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RIO
2012
STOCKH
OLM
1972
ANNUAL
REPORT
2011
United Nations Environment Programme
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02 Message rom the UN SecretaryGeneral
04 Introduction by the Executive Director
08
A tribute to Wangari Maathai
by the Deputy Executive Director
10Chapter 1:
2011: A year o transormation and progress
22Chapter 2:
Climate Change
34 Chapter 3:Disasters and Conlicts
44Chapter 4:
Environmental Governance
54Chapter 5:
Ecosystem Management
62Chapter 6:
Harmul Substances and Hazardous Waste
74Chapter 7:
Resource Eiciency
82Chapter 8:
UNEP in the UN
87 UNEP proiles
96 2011 UNEP publications
102Chapter 9:
Organizational Structure and Finance
107 UNEP senior sta 2011
108 UNEP Organogram
109 Index
112 Glossary
CONTENTS
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Addressing inequalities, overcoming poverty,
maintaining peace and building prosperity
or the entire human amily depend on
rejecting the old economics o heedless
pollution and the excessive exploitation o
the worlds natural capital.
The global population has reached 7 billion
people. In just five years, we will add another
hal billion people all needing ood, jobs,
security and opportunity. Environmental,
economic and social indicators tell us
that our current model o progress is
unsustainable. Ecosystems are under
stress. Economies are altering. We need to
chart a course that strengthens equality and
economic growth while protecting
our planet.
In less than six months, leaders rom
governments, business and civil society willmeet in Rio de Janeiro or the UN Conerence
on Sustainable Development. Rio+20 is a
onceinageneration opportunity to put
the world on a more sustainable path to
unep annual report 20112
MESSAGE FROM THEUNITED NATIONSSECRETARY-GENERAL
BAN KI-MOONUN SECRETARY-GENERAL
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expand on the blueprint provided by the 1992
Earth Summit and create the uture we want.
I expect UNEP to play a central role in helping
to deliver on the promise o Rio+20 by
continuing to provide the cuttingedge ideasthe world needs. UNEP is a pioneer o the green
economy, which is one o the themes o Rio+20.
It is also responsible or much o the science
on which a sustainable uture will be built
rom its involvement in the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change to its own Global
Environment Outlook amily o assessment
reports. It is essential that we act on the science
o sustainability.
This Annual Report shows the ull range
o UNEPs work or environment and
development. It also illuminates how the UN
system as a whole is increasingly Delivering
as One with respect to sustainability. Anyoneinterested in making green economy and
sustainability principles an integral part o their
decision making will find this volume rich in
theory and practice. I commend it to a wide
global audience.
unep annual report 2011 3
MESSAGEFROMTHEUNITED
NATIONSSECRET
ARY-GENERAL
The global population has
reached 7 billion people
We need to chart a course
that strengthens equality
and economic growth while
protecting our planet.
UN
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INTRODUCTIONBY THE EXECUTIVE
DIRECTOR
ACHIM STEINERUNEP EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Propelled by the global preparations or Rio+20,
set against the backdrop o the ongoing
economic and emerging employment crisis, 2011
marked a year o reflection and reengagement
on resh ways o scalingup and accelerating
sustainable development.
UNEP, through its Green Economy work
involving partners worldwide, provided to
the Rio+20 regional preparatory meetings
compelling analysis indicating investing two
per cent o global GDP in 10 key sectors o the
economy couldbacked by the right kinds o
creative policy switchesgrow economies and
generate jobs but in ways that keep humanitys
ootprint within ecological boundaries.
Indeed as the year closed, support or taking
orward the Green Economy in the context o
sustainable development and poverty eradication
at Rio+20 had gained traction across the vastmajority o member states.
The work also acted as a catalyst or improved
coordination within the United Nations System
in part via the Environmental Management
Group, which as UNEP Executive Director, I have
the honour to chair.
The EMGs two landmark reports in 2011one
on desertification and the other on the Green
Economyunderpinned a resh and evolving
determination o a One UN to put environmental
sustainability at the centre o its work. 2011 also
witnessed rapidly intensiying
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INTRODUC
TIONBYTHEEXECUTIVEDIRECTOR
debate among governments, civil society
and the private sector on the second major
theme o Rio+20an institutional ramework
or sustainable developmentwith UNEP
providing advice and support on the options
in respect to the international environmentalgovernance dimension.
The message rom the UNEP Governing Council
earlier in the year, and echoed through the
Rio+20 preparatory meetings, was that the
status quo is not an option.
The structures, architecture and deliverysystems ounded in a previous century need a
resh sense o realism and direction i the aims,
ambitions and opportunities o a new century
are to be realized.
In terms o strengthening UNEP as it stands
today, 2011 also marked a moment when many
o the reorm measures introduced in 2008really began to flourish.
An internal evaluation,
drafted in 2011, concludes that
out of 21 expected accomplishmentsin t he UNEP Programme of Work,
15 are fully achieved,5 part ially achievedand
The Multilateral Organization Perormance
Assessment Network MOPAN review was also
supportive o what UNEP has achieved so ar in
terms o, or example, resultsbased management
and project accomplishments.
This years annual report is also rich in cutting
edge assessments and projects, some o which
were launched several years ago but reached
completion or took on resh relevance in 2011.
Let me perhaps single out some o special
relevance and resonance or UNEP.
In August, we handed over the Environmental
Assessment o Ogoniland to Nigerian President
Goodluck Jonathanthe first report ever to
provide to the government and to the public
systematic and scientific evidence on the nature,
extent and impacts o oil contamination dating
back over hal a century.
We believe that the findings can catalyse not
only significant environmental and social
improvements in the region but a strategic
policy on how the oil industry there will
unction in a way that truly benefits the
lives and livelihoods o these communities
now and in the uture. The decoupling report
by the UNEPhosted International Resource
Panel estimated that the consumption o
natural resources will triple by 2050 to some
140 billion tonnes while highlighting some
countries that are starting to delink GDP
growth rom resource use.
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At the World Summit on Sustainable
Development in 2002, nations demonstrated
orward-looking leadership and governance
by requesting UNEP to spearhead a broad
partnership to phase out lead in petrol across
the developing world.
In 2011 UNEP supported a peer-reviewed paper
by scientists on the value to the global economy
o the phase-out: the answer, annually over 1.2
million less premature deaths and savings o
$2.4 trillion a year in terms o reduced health
costs to declines in criminality.
In a sense this brings the work o UNEP in
2011 ull circle, back to the Green Economy
with its potential to deal with multiple
challenges and assist the international
community realize and implement sustainable
development while ullling the promise and
the intent o world leaders when they met in
Rio nearly 20 years ago.
The environmental changes that have
swept the planet over the last twenty years
were spotlighted in a new compilation o
statistical dataKeeping Track of our Changing
Environment: From Rio to Rio+20.
The worrying decline in bee colonies in many
parts o the world, and the links to agricultural
productivity in respect to lost pollination
services, was also brought into sharp ocus
through a UNEP-led assessment that highlighted
12 possible actors rom losses o owering
plants to insecticides and air pollution.
UNEPs two assessment reports on the health,
agricultural and climate benets o ast action
on short-lived climate orcers were also in
many ways special, building on over a decade's
worth o work on black carbon and other
non-CO2 pollutants.
They and the emissions gap report or theDurban climate conerence ofer additional
shining examples o how the organizations
science base is responding to new challenges
and resh opportunities or member states
alongside the maturing and evolving
partnerships being orged with research
centres world-wide.
Oten, when environmental proposals are
made, there can be those registering concern
that the costs may be high or heavyyet oten
environmental action can trigger cost savings,
innovation and technology leaps.
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International Children's Painting Competition on the Environment 2011
The theme o the competition was "Lie in the Forests".
Gloabl winner by Trisha Co Reyes 13 rom the Philippines.
www.unep.bayer.com/en/international-children_s-painting-competition.aspx
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A TRIBUTE TOWANGARI MAATHAIIt was during the 1993 Vienna World Conerence
on Human Rights that I first met Wangari
Maathai. Our paths would cross many times in
the ollowing years.
She was a woman o great integrity, who set and
achieved high standards in all aspects o her lie.
Women today are striving to meet these kinds
o standards.
She was a trailblazer in so many ways:
becoming the first woman in East and Central
Arica to obtain a PhD and, in 2004, becoming
the first environmentalist to receive the Nobel
Peace Prize or, in the words o the Nobel
Committee, standing at the ront o the fight
to promote ecologically viable social, economic
and cultural development.
Throughout her work, she devoted just as muchtime to her role as a mother, bringing up her
children well.
So numerous were her achievements, I oten
wondered i she had more hours in the day than
the rest o us.
Wangari was the first to roll up her sleeves andget her hands dirty, whether or tree planting
or at demonstrations to ree political prisoners.
She was an unflinching champion o
democracy and was thorough, consistent and
unwavering in her belies and convictions.
AMINA M OHAMEDUNEP DEPUTY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
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For UNEP, she was an excellent partner who
never tired o supporting the organization'sideals, such as her copatronage o the Billion
Tree Campaign. She represented UNEP with
grace and conviction when requested.
Yet despite her heavy workload and long string
o commitments, you would never hear her
complain. Wangari took all the challenges o
her work in her stride. For her, nothing wasa burden.
Throughout her lie, people rom all
backgrounds would seek her counsel on issues
relating to the environment, development or
democracy. She always made time or them.
She is one o a small handul o individuals
whose legacy will truly be elt on local,
national and international scales. In Kenya, the
Greenbelt Movement she ounded continues
her work o championing womens rights and
the environment. The 30 million trees the
organization has planted to date across Arica
will stand tall in her memory.
Elsewhere in Arica, she championed the
continents tropical orests, calling or better
government management o natural resources,
such as in the Congo Basin.
The tributes that continue to be paid to her work
by presidents, prime ministers and other leadersare testament to the great impact she made
beyond her native Kenya.
Above all, Wangari will be remembered as
a great listener, an excellent teacher, a wise
counselor and a aithul riend.
TRIBUTET
OWANGARIMAATHAI
Ricardo Medina/The Green Belt Movement
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2011 proved a landmark year in which many o the transormational reorms, launched in 2008,
really began to bear ruit in terms o a transition to a resultsbased, more efective and moreresponsive UNEP.
Strategies to increase regional stang and unding under the theme o strategic presence also
registered wins as did the move to restructure and integrate the institutions work with the Global
Environment Facility GEF, within UNEP's divisions.
Meanwhile, the analysis and policy options to realize a sustainable century through the lens o a
Green Economy, in the context o sustainable development and poverty eradication, gained almostuniversal support as preparations or Rio+20 in June 2012 entered into high gear.
As the debate and discussion on Rio+20s other key themean institutional ramework or
sustainable developmenttook of, member states including their representatives at the UN in
New York, increasingly looked to UNEP to provide expert advice on how such a ramework
might be evolved and structured, particularly in respect to the International Environmental
Governance dimension.
The science base was strengthened through more ocused convening and partnerships in areas
such as keeping the global environment under review. Emerging issues and climate research
blossomed in 2011 through processes including the developing o the state o the planet Global
Environment Outlook-5 report; cuttingedge climate studies such as Bridging the Gap and the
Foresight Process chaired by the UNEP chie scientist.
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12011: A year o transormation
and progress
Corbis
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As UNEP enters 2012, governments and the
secretariat o the environment programme o
the UN can take credit or the act that 40 years
ater the Stockholm Conerence on the Human
Environment the organization has never been
better placed to meet the challenges and realizethe opportunities emerging our decades ater
its ounding.
It is also better equipped to meet the very real
economic challenges which have marked the
past three years due to the ongoing financial
and economic crisis, as a result o eciency
gains achieved in 2011, including among
others rationalizing stang levels in line with
government requests.
PERFORMANCEAn internal review completed in 2011 bythe new Oce or Operations in consultation
with the Committee o Permanent
Representatives has brought into sharp ocus
where important managerial improvements
have been made and the way orward
corporately as well as across the six sub
programmes that underpin UNEPs Programme
o Work PoW and its Medium Term Strategy
20102013.
Out o the 21 expected accomplishments
in the PoW, 15 have been ully achieved
including in respect to clean energy;
capacities to integrate ecosystem
management into development;
strengthening environmental law;
policy and control systems or harmul
substances, and stimulating demand orresource eciency.
Five expected accomplishments were
partially achieved including work on
climate adaptation, scientific knowledge
and outreach and seizing investment
opportunities or resource eciency.
One expected accomplishment was
insuciently met which was ecosystem
services and financing.
EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS
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Gender integration has also been scaledup
since the gender programme was introduced
in 2006.
Close to 75 projects now have gender
integrated in their activities or have
genderspecific activities.
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UNEPs main delivery vehicles are projects:
in 2011 there were over 150 active ones.
The results o around 115 are already being
monitored through the new Programme
Inormation Management System PIMS.
Out o these 115 projects, just over 50, or45 per cent, are on track with some o the
best perorming in the climate change
and environmental governance portolios.
14, or 12 per cent, are partly on
track with several o these in the
disasters and conflicts and resource
eciency portolios.
46, or 40 per cent, are behind schedule
and thus the object o priority corrective
management actions during the course o
the biennium.
Marine Current Turbines
PROJECT PORTFOLIO DELIVERY
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PERFORMANCE:CLIMATE CHANGESupporting the UN Framework Conventions
processes and decisions has been one o the
core activities, as has building the capacity
o member states in areas ranging rom
technology needs, accessing carbon markets,science, strengthening the ability to participate
in the negotiations and outreach.
Over the biennium, UNEPs climate change
work has urther ocused on flagship areas
Ecosystem Based Adaptation; Clean Tech
Readiness and readiness or taking part in
Reduced Emissions rom Deorestation andForest Degradation REDD+ initiatives.
By 2011, UNEP was assisting 20 countries
to implement clean energy and energy
e cient policies and activities including
Argentina, Bangladesh and Vietnam
exceeding the indicator target by 4 and up
rom 8 in 2009.
In 2011, UNEP had mobilized over
$200 millionworth o clean energy
investments, up rom $100 million in 2009
and exceeding the indicator target.
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Corbis
Total UNEP spending on t his
sub-programme was
$84 mil lionor just over
80 per centof t he allocation in 2010-2011
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UN-REDDwhich involves UNEP, UNDP
and FAOhas expanded beyond Bolivia,
Indonesia, the Democratic Republic of
Congo and the other nine pilot countr ies to
provide support in over a dozen nations.
related web sites has grown from 45,000 in 2009 to close to 170,000 in
The number of UNEP climate assessments cited as being incorporated int o
development plans has climbed from 5 in 2009 to 12, slight ly falling shortof the indicator target of 14.
The number of countr ies now having concrete adaptation plans is 4
realism in terms of pin-point ing where UNEP has actually int ervened.
The African Carbon Asset Development Facility, founded by UNEP in 2009 and it s Risoe
government, had by 2011 approved over a dozen projects ranging from a cement fuel switching
project in Kenya to a solar l ighting one in Rwanda.
To date, over 70 high-quality project applications and expressions of interest have been submit ted
from 20 Afr ican countr ies including 14 Least Developed Countries to the Facilit y.
of Nationally Appropriate M it igation Actions, is supporting well over 30 developing countries
Funding mobilized for emissions cuts from land use and forestry including via the UNs capacity-
building and technical assistance programme Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradat ion (UN-REDD) was $150 mill ion in 2011, exceeding the $50 mil lion t arget and up from
$25 million in 2009.
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DISASTERSAND CONFLICTS
In 2011, UNEP continued to expand the deliveryo stateotheart assessments and fieldbased
capacity building and technical support covering
countries including Aghanistan and Haiti.
Total spending was $36 million or 95 per cent o
the 20102011 allocation.
The amount o international unding
pledged to UNEP or activities in which the
environment is used to reduce conflict and
disaster risk totalled just under $10 million
in 2011, up rom $2.6 million in 2009an
increase o over 250 per cent.
UNEP is assisting 16 countries o which 12
have adopted policies to mitigate postconflictand postdisaster environmental risks
this amounts to 75 per cent o the 16
countries concerned, 15 per cent below the
indicator target.
The percentage o interagency post crisis
needs assessments and early recovery plans
actoring in and pricing environmentaldamage has grown rom 75 per cent to
100 per cent, 10 per cent more than the
target indicator.
The Environment and Security Initiative, a broad
partnership to which UNEP is the secretariat,
is also assisting 20 countries in the broader
European region, including Central Asia.
Total unding between 20102011 was around
$8.7 million
ECOSYSTEMMANAGEMENT
Mainstreaming the ecosystem approach intonational planning and budgets through UNEP
projects and building on some o the pioneering
work o the UNEPhosted project, The Economics o
Ecosystems and Biodiversity, proved one o the more
challenging exercises or UNEP in 20102011.
Indicator targets set in areas such as ecosystem
services and financing may have, in hindsight,
been overambitious and several key projects in the
subprogramme also sufered rom a lack o unding.
Total expenditure or ecosystem management in
20102011 was $66 million or just over 90 per cent o
the allocation.
UNEP asssted in increasing the number
o national development plans integrating
ecosystem services as an important
component to 14 in 2011exceeding the
indicator target by 4.
The number o countries with assessment
capabilities to identiy changes in ecosystem
services has grown rom 25 in 2009 to 29 in
2011, two short o the indicator target.
The goal o assisting six countries to actor
priority ecosystem services into medium term
budget allocations was insu ciently met with
only one country achieving this.
the Consolidated Appeal Process in South Sudan
of UNEPs support .
UNEP has screened over 820 projectsin Sudan and provided guidance to t he
UN system on over 480in order to mit igateenvironmental impacts.
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ENVIRONMENTALGOVERNANCEAreas such as assisting governments to
achieve their environmental goals;
incorporating the environment into UN
Development Assistance Frameworks UNDAFs;
supporting the work o the Multilateral
Environment Agreements MEAs and
boosting coherence; and a One UN approach
in respect to the environment, met and in
many cases exceeded the indicator targets set
by the institution.
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The evolving role and increasing relevance and effectiveness of t he UNs Environmental
Global Drylands aimed
and the other, Work ing Towards a Balanced and Inclusive Green Economy.
Total expenditure was$95 mill ionor over 90 per cent of the2010-2011 allocation.
The number of envir onmental policy issues tar geted by UNEP that are now
addressed in a complementary manner by other UN ent it ies and MEAs rose from 6
in 2009 t o 10 exceeding the target for 2011 by 2.
The number of policies and legislative act ions draf ted by governments as a result
of UNEP support rose fr om 12 in 2009 to 24 in 2011 8 more than thetarget indicator.
The number of inter national organizations, operating sub- regionally, regionally or
globally, applying UNEP guidance has climbed fr om 10 in 2009 to 16.
By 2011,50 countr ies requested support fr om UNEP with national developmentplans that include envir onmental sustainabilit y up from 18 in 2009.
17countr ies have included environmental sustainabilit y in t heir developmentpolicies wt h support fr om the Povert y and Envir onment Initiative and the numberof UNDAFs incor porating envir onmental issues in count r ies where UNEP has
14 more than the target indicator and30 more than in 2009.
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HARMFULSUBSTANCESAND HAZARDOUS
WASTEThe strong perormance o the subprogramme
is evidenced by the increasing number o
countries engaging in the various chemicals
and waste MEAsnotably the Stockholm,
Rotterdam and Basel conventionsas well as
in the Strategic Approach to International
Chemicals Management.
Meanwhile, the wide range o guidance and
tools relating to harmul substances and
hazardous wastes that have been successully
prepared and deployed by UNEP and its
partners resulted in multiple requests or urther
assistance and support.
Total expenditure was $52 million or
100 per cent o the 20102011 allocation.
By 2011, the number o countries and
businesses which have strengthened their
ability to better manage chemicals and
hazardous wastes through the SAICMreporting process stood at 162, 92 more
than in 2009 and more than 60 above the
target indicator.
Over 140 projects in 103 countries have
been approved or unding under the
SAICM Quick Start programme, up rom
75 in 2009 and over 40 more than the
target indicator or 2011.
Nearly 50 countries have adopted
incentives and other marketbased
policies to promote environmentally
riendly products and processes that
reduce releases o and exposure to harmul
chemicals and hazardous wastesup rom
just over 30 in 2009.
The number o governments and other
stakeholders applying UNEP policy advice,
guidelines and tools rose to just under 100 in
2011, up rom 50 in 2009 and well above the
indicator target.
By 2011, 10 additional hazardous substances
were put on the international chemicals
agenda against an indicator target o 3.
RESOURCEEFFICIENCYThe Resource Eciency and Sustainable
Consumption and Production subprogramme
made good progress on mainstreaming resource
eciency, including sustainable consumption
and the Green Economy. Good progress was
made in working with business and the financial
community and in promoting the liecycleapproach including capacitybuilding work
on ecolabelling.
The International Resource Panel launched
two assessment reports, one on decoupling
natural resource use and environmental impacts
rom economic growth; and one on recycling
rates o metals.
At a global level, the consensus reached on a
10 year Framework o Programmes on Sustainable
Consumption and Production during CSD 19
though not ormally adoptedis the result o
UNEP and partners eforts that have worked or
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global recognition o sustainable consumption
and production practices as an objective or
sustainable development.
Total expendit ure was
$59 mil lion or 97 per centof t he 2010-2011 allocation.
The number of nati onal and local governments
support ed to adopt policies, regulat ions, or
economic instruments promot ing resource
production was46, exceeding thetarget of 20
The number o businesses supported in
adopting resourcee cient management
practises was 330, exceeding the target o 300.
30 governments exceeding the target and
216 largescale businesses more than double
the target were supported to make investments
and are adapting technologies avouring
resource e ciency or sustainable productionand consumption.
The number o national cleaner production
centres adding the business case or
resource e ciency and / or sustainable
consumption and production to their portolio
o activities and advisory services was 14, one
short o the target.
17 national and local governments exceeding
the target o 15 and 242 businesses ar
exceeding the target o 100 have adopted
regulations, economic instruments or voluntary
measures influencing customer purchases.
UNEP GEF
RESTRUCTURINGUNEPs Division o the Global Environment
Facility DGEF was disbanded at the
beginning o 2011 as part o a key reorm
aimed at mainstreaming, anchoring and
making the institutions GEFunded activities
more relevant and responsive to UNEPs
overall activities.
The decision is already delivering positive
results, improved perormance and positively
changing the way UNEP works.
By the end o 2011, 60 per cent or nearly
$96 million o the $170 millionworth o
projects submitted to the GEF or supportwere blended with UNEPs cross divisional
activities a rise rom an average o around
11 per cent over previous years.
12 staf rom across UNEPs divisions
are now collaborating with GEF staf
in order to prepare projects in areas
rom disasters and conflicts to
chemicals and access and benefit
sharing o genetic resources.
The ormer Directorate o the
DGEF consisted o 11 staf: the
new GEF Coordination O ce
employs seven which represents a36 per cent reduction.
In 2011 several key UNEP/GEF unded
projects were completed.
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unep annual report 2011 19
Water unds or improved management
o ecosystems have been established
between communities and municipalities
in Latin America.
In partnership with the GLOBE
International Commission, a capacity
building project has led to increased
commitment to legislative change among
parliamentarians in 40 countries in
respect to global environmental issues.
A project in the Bahamas has increasedmarine protected areas including the new
Westside National Park by 250 per cent
to over 550,000 hectares in support o
global targets under the Convention on
Biological Diversity.
The Arica Cogeneration project, aUNEP and Arican Development Bank
initiative, has made investments worth
close to $21 million and realized over
20 Megawatts o cogeneration.
SCIENCE
THE FORESIGHTPROCESS:21 EMERGING ISSUES
FOR THE 21ST CENTURYIn 2011, UNEP undertook a significant
consultative exercise to more comprehensively
identiy and rank areas o likely uture
environmental change and ones which need to
be firmly on the radar o policymakers.
The Foresight Process brought together a panel
o 22 distinguished scientists drawn rom
developed and developing countries to review an
initial list o 95 emerging issues.
The process was inormed by experts withinUNEP and close to 430 external scientists who
responded to a questionnaire.
The 21 issues identified and rated by the Panel
will now inorm UNEPs current and uture PoW.
They include:
Aligning governance to the challenges o
global sustainability.
New challenges or ensuring ood saety
and ood security or 9 billion people.
Managing the unintended consequenceso climate change mitigation and
adaptation.
The new rush or land: responding to new
national and international pressures.
Solving the impending scarcity o strategicminerals and avoiding electronic waste.
The decommissioning o nuclear reactors
and their environmental consequences.
Coping with migration caused by new
aspects o environmental change.
Consequences o glacier retreat: economic
and social impacts.
www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/
ForesightReport/
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STRATEGICPRESENCEEVOLVING UNEP DELIVERYIN THE REGIONS
Significant progress has been made in realizing
the strategic presence policy adopted in 2009.
The financial and human resources o the
UNEP regional and country o ces have
been increased in order to assist regions
and countries in areas such as enhanced
capacitybuilding and technology support;
execution o projects including ones supported
by GEF and implementation o MEA policies,
targets and timetables.
The strategic presence policy has also assisted
UNEP make important strides in building
One UNEP and the UNs Delivering as Onethrough or example working with a wider
number o UN Country teams and contributing
to UNDAFs.
In 20082009, the number o staf working
in the regions stood at 240,
up 22 per cent rom 20062007.
By the end o 2011, that number had
increased to close to 260a urther
rise o 8 per cent.
The largest increase in sta ng numbers,
achieved mainly through outposting rom the
centralized divisions, has occurred in Arica, AsiaPacific and Latin America and the Caribbean.
Since 2006 the funding rom the
Environment Fund to the regional o ces,
excluding staf costs, has grown rom $10
million to around $15 million in 2011.
Over the same period, extra budgetary
allocations have climbed by around a
third rom just under $40 million to over
$60 million.
HUM AN RESOURCES :
+32 per centOverall regional human resource increase
+30 per cent
4 to 45Increase in number of professional out -posted
staff fr om Divisions
+20 per centProfessional project staff increase:
14
Support staff increase:
+7 per cent
+17 per centfor out posted support staff
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12011:
AYEAROFTRANS
FORMATIONANDPROGRESS
unep annual report 2011 21
PERFORMANCE
THE INDEPENDENTMOPAN REVIEWIn 2011, the Multilateral Organization
Perormance Assessment Network MOPAN,
led by Switzerland and the UK, assessed
UNEP based on inormation collected at
its headquarters and in eight countries:
Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Burundi, Ecuador,
Nepal, Peru, and Tanzania.
The survey targeted UNEPs direct partners,
peer organizations and MOPAN donors based
incountry and at headquarters.
SOME KEY MOPAN FINDINGS
UNEP has made considerable progress inbecoming a more results-orientedorganization.
UNEPs new matrix management approach also
provides a more coherent and resultsoriented
approach to programming.
UNEP was rated highly or mainstreaming
environmental governance and integratinggender equality as thematic priorities in to
policies, projects and programmes.
UNEP is highly valued by its stakeholders or
its contributions to policy dialogue, its respect
or partner views and perspectives and its
significant inluence on environmental policies.
UNEPs Programme Perormance Reports
present generally clear inormation on
progress toward expected accomplishments
but UNEP needs to strengthen the use o
perormance inormation.
The organization could strengthen and make
more evident its process or resource allocation.
UNEP has developed a partnership strategy to
institutionalize and enhance its engagement
and collaboration with partners.
It manages relationships with a complex
array o partners: governments; businesses
and industries, academic and research
institutions, local authorities, parliamentarians,
international nongovernmental organizations,and intergovernmental organizations, including
UN agencies.
UNEPs Evaluation O ce works independently
rom programmatic divisions and meets UN
norms and standards or independence. It has
also established acceptable approaches to
ensure the quality o evaluations.
Many stakeholders agree that UNEP ofers
a global reerence point on a wide range o
critical environmental issues o concern or the
international community and commended the
organization or the way it uses its normative
role and related scientiic expertise.
UNEP has integrated a ocus on human well-
being in a number o initiatives such as its
Green Economy Initiative and the Poverty and
Environment Initiative. However, there is no
evidence o a wider programmatic approach or
organizational policy in this area.
Many respondents mentioned UNEPs
contributions to policy dialogue and its
significant influence on environmental
policies. Its contributions to policy dialogue
also received the highest score o all key
perormance indicators in the survey.
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2 ADDRESSING THE CLIMATECHANGE CHALLENGEThe climate change subprogramme ocuses onstrengthening the ability o countries, particularlydeveloping countries, to integrate climate change responses
into national development processes.
RESULTS TARGETEDMitigating Climate Change
UNEP supports countries in making sound policy, technology
and investment choices that lead to greenhouse gas emission
reductions, with a ocus on scaling-up clean and renewable
energy sources, energy eiciency and energy conservation.
Reducing Emissions rom Deorestation and Forest
Degradation (REDD)
UNEP supports developing countries to reduce
emissions rom deorestation and degradation throughthe development o REDD+ strategies, including the
consideration o parallel beneits such as biodiversity
and livelihoods. UN-REDD is the vehicle or this initiative,
in partnership with the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO).
unep annual report 201122
CLIMATE CHANGE
TOTAL EXPENDITURE 2011
CLIM ATE CHANGE
$50,965,000
000s
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2CLIMATECHANGE
unep annual report 2011 23
Adapting to Climate Change
UNEP assists countries reduce their vulnerability
and use ecosystem services to build natural
resilience against the impacts o climate change.
Enhancing scientiic knowledgeand communication
UNEP works to improve understanding o climate
change science and raise awareness o the
impacts o climate change among policy-makers
and the public.
2011THE YEAR INCLIMATE CHANGE
The findings o the twopart study, REDDy
Set Grow: Opportunities and Roles
o Financial Institutions in Forest-Carbon
Markets, stressed that the financial sectormust step up its engagement in the
emerging green market, and made the case
or its improved regulation to acilitate
this, as well as calling or Forestrybased
Carbon Markets.
UNEP released a Guide or Practitioners on
Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation
into Development Planning. Drawing
on experience and lessons learned by
the UNEPUNDP PovertyEnvironment
Initiative, the guide provides practical
guidance on how governments and
other national agencies can mainstream
climate change adaptation into nationaldevelopment planning.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, established by UNEP and WMO,
launched its Special Report on Renewable
Energy Sources and Climate Change
Mitigation (SRREN). The report indicated
that under the most optimistic scenario
close to 80 per cent o the world's energy
supply could be met by renewables
by midcentury i backed by the right
enabling public policies.
A UNEPWorld Meteorological
Organization report Integrated
Assessment o Black Carbon and
Tropospheric Ozone, launched in
midJune, revealed that ast action on
pollutants such as black carbon and
methane may help limit near termglobal temperature rise and significantly
increase the chances o keeping
temperature rise below 2 Celsius, and
perhaps even 1.5 degrees.
Under the Caring or Climate initiative,
UNEP, UN Global Compact, Oxam and
the World Resources Institute launched ajoint report entitled Adapting or a Green
Economy: Companies, Communities
and Climate Change, highlighting the
importance o climate change adaptation
to companies and identiying how
climate adaptation ofers competitive
advantages to businesses worldwide. With
nearly 400 signatories, Caring or Climate
is the worlds largest voluntary business
and climate initiative.
In the run up to the UN climate convention
in Durban, South Arica, UNEP launched
the report HFCs: A Critical Link in Protecting
Climate and the Ozone Layer. The reportprojects that by 2050 HFCs could be
responsible or emissions equivalent
to 3.5 to 8.8 Gigatonnes Gt o carbon
dioxide Gt CO2eq comparable to total
current annual emissions rom transport,
estimated at around 67 Gt annually.
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The report Bridging the Emissions Gap
was launched in the run up to Durban and
became an important reerence point or
the negotiations. It showed that cuttingemissions by 2020 to a level that could
keep a global, 21st century, temperature
rise under 2 Celsius is technologically
and economically easible, but that
current pledges and ambitions let a gap
o 6 to 11 gigatonnes. Accelerated uptake
o renewable energy, uel switching and
energy e ciency improvements candeliver a large slice o the necessary
cuts. Other measures include sectoral
improvements ranging rom increased
penetration o public transport and
more uele cient vehicles to ones in
areas, such as, agriculture and waste
management. The report cites aviation
and shipping as a special but importantcase, as currently these international
emissions all outside the Kyoto
Protocolthe emission reduction treaty.
The report Actions or Controlling
Short-Term Climate Forcers was the
last preCOP17 report to be launched.
It presented a package o 16 measures
which could, i ully implemented across
the globe, save close to 2.5 million lives
a year; avoid crop losses amounting to
32 million tonnes annually and deliver
nearterm climate protection o about hal
a degree C by 2040.
During the Durban Climate meeting,
UNEP launched Women at the Frontline
o Climate Change. According to the
report, women, particularly those living
in mountain regions in developing
countries, are acing disproportionately
high risks to their livelihoods and health
rom climate change, as well as associated
risks such as human tra cking.
The Durban climate talks ended with hope
or a new more comprehensive legally
binding agreement. Several important
steps orward were agreed on including an
agreement to negotiate a new and more
inclusive treaty and the establishment o
a Green Climate Fund. The outcome inDurban however has let the world with
some serious and urgent challenges i a
global temperature rise is to be kept under
2 Celsius in the 21st century.
UNEP successully set up climate change
networks in SE Asia and Latin America
and the Caribbean, with work under wayto launch similar networks in Arica and
West Asia. The Southeast Asia Network o
Climate Change Focal Points SEAN-CC
will improve the development and
exchange o knowledge among experts
and proessionals in members o the
ASEAN regional group. The Regional
Gateway or Technology Transer and
Climate Change Action in Latin America
and the Caribbean REGATTA aims to
improve efectiveness and cooperation in
existing networks in the region.
In association with the Frankurt School o
Finance & Management, UNEP launcheda new Collaborating Centre or Climate &
Sustainable Energy Finance. Its goal is to
work with financial institutions to develop
costefective ways to reduce energy
related carbon emissions through access
to energy investments and markets.
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2CLIMATECHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGEHIGHS AND LOWS
PERUIts oten sealevel communities who are seen as
the most threatened by climate change.
But those at altitude are at risk too. Indeed, it is
at the extremes o human settlement that the
first indications o how climate change afects
peoples lives are being elt.
Peru will have increased temperatures, reduced
rainall, rising sea levels and increased requencyo extreme weather due to climate change.
In Peru, UNEP is working with UNDP, FAO and
PAHO/WHO to monitor and mitigate the efects
o climate change among the communities o
the High Andes.
unep annual report 2011 25
Part o this involves helping communities to
work together. A series o Municipal
Environmental Commissions MECs have
been created to harmonise local environmental
policies and to promote dialogue andcooperation between public, private and civil
society on environmental issues.
UNEP has been involved in training the MECs,
and also in running workshops on socio
environmental conflicts. Where communities,
land and resources come under threat rom
climate change, the danger o conflict isnever ar away. In the Andes, the issue is
complicated by the presence o ormal and
inormal mining. UNEP helped develop a
training guide and ran a series o workshops
on mediation and conflict resolution to provide
communities the skills and resources to head of
problems beore they arise.
While local issues such as orest fires
and overgrazing remain the most visible
environmental challenges in the Andes,
climate change is never ar away. UNEP
trained educators have been addressing local
populations though drama productions,
schools outreach and urther education
programmes2011 saw the graduation o the
second year o the UNEPdesigned Diploma
in Adaptation to Climate Change and Adaptive
Management o Environmental Resources in
High Mountain Areas, with 30 students
awarded their diplomas.
Monitoring the efects o climate changeis another vital part o UNEPs work in the
High Andes. UNEP has been advising the
Peruvian government on their acquisition
and management o two meteorological
stations and working to ensure the widespread
dissemination o the data gathered.
Cinthia Soto
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ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION
These projects will now be complemented by
the UNEP, UNDP and IUCN ecosystembased
adaptation programme in Peru. Warming in theAndes is damaging high mountain ecosystems,
including the drying o wetlands and the
disappearance o snowcapped terrain.
Many Andean glaciers are retreating, and this
could seriously afect seasonal water flows and
the availability o water or human consumption,
hydropower, and agriculture.
The UNEP collaborating project is promoting
improved natural resource and arming
management to help people and ecosystems
to adapt.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN
MOUNTAIN REGIONS
Under a major part nership programme on Ecosystem
Based Adapt at ion in Mount ain Ecosystems, UNEP
is helping to improve understanding and build t he
resilience and int egri t y of mountain ecosystems in
Nepal, Peru and Uganda. The project is a joint effort
of UNEP, UNDP and IUCN and is support ed by t he
government of Germany. The successful part nership is
now being expanded into ot her countr ies and regions.
UNEP, in par tnership w it h t he EU, also complet ed
two successful projects in t he Alps. Work ing across
nat ional borders, Climate Change and Spat ial Planning
in the Alpine Space (CLISP) and Climate Change and
Touri sm in t he Alpine Space (ClimAlpTour) bot h
aimed to bring together nat ional and regional
government s and stakeholders to address t he risks ofclimate change.
The lessons learned f rom t hese project s wi ll be shared
wi th other mountain regions.
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2CLIMATECHANGE
proved costly and they consumed ossil
uel, resulting in the emission o more
greenhouse gases.
The Climate Change & Development Adapting by Reducing Vulnerability
Programme (CC DARE) project is a collaboration
between UNEP, UNDP, and the government
o Denmark, with involvement rom UNICEF,
WMO, national governments, NGOs and civil
society organizations.
CC DARE, in collaboration with the Danish
International Development Agency DANIDA,
piloted a rainwater harvesting project at eight
schools. The resultant water bill savings have
been reinvested in education. Meanwhile, the
success o the project has provided a template
or new building design. The government o the
Seychelles has decided to integrate rainwaterharvesting into the national building code. This
recognition through legislation is a testament
that small but welltimed and targeted
interventions can have significant impact: an
important aspect in the transition rom practical
demonstration to arreaching policy actions.
unep annual report 2011 27
SEYCHELLES
From the heights o the Alps and the Andes, to
the lowlying islands o the Indian Ocean, the
Seychelles have been identified as particularly at
risk rom rising sea levels. But its a lack, rather
than an abundance o water, which is one o
the Republics most pressing concerns. The
archipelago o over 100 islands has experienced
changes in rainall patterns over recent years,
with short periods o heavy rainall punctuated
by long, severe dry seasons. Drought hasbecome a regular occurrence, especially with a
rise in urbanisation and population growth.
Various solutions have been tried, such as
increased reservoir capacity and the use o
desalination plants. But these, in particular,
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PRESIDENTJAMES ALIXMICHEL
PRESIDENT OFTHE REPUBLIC OFTHE SEYCHELLES
This UNEP/UNDP CC DARE is a worthwhile
project which I fully endorsed. It is the way
forward. If we all do our part in harvesting
rainwater and are serious about i t, we could
all contribute to alleviating the serious
shortages we face in the dry season.
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unep annual report 201128
PROMOTING LOW CARBONTRANSPORT IN
INDIAIndia is currently the ourth largest greenhouse
gas GHG emitter in the world, with its
transport sector being the second largestcontributor o CO
2emissions. The sector
also exacerbates road congestion, local air
pollution, noise and accidents, particularly
in urban areas.
UNEP and partners in India have embarked
on a new initiative to support a low carbon
transport pathway in India. The threeyear
2.49 million Euro project is unded under
the International Climate Initiative o the
German Government, and is designed in
support o Indias National Climate
Action Plan.
The expected outcome o the threeyear project
will be the creation o a National Transport
Action Plan or India; specific LowCarbon
Mobility Plans or up to our cities; and the
development o an inormation sharing and
coordination website.
The greatest challenges in the transport sector
are establishing the right policy ramework,
legal and regulatory aspects, inrastructure
and services to manage the growing demand
or mobility, while reducing negative impacts
locally and globally. As in the case o India,
interventions such as enhancing public
transport and nonmotorised transport systemsrequire surmounting institutional, financial and
social barriers. This project will help improve
the understanding and enhance institutional
capacity or charting a sustainable lowcarbon
transport development and provide a ramework
or similar interventions in other countries.
UNEP
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2CLIMATECHANGE
unep annual report 2011 29
UN-REDDUNREDD is a Collaborative Programme
between the FAO, UNDP and UNEP on Reducing
Emissions rom Deorestation and Forest
Degradation in Developing Countries.
Having grown to over $100 million in unding,
the UNREDD Programme has not only been
a model o interagency collaboration and UNDelivering as One but it has also surpassed its
original direct support to 9 countries to
14 countries and now has an additional
21 partner countries that benefit rom work at
the global level. At the international level, the
UNREDD Programme seeks to build consensus
and knowledge about REDD+ and raise
awareness about the importance o including
a REDD+ mechanism in a post2012 climate
change agreement. The UNREDD Programme
is undertaking a variety o activities rom
awareness raising to capacity building to ensure
that countries are ready or REDD+ and that
more unding becomes available as the demand
or REDD+ Readiness support continues
to increase. UNEP's contributions towards
realising REDD+ as an opportunity to
simultaneously combat emissions, spurdevelopment and secure conservation is
helping countries like Indonesia, the DRC and
Panama, to name just three, identiy means
to saeguard these multiple benefits, and turn
them into opportunities or a
green economy.
In the Democratic Republic o Congo, a highlevel meeting in November, supported by
UNREDD and UNEP, has come to a similar
conclusion about REDD+ and development,
based on the ongoing work by the UNREDD
Programme. UNEP, through the UNREDD
Programme launched a policy brie in late
November titled "REDD+ and a Green Economy:
Opportunities or a mutually supportiverelationship," which has resonated positively
with Parties at the recently concluded UNFCCC
COP 17. In this regard, Indonesia and Norway
acknowledged the importance o linking REDD+
to the green economy and UNEP's contributions
to this. The UNREDD Programme also worked
to ensure that its activities contribute efectively
to promoting social and environmental benefits
and minimise potential risk rom REDD+. To
this end, a set o Social and Environmental
Principles and Criteria SEPC are being
developed. Broad consultations on the drat
have included engagement with the Convention
on Biological Diversitys regional workshops on
REDD+ saeguards and consultations at nationallevel. The latest version is currently open or
public consultation. These outcomes are now
a concrete ocus o work with Indonesia and
the Democratic Republic o Congo, as well as
work that is commencing in a number o
other countries.
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REDD+ IN
INDONESIA
Indonesia is at the oreront o international
eforts to develop REDD+ as a viable opportunity
or climate change mitigation and sustainable
development particularly in the countrysKalimantan region.
Significant areas o Kalimantans orests have
been cleared or cash crops such as cofee
and palm oil. But ongoing research led by the
National REDD+ Task Force in partnership
unep annual report 201130
with the United Nations, supported by UNEP
and other stakeholders, indicates that this is
coming at a cost to other productive sectors
such as mining, fisheries and the livelihoods o
local people as well as challenging Indonesias
biodiversity including the iconic orangutan. As
part o its REDD+ Programme, Indonesia plans
to plant palm oil and other crops on degraded
lands rather than clearing virgin orest.
Overall the REDD+ unding, backed by
smart public policies and both direct oreign
investment and private sector unding, shouldassist Indonesia in its stated aims o realizing
7 per cent GDP growth per annum by 2014;
reducing unemployment to between 5 and 6
per cent and achieving a 2641 per cent
reduction in the emissions o greenhouse gases
by 2020. UNEP and other UN agencies have
been requested to advise on a number o areas
or intervention in Kalimantan, that would helprealize multiple benefits rom REDD+ or these
stated goals.
The Heart o Borneo project, supported by the
World Wildlie Fund WWF, aims to protect
biodiversity by creating a network o protected
orest areas.
DR. KUNTOROMANGKUSUBROTO
HEAD OF THE PRESIDENTS DELIVERY UNIT FORDEVELOPMENT MONITORING AND OVERSIGHTAND THE CHAIR OF THE NATIONAL REDD+ TASK
FORCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
A green economy t ranstion is worth pursuing
not only because it is the best way forward,
but also for what i t does to bring millions
of people out of poverty while conserving
their ecosystems, improving their lives and
enhancing their livelihood opportunities.
CARBON BENEFITS PROJECT
Measurement and Moni toring has developed a set ofint ervent ions. The online tools are designed to est imate
emissions under present and alt ernat ive management,and measure and monit or carbon changes under
The approach allows for large area landscapeassessments of above and below ground carbon f or plansto mit igate climat e change thr ough REDD policies.
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2CLIMATECHANGE
COOLING THE USE OF
HCFCsChina is the largest producer and consumer
o Hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFCs, whichare used as a coolant, solvent and propellant.
These substances damage the ozone layer and
contribute to global warming.
In 2011, $265 million was granted to China by
the Multilateral Fund or the implementation
o the Montreal Protocol. The grant aims to
help China eliminate 3,320 tonnes o HCFCconsumption by 2015. It will also yield a
cumulative CO2equivalent emission reduction
o about 672 million tonnes by 2015. The
Multilateral Fund also approved a $5.24 million
component or UNEP or the Rerigeration
Servicing Sector.
Also in 2011, more countries were added tothe list o those preparing action plans or the
phaseout o HCFCs. The total worldwide is
now 75.
RENEWABLES INVESTING IN THE FUTURE
economy. But one sector bucked the t rend:
Renewable Energy. In 2011, investors pumped
a record $211 bil lion into renewable energy.
That s about one-third more than t he $160
bil lion invested in 2009, and a 540 per cent
rise since 2004.
Wind f arms in China and small -scale solar
panels in Europe were the key dri vers of the
ri se, according to UNEPs report , Global Trends
in Renewable Energy Investment 2011.
unep annual report 2011 31
SOUTH EAST ASIAUNEP ACTS ON IMPROVINGAIR CONDITIONERS
UNEPs South East Asian network o Climate
Change ocal points SEANCC have developed
a Strategic Framework on Energy E ciency
Harmonisation or room air conditioners
across the ASEAN member states Brunei,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,
the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and
Vietnam. The strategic ramework will allow
better sharing o best practises between
manuacturers and designers in reducing
emissions rom this energyhungry sector.
The potential or total electricity saving rom
harmonization o standards or ACs in ASEAN
countries is 5.374 terawatt hours per year. This
would result in reduction in Green House Gas
emissions amounting to 3.401 million tonnes.
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UNEPs Technology Needs Assessment (TNA)
project helps countries identiy their most
urgent technological needs and provide policy
makers with the research and resources they
need to make the change.
2011 saw the project move into a new phase with
the number o participating countries more
than doubling rom 15 to 36.
There was also a substantial acceleration in
the pace o implementation, due to lessons
learned rom the first round o participants. A
series o new guidebooks prepared by UNEPand the online support portal www.tech-action.
org, backed up national and regional capacity
building workshops. As a result, the project
has seen a strengthening o government
commitment and more e cient working o
national TNA teams.
DR. REN CASTRO
MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY ANDTELECOMMUNICATIONS, COSTA RICA
Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) has come
to be a methodological guide for conducting
mitigation and adaptat ion t echnologies
to their deployment in the market.
unep annual report 201132
TECHNOLOGYMATTERSMITIGATINGCLIMATE CHANGETHROUGH INNOVATION
UNEP, on behal o GEF, has been at
the oreront o promoting technological
solutions to mitigate the causes and efects o
climate change.
But this can be a challenge, especially or
developing countries which ace considerable
barriers to the rapid adoption o such
technologies, including high costs and a
skills deficit.
EMERGING WORLD INVESTMENTIN RENEWABLES
China$48.9bn up 28 per cent
South and Central America$13.1bn up 39 per cent
Middle East & Afr ica
$5bn up 104 per cent
India$3.8bn up 25 per cent
Asian developing states(exc. China and India)
$4bn up 31 per cent
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TECHNOLOGY NEEDSTECHNOLOGY ACTION
The next stage, once the findings o the TNA
are in place, is the development o a nationalTechnology Action Plan TAP that prioritises
technologies, recommends an enabling
ramework or the difusion o these
technologies and acilitates identification o
good technology transer projects and their
links to relevant financing sources. The TAP
aims to systematically address practical actions
necessary to reduce or remove policy, finance
and technology related barriers.
In 2011, drat TNA reports were produced in ten
countries and drat TAP reports produced in
our: Morocco, Mali, Thailand, and Costa Rica.
2CLIMATECH
ANGE
Part nership Programme was launched
in 2011 to provide an opport unity for
count ries around the wor ld t o achieve a
light ing. Over 55 countries have signed
phase-out of incandescent bulbs is
one of the easiest ways to reduce CO2
An ambit ious target date of 2016 has
been set to phase-out incandescent
lamps globally.
www.enlighten-initiative.org
IRAQTACKLINGCLIMATE CHANGE
Iraq is emerging rom nearly three decades ointernational isolation and recovering rom
war and its atermath. It is just now turning its
attention to environmental issues.
In 2009, Iraq ratified international standards
on climate change set by the UNFCCC.
The ramework, among other goals, set
requirements or emission reduction targets.
In the past two years, UNEP has worked with
the UNDP as part o the ONE UN programme
to help the countrys fledgling environmental
ministry kickstart climate change initiatives.
As a result o UNEPs coordinated eforts, Iraqis already looking into emission management
plans or oil companies and considering climate
change as it tackles water and agriculture
development issues.
In 2011 Iraq has:
Created three new climate changeprojects that have received unding
or are being considered or unding.
The projects promote renewable
energy and clean development, bolster
wetlands initiatives, and set up national
communication with the United Nations
Climate Change convention.
Paved the way or national emission
reduction requirements. For example,
Iraqs oil ministry has started developing
GHG emission management plans or
oil companies.
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DISASTERS AND CONFLICTS
MazenSaggar/UNE
MINIMISING THE THREATSAND IMPACTS OF CRISES
UNEP aims to minimise threats to human wellbeing rom
the environmental causes and consequences o disasters
and conflicts.
UNEP supports member states to address environmental
degradation and the mismanagement o natural resources
as underlying risk actors or conflicts and natural hazards.
UNEP ocuses in integrating environmental concerns into
risk reduction policies and practices.
In the atermath o a crisis, vital natural resources are
oten degraded or destroyed, leaving entire communities
vulnerable. Assessments to gauge the risks posed by these
environmental impacts on human health, livelihoods and
security orm the oundation o UNEPs response.
UNEP also uses environmental assessments to develop
recovery programmes that address environmental needs
and priorities and support peacebuilding strategies and
longterm sustainable development.
TOTAL EXPENDITURE 2011
DISASTERS AND CONFLICTS
$17,998,000
000s
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RESULTS TARGETEDEnhancing the environmental management
capacity o member states to reduce the risks o
man-made and natural disasters.
Conducting rapid and reliable environmental
assessments ollowing conlicts and disasters,
as requested.
Contributing to improved environmental
management and sustainable use o natural
resources through assessment and recovery
eorts in post-crisis situations.
2011THE YEARIN DISASTERSAND CONFLICTS
UNEP played an active role in reducingthe risk o disasters and conflicts and
addressing postconflict environmental
challenges in more than 30 countries,
both through its ongoing country
based operations and environmental
assessments, and ollowing requests
or technical assistance during disaster
recovery eforts in such countries asJapan, Thailand and Kenya.
Natural disasters caused a record $366
billion damage in 2011, with the Great East
Japan Earthquake and major floods in
Thailand accounting or more than
two thirds o this total. Also according toUN figures, some 29,700 people lost their
lives in 302 disasters during the year.
Yet in countries that have been proactive
in taking adaptation and preparedness
measures, such as Bangladesh, the
death toll rom comparable disasters
was considerably lower than it was
20 years ago. UNEP continued to
advocate or greater understanding
o the critical role o ecosystems in
reducing the risk and impact o natural
hazards. Through its role in the global
Partnership or Environment and Disaster
Risk Reduction (PEDRR), UNEP deliveredtraining on the environment and disaster
risk reduction in Sri Lanka, India and
Thailand. This included the first ever
Training o Trainers course to enable
staf rom regional and national disaster
management training institutions and
universities in more than 10 Asian
countries to integrate the NationalTraining Course on Ecosystembased
Disaster Risk Reduction into their
ongoing training programmes.
A major UNEP environmental
assessment Rwanda: From Post-
Conlict to Environmentally SustainableDevelopment provides a critical
analysis o environmental issues acing
Rwanda and proposes solutions. The
report recommends reinorced policies
and investments in largescale ecosystem
rehabilitation, renewable energy,
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sustainable agriculture and regional
environmental cooperation, including
natural resource trade initiatives.
To mark 25 years o UNEPs Awareness
and Preparedness or Emergencies at
Local Level (APELL) programme, a global
orum was held in China, attracting
participants rom 17 countries. As aresult, the University o Bahia Blanca in
Argentina and Tsinghua University in
China are to become new APELL
Research Centres.
A UN review o civilian capacity in postconflict settings, Independent Report
o the Senior Advisory Group to the
Secretary General on Civilian Capacity in
the Atermath o Conlict February 2011,
identified natural resources as a priority
area and nominated UNEP as the sub
cluster lead on the issue based on its
track record or conducting postconflictenvironmental assessments and recovery
work. This is a major recognition o
UNEPs eforts to integrate environmental
considerations into UN conflict
prevention and peacebuilding operations.
Fieldwork began in the border zone oHaiti and the Dominican Republic or
a new UNEP study examining potential
sources o transboundary tensions
and opportunities or cooperation over
the use o water, timber and other
natural resources.
In Sierra Leone, 93 barrels o toxic waste
were removed rom a disused oil refinerynear a densely populated neighbourhood
near the capital, Freetown. With technical
assistance and unding rom UNEP, the
national Environment Protection Agency
supervised the cleanup o almost 12,000
litres, or 19 metric tonnes, o tetraethyl
lead TEL. Training covered techniques
or extracting toxic substances and the saestorage and containment o chemicals.
Under the Environment and Security
Initiative ENVSEC, Georgias capital,
Tbilisi, was the ocus o the latest Global
Environment Outlook at the municipal
level. Released in December, the GEO-Cities Tbilisi report recommends increased
environmental monitoring, a greater
emphasis on renewable energy and
modernizing waste treatment, and a shit
to an integrated riverbasin approach to
water resource management.
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unep annual report 2011 37unep annual report 2011 37
OGONILAND
NIGERIAA major independent scientific assessment,
completed by UNEP in 2011, shows thatpollution rom over 50 years o oil operations
in the region has penetrated urther and deeper
than previously thought.
It is UNEPs hope that its findings will help break
the decades o deadlock in the region and lead
to the environmental restoration o Ogoniland,
and catalyse improved environmentalstandards or the oil industry in Nigeria and
around the world.
Drawing on the best available science and
expertise, the Ogoniland project is a key step in
helping the government take action to clean up
contaminated areas and restore peoples lives
and livelihoods in the region.
It could take 25 to 30 years to bringcontaminated drinking water, land, creeks and
important ecosystems such as mangroves back
to ull, productive health.
The scale and scope o UNEPs assessment has
been unprecedented see box.
The report discovered that some areas, whichappear unafected at the surace, are in reality
severely contaminated underground and
action to protect human health and reduce the
risks to afected communities should occur
without delay.
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UNEP OgonilandAssessment
24months durati on
200+locati ons examined
122kmof pi peline rights of way surveyed
5,000+ medical records reviewed
23,000+att endees at local communit y meetings
69sites investi gated i n detail for soil
and groundwater contaminati on
1,300m -790,000msize-range of sit es invest igated
4,000samples analysed
142groundwater wells drilled for t he study
780boreholes examined
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CHINA:BUILDING BACK BETTER
Contaminated site assessment and remediation
was also the ocus o a study tour by a Chinese
delegation to Switzerland and Germany,
hosted by UNEP. Further to its postearthquake
recovery support to China since 2008, UNEP
responded to a government request or
technical assistance to inorm the development
o standards or contaminated site management
in China.
The tour ocused on European approaches to
site and risk assessments, cleanup standards
and the varying scale and cost o environmental
remediation projects. It included presentations
rom UNEP experts and visits to remediated
sites and specialised laboratories.
unep annual report 201138
In one community, at Nisisioken Ogale, in
western Ogoniland, amilies were discovered
to be drinking water rom wells contaminatedwith benzenea known carcinogenat levels
over 900 times above WHO guidelines.
UNEP scientists ound an 8cm layer o refined
oil floating on the groundwater which serves
the wells. This was reportedly linked to an oil
spill which occurred more than six years ago.
This was the most severe example, and
prompted the State Government to begin
deliveries o potable water to the
afected communities.
Among other findings, the report noted that
mangrovesan essential coastal habitat
have been disastrously hit. That when oilspills occur on land, plant growth is stifled,
oten under a crust o tar. Fires are a regular
occurrence. Air pollution impacts the lives
o an estimated one million people.
According to the report, all sources o ongoing
contamination must be brought to an end
beore the cleanup o the creeks, sediments
and mangroves can begin.
The report recommends establishing three
new institutions in Nigeria to support a
comprehensive environmental restoration
exercise, and an initial capital injection
o $1bn, contributed by the oil industryand the government, to cover the first
five years o the cleanup project.
Reorms o environmental government
regulation, monitoring and enorcement are
also recommended in the report.
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The scope o the mission was to provide
scientific inormation on the extent and nature
o pollution and to assist the decisionmaking
and prioritysetting by the authorities and
other actors or ollowup activities on the
afected site.
The main conclusion o the mission was that
the fire was not caused by a pipeline explosion
as reported initially in the media, but by an
industrial accident that caused a large amount
o petrol to enter a storm water drainage system.
A urther conclusion was that a repetition o
a similar type o accident is considered as
highly likely.
As an investigation which was mobilised and
in situ within days o a request rom a national
government, the joint UNEP/OCHA mission
will provide a model or uture interagency
cooperation and rapid response.
unep annual report 2011 39
These beoreand ater imagescaptured by theUN's satelliteimaging servicehow the extent
o the disaster
in Nairobi.
UNITAR/UNOSAT
BEFORE
AFTER
NIGERIA:LEAD POISONING INZAMFARA STATE
Also in Nigeria, abnormally high rates odeath and illness among children since early
2010 caused alarm in Zamara State in the
north o the country. Over 18,000 people were
afected and 200 children reportedly died
as a result o acute lead poisoning rom the
processing o leadrich ore or gold extraction
taking place inside houses and compounds.
Investigation by the joint UNEP/OCHAEnvironment Unit detected high levels o lead
in groundwater, surace water and soil, and
mercury in the air.
The multiagency response involved intensive
treatment or the most severe cases o
children under five, the decontamination o
homes and villages, and the remediation o
afected wells.
NAIROBIPIPELINE DISASTER
On 12th September 2011, over 100 people
perished and a similar number were
hospitalised with serious wounds when an
explosion and fire ripped through the slum o
MukuruSinai in Nairobi, Kenya.
The Kenyan government made an urgent
appeal to the UN or environmentalemergency response services. UNEP and the
United Nations O ce or the Coordination
o Humanitarian Afairs OCHA, through
their Joint Environment Unit, subsequently
compiled an expert team to undertake a rapid
environmental emergency assessment.
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opportunities to restore livelihoods, promote
good governance and support the sustainability
o the DRC's postconflict economic
reconstruction, and reinorce ongoing
peace consolidation.
Providing a strong oundation or UNEPsrecovery programme in the DRC, the report
advocates a Green Economy transition
whereby sustainable reconstruction includes
capitalising on the countrys emerging social
economy to create green jobs, including or
ormer combatants.
Among the ocus areas recommended or
UNEPs ongoing support to the government
were overcoming the environmental liabilities
o a century o mining by modernising the
sector, including ormalising artisanal mining,
and promoting greater transboundary
collaboration or sustainable fisheries
management in the Great Rit Valley Lakes.
Strengthening institutional capacities or
disaster preparednesssuch as epidemics,
volcanic eruptions, floods and orest fires
including early warning systems, was also
singled out.
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DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OFCONGO
With hal o Arica's orests and water resourcesand trilliondollar mineral reserves, the
Democratic Republic o the Congo DRC could
become a powerhouse o Arican development.
But such a goal will only be attained i the
intensive pressure on the countrys natural
resources is urgently addressed.
That was the conclusion o a major Post-
Conlict Environmental Assessment o
the DRC completed by UNEP in 2011. The
twoyear assessment highlighted increasing
deorestation, species depletion, heavy metal
pollution and land degradation rom mining, as
well as an acute drinking water crisis which has
let an estimated 51 million Congolese withoutaccess to potable water.
Conducted in conjunction with the DRC's
Ministry o Environment, Nature Conservation
and Tourism, the assessment also hails
successul initiatives and identifies strategic
Corbis
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41
SUDANIn July, UNEP rea rmed its longterm
commitment to assisting the people o Sudan
and South Sudan. In conjunction with its
major donor, UKaid rom the Department or
International Development, UNEP realigned
its plans or both countries, ocusing on policy
reorm and partnerships.
Ahead o the Darur International Water
Conerence in June, UNEP joined an
international call or urgent action to addresscritical water issues in Darur. Groundwater
tables in many urban areas and IDP camps had
dropped dramatically by up to 710 metres
and UNEP voiced its concern that orthcoming
periods o belowaverage rainall could cause
even more severe shortages in the region.
A breakthrough was achieved in influencing
government policy with a decision to proceed
with Integrated Water Resource Management as
a national policy, in collaboration with UNEP.
With UNEPs technical assistance, Sudans
Higher Council or Environment and Natural
Resources made significant progress in
preparing the countrys Second National
Communication under the UNFCCC. By the end
o 2011, data collection was under way in each
o the 15 states or a major national vulnerability
and adaptation assessment.
Seven villages in North Darur became the first
pilot sites or a UNEPDarur Development
and Reconstruction Agency project aimed at
empowering communities to assess and solve
local environmental issues.
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SOUTH SUDAN
2011 saw the birth o a new nation, and a newmember state o the UN: The Republic o South
Sudan. Thanks to the strong relationship
ostered between UNEP and the new
government, environmental considerations
were included in all five pillars o the South
Sudan Development Plan, a blueprint or the
new country.
UNEP has long had a presence in Juba, one
o the worlds astestgrowing cities. Waste
management is one o the biggest challenges
the municipality aces, and UNEP assisted
with drawing up a masterplan. An estimated
420,000 o 1.2m residents now benefit rom
regular solid waste collection.
Forests provide an important development
opportunity or South Sudan, yet deorestation
continues at alarming levels. UNEPs
ongoing technical assistance supported
progress with the enorcement o logging bans.
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UNEP
ENVIRONMENTALCOOPERATION FOR
PEACEBUILDINGDuring the Durban climate meeting, UNEP and
its partners released new evidence o changing
climate trends in the Sahel and West Arica and
their potentially proound implications or ood
security and regional stability.
Livelihood Security: Climate Change, Migration
and Conlict in the Sahel analyses regionaltrends in temperature, rainall, droughts and
flooding over the past 40 years and their
implications or the availability o natural
resources, livelihoods, migration and conflict in
17 countries in the Sahel and West Arica. The
study was conducted by UNEP in cooperation
with the IOM, OCHA, the United Nations
University UNU, the Permanent InterstateCommittee or Drought Control in the Sahel
CILSS and the University o Salzburg.
The analysis detected significant changes in
regional climatic conditions, including an
overall rise in mean seasonal temperature rom
1970 to 2006 o approximately 1C, with a greater
increase o between 1.5C to 2C observed in ar
eastern Chad and northern Mali and Mauritania.
According to the study, the requency o
floods and the area covered by flooding have
increased in parts o the region over the past
24 years. An innovative mapping process
identified 19 "climate hotspots" where climaticchanges have been the most severe and which
warrant ocused adaptation planning and other
ollowup activities. Many o the hotspots are in
the central part o the Sahel, in Niger, Burkina
Faso, northern and coastal Ghana, as well as
northern Togo, Benin and Nigeria.
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unep annual report 2011 43
Such projects have also contributed to increased
land degradation and damage to soils.
The Aral Sea, which relies in part rom water
rom the Amu Darya, remains severely degraded
with the reports estimates indicating that the
volume and surace area o the sea have now
decreased tenold.
Water levels in the southern part have dropped
by 26 metres and the shoreline there has now
receded by several hundred kilometres.
Boosting cooperation between countries sharing
the waters o the Amu Darya could be key to
uture peace and security in the region, according
to a flagship report rom UNEP, launched in 2011.
Environment and Security in the Amu DaryaBasin recommends heightened cooperation
between the states which share this resource;
more exchange o inormation on projects such
as irrigation and hydropower which impact
downstream regions; and the sharing o the
burden o maintaining the water inrastructure.
unep annual report 2011 43
U