foreign molasses halved- New duties placed on other imports- Smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty court