Understanding Earth Processes & the Formation of ROCKS!
Dec 16, 2015
Understanding Earth Processes & the
Formation of ROCKS!
Molten = melted rock
Circulating heat currents
Hot, liquid rock circulating in currents within Earth cause continental and oceanic plates to move
Ocean floors and continents move like huge puzzle
pieces…
This super-continent was called Pangea
Continental plates were once very close together
When one plate slides under another, volcanoes form
Heat and pressure from the plate sliding under another cause molten rock to make its way out of the earth’s surface…
LAVA and volcanic eruption!
Mountains!
Mountains erode (break down) continuously…
Gravity takes eroded rock pieces (sediment) downward towards water…
Erosion occurs from the wind as well…
…and also
by water
Plate movement,
Erosion, and all
Earth Processes give us…
Diversity of ROCKS!
Combinations of temperature, pressure, and chemical interactions within earth and on its
surface gives us a huge diversity of rocks!
Natural forces at work!
Rocks!• Made up of a mineral or a mixture of
minerals
• May also contain sediments and fossil remains of plants and animals
• They are the result of natural forces at work on our planet
• The study of rocks is called petrology
The elements oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium make up 99 percent of all minerals on Earth.
The largest topaz crystal was found in Brazil in 1940. It weighs 596 pounds. It is on display in the American Museum of Natural History in New York.
Rock made up of one type of mineral
Quartzite – made up of the mineral quartz
The most common mineral on earth is
quartz.
ROCKS are the records to our planet’s past!
• They indicate where rivers have flowed
• Where huge inland seas were located
• What organisms lived in those seas
• Where glaciers covered land
Dry river beds…only sediment and rocks remain!
Rocks indicate where water levels once were…
Basic Rock Types
• All rocks fall into one of 3 basic groups:
1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic
Igneous RocksForm from the coolingof liquid rock(magma) that came up from deep within theearth. It is the melting and solidification of metamorphic rocks!Igneous rock is the most common material of the earth’s crust!
Igneous means “fire”
Igneous Rocks:• Often hidden by sedimentary rock• Can be intrusive or extrusive igneous rock• If recrystallization and solidification occurred
below the earth’s surface (such as the formation of granite), than the rock is intrusive
• If the rock formed on the earth’s surface from cooling of volcanic lava (such as obsidian and basalt), than the rock is extrusive
Igneous Rocks:• If rock formed from a slow cooling, the rock will
contain coarse-textured minerals (Example = granite)
• If rock formed from a fast cooling, the rock will contain fine-textured minerals (Example = basalt)
• If rock contains a high amount of silica, it will be light in color and weight, and be known as acidic
• If rock contains high amounts of iron and magnesium, it will be dark-colored and heavy, and be known as basic
Sedimentary Rocks• Form from the burial and cementing of
layers of sediment broken off of other rock types and deposited in water. Weathering and erosion can be caused by wind, waves, gravity, or water. Rivers carry sediment for long distances.
Rock formation from years of wind erosion…
Sediment that was swept away eventually became sedimentary rocks!
Sediment:
• Sand
• Gravel
• Mud
• Clay
Name of Particle
Size Range Loose Sediment
Consolidated Rock
Boulder >256 mm Gravel
Conglomerate or Breccia (depends on rounding)
Cobble 64 – 256 mm Gravel
Pebble 2 - 64 mm Gravel
Sand 1/16 –2 mm Sand Sandstone
Silt 1/256 - 1/16 mm
Silt Siltstone
Clay <1/256 mm Clay Claystone, mudstone, and shale
Compaction from the weight of accumulating sediment results in layers that become hardened and turn to sedimentary rocks!
•Most sedimentary rocks form under water.
•Most of the earth has been covered by water some time in the past. 70% of the earth is covered by water now. So sedimentary rocks are common all over the world.
•Sedimentary rocks are often rich in fossils.
•Many sedimentary rocks may have cross-bedding, mud cracks, worm burrows, raindrop impressions.
•70% of rocks found on Earth are sedimentary.
Two Types of Sedimentary Rocks!
• Rocks formed from sediment (sand, silt, clay, or mud) or clasts (pieces) of rock are known as clastic sedimentary rocks
• Rocks formed from processes known as chemical precipitation or organic activity are known as non-clastic sedimentary rocks
Peat that gets buried over time and compressed deep into the earth eventually gives us bituminous coal. Bituminous coal is carbon-rich and is an excellent source of energy. Humans burn coal to release that energy in the form of heat.
Metamorphic Rocks• Form from
pressure and extreme temperatures changing the chemistry of igneous and sedimentary rocks that got buried into the earth over time.
Metamorphosis
• Complete change of character, appearance, or condition.
• Involves heat, pressure, and chemical action
• Process can occur more than once• Results in the recrystallization of original
rock (sedimentary or igneous) and a different mineral composition
Many metamorphic rocks contain flat minerals such as mica and needle-like minerals such as hornblende
MicaHornblende
Gneiss
The oldest known rock lies in Canada. The Acasta gneiss, a metamorphic rock,
is 3.96 billion years old.
Rock Cycle is a sequence of processes or events
involving the formation, alteration, destruction, and reformation of rocks
Up to 100,000 tons of rock a year fall to earth from space. The largest meteorite in the world lies in the ground in Africa
and weighs more than 60 tons.
A 2.2 lb rock collected from the moon during the Apollo 16 mission. This rock formed when older
moon rocks were fragmented and and then fused back together by a meteorite impact about 3.9
bya. The shiny black material on the side is impact-generated glass.
The Importance of Rocks and Minerals
Name Type of Rock Use
Basalt Igneous Used in road building
materials
Calcite Mineral Used in cements and mortars and the
production of lime
GraniteIgneous
Used for buildings, monuments, and tombstones
Marble Metamorphic Used in building, floors, tile in bathrooms
Obsidian Igneous Used in making arrowheads and knives
PumiceIgneous
Used in scouring, scrubbing, and polishing materials
Quartz Mineral Used in making glass, electrical components,
and optical lenses
Sanstone Sedimentary Used in the building industry for houses
Slate Metamorphic Used for roofs, chalkboards, and patio walks
Weathering
is a series of natural processes, both physical and chemical, that act to change exposed rock into mineral and rock particles and chemical compounds in solution.