Unfinished Business There are TWO classes this week – tonight December 4 (to make up for Remembrance Day) Test #3 webCT exam dates: Dec 8 (10:00) - Dec 13 (5:00) change in room: E610, E620 and E630
Dec 19, 2015
Unfinished Business There are TWO classes this week –
tonight December 4 (to make up for Remembrance
Day) Test #3
webCT exam dates: Dec 8 (10:00) - Dec 13 (5:00)
change in room: E610, E620 and E630
Review Question 1 You meet a 36 year old man who is a
chain-smoker. What might Freud say about this person?
A. He is fixated at the anal stage.B. He is caught in an Oedipus complex.C. He has an oral personality.D. He has a phallic personality.
Answer: C
Review Question 2 Rotter’s theory of _____ focused on people’s
differing beliefs that their efforts will result in positive outcomes.
A. Personal controlB. Personal constructsC. The locus of controlD. The cognitive-affective personality
system
Answer: C
Personal Control
Internal Locus of ControlInternal Locus of ControlYou pretty much control your own destiny
External Locus of ControlExternal Locus of ControlLuck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny
Methods of StudyMethods of Study• Correlate feelings of control with behaviorCorrelate feelings of control with behavior• Experiment by raising/lowering people’s sense ofExperiment by raising/lowering people’s sense ofcontrol and noting effectscontrol and noting effects
Review Question 3 How is the study of personality different from
the study of behaviour or biological processes?
A. One cannot use objective means to study personality.
B. The study of personality does not lend itself to explanation, only description.
C. Personality cannot be directly observed.
D. Personality is a false construct that has no place in science.
Answer: C
Review Question 4 Which of the following is related to a
higher degree of consistency in behaviour?
A. High self-monitoringB. Low self-monitoringC. ExtraversionD. Neuroticism
Answer: B
Review Question 5 The personality traits of shyness,
fearfulness and anxiousness have been associated with
a. The frontal lobesb. The amygdalac. The ponsd. The reticular system
Answer: b
Self-Concept
Is a cognitive knowledge structure schema (self-schema)
network of interconnected knowledge about oneself
cognitive aspect of self-concept integrated set of memories, beliefs and
generalizations about oneself
Self-Concept
working self-concept varies as function of:
which memories you retrieve, which situation you are in, your role in that situation, people you are with etc.
Inter/Independent Self-Conceptssome cultures place greater
emphasis on the collective self than on the personal self
interdependent view self inherently connected to other
people self-concept defined more by social
roles and personal relationships
Inter/Independent Self-Conceptssome cultures place greater
emphasis on the personal self Independent
view self fundamentally separate from others
sense of self based on feelings of being distinct from others
Self-Esteem
Evaluative aspect of self-conceptemotional response as evaluate
different characteristics about themselves
internalize values and beliefs expressed by important people in their lives (“reflected appraisals”)
Self-Esteem
Sociometer theory (Leary et al) humans have need to belong self-esteem monitors the likelihood of
social exclusionacts as internal monitor of social
acceptance/rejection is research support
low self-esteem highly correlated with social anxiety
Biological Basis of Self-Esteem
Twin studies - self-esteem moderately inheritable traits associated with self-esteem such
as extraversion and neuroticism have genetic components
serotonin levels affect self-esteem increased activity leads to increased
self-esteem/confidence
Maintaining Self-Esteem
Strategies self-evaluative maintenance
exaggerate or publicize connections to winnersminimize or hide relations to losersdistance self from someone who outperforms
them on task that is personally relevant
biased comparisonsevaluate self by contrasting actions, abilities and
beliefs with others to see where they stand
Biased Comparisons
downward comparison contrast self with people who are
“deficient” on relevant dimentionsupward comparison
contrast self with people who are superior
Maintaining Self-Esteem
Strategies self-serving biases high achievers
take credit for successblame failure on outside factors
low achieversattribute success on outside factorsblame failure on personal factors
Attitudes develop through:
direct experience/exposure “mere exposure effect”
classical conditioning advertising - pair positive image with
product
Attitudes develop through:
direct experience/exposure “mere exposure effect”
classical conditioning advertising - pair positive image with
productoperant conditioning
rewarded for behaviour
Attitudes develop through:
socialization Would you eat a worm?
Heritability genetic predisposition attitudes towards death penalty, jazz,
censorship and apartheid have high heritability components but not coeduation and straightjackets
inherit physiological characteristics that lead to certain responses
Attitudes Predicting Behaviour
When more personally relevant the more specific the attitude is formed through direct experience in line with normative social values when expression does not lead to
embarrassment
Attitudes Predicting Behaviour
implicit attitudes influence behaviour and feelings at
unconscious level
Implicit Attitudes Test
https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/
People possess dual attitudes: one automatic and unconscious one explicit
Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger)
Contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and behaviour
creates anxiety and tensionshapes behaviour and perception to
maintain cognitive dissonance ignore behaviour that refutes/contradicts
our beliefs accept uncritically info that confirms them
Cognitive Dissonance: Cars
Should the government be allowed to restrict car sales based on their gas use?
P. 87 instructors manual
Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger)
motivated to reduce anxiety and tension change attitudes change behaviours rationalize or trivialize discrepancy
Dissonance and Cars
Arguments for banning gas-guzzling cars by those who agree with this position -
Arguments for allowing gas-guzzlding cars by those who don’t agree with this position -
Confirmation-Hypercriticality Effect
If logical, would evaluate the sensible arguments from each side and discard those that were ludicrous or just wrong
Cognitive Dissonance theory predicts: will remember plausible arguments
supporting own position will remember ridiculous arguments
supporting opposing position
Pattern supported theory.
Changing Attitudes
Elaboration likelihood model to explain how persuasion leads to attitude change -
Forming Attitudes about Others
Impression formationattributions
causal explanations for why events or actions occur
basic need for order and predictability in livesjust world hypothesis“blame the victim”
Attributional Dimensions
Personal attributions internal or dispositional attributions
situational attributions external attributions
other dimensions stable vs variable controllable vs uncontrollable etc.
Attributional Dimensions
Actor-observer discrepancy biased towards situational explanations
when explaining own behaviourthe bus was early; my roommate took too long
in the shower; the traffic was backed up on Whoop-up
biased towards dispositional/personal factors when explaining behaviour of othershe’s lazy
Fundamental Need to Belong
Theory says need to belong is a fundamental motive “that activates behaviour and influences cognition and emotion” (p. 452
supported by anxiety felt when exluded social exclusion theory
anxiety warns individuals may be facing rejection from group
Need to Belong
Social dilemna need to belong - cooperate which
maximizes long-term interests selfishness - maximizes short-term
interests“cheater detectors”
abilities in social relationships/situations
Impression Management
Self-presentation - how we exhibit our personal characteristics before an audience
differences in extent of self-presentation high in self-monitoring low in self-monitoring
http://designweb.otago.ac.nz/grant/psyc/OBEDIANCE.HTML
http://home.swbell.net/revscat/perilsOfObedience.htm
Bystander Apathy
Kitty Genovese 38 witnesses who watched it happen none called police/tried to intervene
Lethbridge
Bystander Intervention Effect
Diffusion of responsibilityambiguous situation (potential social
blunder)anonymous vs identifiablecost-benefit trade off
Relationships
Proximity familiarity/mere exposure effect
similarityadmirable personality characteristicsphysical attractiveness
METHODS
Participants: Seventeen (7 Male / 10 Female) right- handed neurologically normal volunteers who reported being intensely in love.Stimuli: Photograph of the beloved (Positive) Photograph of a familiar acquaintance (Neutral) Count-Back task (count back by 7 from…) (Counts) Interviews: one week before and immediately after scanInstructions: think about him/her, recall events related to the belovedQuestionnaires: Passionate Love Scale (Hatfield and Sprecher,1986)
Affect Intensity Measure (Larsen and Diener, 1987)
Imaging: 1.5T Marconi (Phillips) Edge MRI system
Voxels: 3.75 x 3.75 x 4.0 mm, 20 axial BOLD and T1 images
Design: Neutral (30 sec), Counts1(20 sec), Positive (30 sec), Counts2 (40 sec); 6 repetitions, 12 minutesData analysis: SPM99 for individual, group and correlation statistics.
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Early-stage romantic love is a specific and Early-stage romantic love is a specific and intensely orienting state, a cross-culturally intensely orienting state, a cross-culturally universal phenomenon, and possibly a universal phenomenon, and possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. pursue preferred mates.
QuestionQuestion: Is romantic love an emotion or a : Is romantic love an emotion or a motivation? Bartels and Zeki (2000) did a motivation? Bartels and Zeki (2000) did a similar study, although of longer-term, less-similar study, although of longer-term, less-intense romantic love. They regarded it as an intense romantic love. They regarded it as an emotion. We hypothesized that it was a emotion. We hypothesized that it was a motivation to acquire a goal, a specific mating motivation to acquire a goal, a specific mating partner (Aron and Aron, 1991).partner (Aron and Aron, 1991).
QuestionQuestion: Is romantic love associated with : Is romantic love associated with dopaminergic systems (Fisher, 1998), as is dopaminergic systems (Fisher, 1998), as is partner preference in prairie voles (Gingrich et partner preference in prairie voles (Gingrich et al., 2000)?al., 2000)?
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
•Early-stage intense romantic attraction is best categorized as a motivation Early-stage intense romantic attraction is best categorized as a motivation system associated with varied emotions.system associated with varied emotions.
•Dopamine-rich regions play a major role.Dopamine-rich regions play a major role.
• "Wanting" and "liking" may be mediated by different regions of the VTA, "Wanting" and "liking" may be mediated by different regions of the VTA, and also lateralized.and also lateralized.
•Women tend to show activation in regions associated with attention, Women tend to show activation in regions associated with attention, memory recall and emotion; men tend to show activation in regions memory recall and emotion; men tend to show activation in regions associated with integration of visual stimuli and sexual arousal.associated with integration of visual stimuli and sexual arousal.
•Romantic attraction is an excellent example of parallel system activation, Romantic attraction is an excellent example of parallel system activation, including convergence of corticostriatal and midbrain dopamine activity in including convergence of corticostriatal and midbrain dopamine activity in the dorsal caudate nucleus.the dorsal caudate nucleus.
•This research may shed light on several medical and psychological This research may shed light on several medical and psychological disorders, including stalking and other crimes of passion. Romantic love disorders, including stalking and other crimes of passion. Romantic love may also be a useful tool in future studies of human reward mechanismsmay also be a useful tool in future studies of human reward mechanisms and memory.and memory.
EARLY STAGE INTENSE ROMANTIC LOVE ACTIVATES CORTICAL-BASAL-GANGLIA REWARD/MOTIVATION, EMOTION AND ATTENTION SYSTEMS: AN FMRI STUDY OF A DYNAMIC
NETWORK THAT VARIES WITH RELATIONSHIP LENGTH, PASSION INTENSITY AND GENDER
EARLY STAGE INTENSE ROMANTIC LOVE ACTIVATES CORTICAL-BASAL-GANGLIA REWARD/MOTIVATION, EMOTION AND ATTENTION SYSTEMS: AN FMRI STUDY OF A DYNAMIC
NETWORK THAT VARIES WITH RELATIONSHIP LENGTH, PASSION INTENSITY AND GENDER
725.27725.27H. Fisher1, A. Aron2, D. Mashek2, G. Strong2, H. Li3 and L.L. Brown4
1Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA2Department of Psychology/3Department of Radiology, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
4Department of Neurology & Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
C, caudate. VTA, ventral tegmental area. mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex. PC, posterior cingulate. p≤.002, uncorrected except VTA, p=.01
Specific group activations: Reward, attention and motivation (‘wanting’) systems Random effects analyses
Activity correlated with facial attractiveness (‘liking’) in the left VTA
Activity correlated with length of relationship
Contrasts:Contrasts: Positive
Positive
Neutral
8,421CountBack By 7
minus
minusOur study and the Bartels and Zeki study showed a common regional effect in the dorsal caudate (data not shown).
Our subjects in longer relationships showed a common effect with Bartels and Zeki (2000) in the cingulate and insular cortex. (Our study: mean 7.2 months; Bartels & Zeki, 28.8 mos p <.001)
Counts
11 22
33
44Men and women tended tobe different in a few areas
The VTA response shown in the time course resembles that of dopamine cell firing to a familiar reward and withdrawal of reward.
The nucleus accumbens was equally activated by the Positive and Neutral stimuli.
A working model of parallel systems activation during intense romantic
attraction
AC, anterior cingulate. PC, posterior cingulate. GP, globus pallidus. Inf fr, inferior frontal cortex.
C, posterior cingulate. CP, caudate. I, insula. OC, occipital. P, parietal. PF, prefrontal. S/F, septum/fornix. SP, superior parietal. T, temporal.
Parallel cortical systems converge on caudate (e.g. Brown, 1992, 1998) where activity is enhanced by dopamine, thus attaching behavioral significance to the image of the beloved. Dark circles show greatest convergence in dorsal caudate and tail. (Diagram after Saint-Cyr et al., 1990. Dotted lines= caudate)