Understanding barrel´s oxygen transfer rate. Dynamic rate approach ISVV Bordeaux -23 june 2015 María del Álamo Sanza Ignacio Nevares Domínguez UNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID - ESPAÑA
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Understanding barrel´s oxygen transfer rate. Dynamic rate approach
ISVV Bordeaux -23 june 2015
María del Álamo Sanza Ignacio Nevares Domínguez
UNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID - ESPAÑA
Barrel selection
Oak barrel selection at winery
2
Ribereau-Gayon 1933
Kelly 2003
Feuillat 1994
Peterson 1976
Moutounet 1994
Vivas-Glories 1997
Singleton 1995
Previous research Vivas
2003
State of the art
3
2 barrels
Vivas, N., & Glories, Y. (1997) Progrès Agricole et Viticole
21% bung
63% gaps
16% wood
4
Update oxygen and oak barrel knowledge 1. To measure global OTR in barrels 2. To measure oak wood OTR in barrels 3. Change from OTR to dynamic OTR
5
Barrel OTR
6
• Measuring DO inside barrels • Optolumniscence technology
– Submersible probes - No O2 consume
• Air-tight bung • Synthetic wine: 14%, pH= 3.5
Q. alba Q. petraea
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 4 4
Americano Europeo Francés
Oxy
gen
tra
nsf
er
rate
(m
g/L
.ye
ar)
18 new barrels (4 cooperages / 2 origins)
O2 intake ways
8
• 8 new barrels from 2 different cooperages – 4 American oak wood – 4 French oak wood
• Estimated annual OTR
Nevares, I., & del Alamo-Sanza, M. Oxygène et barriques Actualisation des connaissances quantité et voies de pénétration de l’oxygène dans la barrique. Revue des Œnologues (2014)
9
19.0722.69
19.0023.84
0
15.41 14.88 13.41
19.85
9.514.7
5.29
5.72
0
11.4316.89
15.87
19.82
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
F1 F2 F3 F4 A1 A2 A3 A4
Oxy
gen
tra
nsf
er
rate
[m
g/L
.ye
ar]
Quercus petraea
FRENCH
Quercus alba
AMERICAN
28.59 27.3924.30
29.5626.85
31.7729.28
39.6627 ± 2.27 mg/L.year
4 new French oak barrels 4 new American oak barrels
All the joints glued
10
O2 intake ways
19.0722.69
19.0023.84
15.41 14.88 13.41
19.85
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
F1 F2 F3 F4 A1 A2 A3 A4
Oxy
gen
tra
nsf
er
rate
[m
g/L
.ye
ar]
Quercus petraea
FRENCH
Quercus alba
AMERICAN
21 ± 2.5 mg/L.year 16 ± 2.8
mg/L.year
Nevares, I., & del Alamo-Sanza, M. Oxygène et barriques Actualisation des connaissances quantité et voies de pénétration de l’oxygène dans la barrique. Revue des Œnologues (2014)
4 new French oak barrels 4 new American oak barrels
OTR throughout oak wood
11
19.0722.69
19.0023.84
0
15.41 14.88 13.41
19.85
9.514.7
5.29
5.72
0
11.4316.89
15.87
19.82
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
F1 F2 F3 F4 A1 A2 A3 A4
Oxy
gen
tra
nsf
er
rate
[m
g/L
.ye
ar]
Quercus petraea
OTR wood = 21.15 2.5 (77.1%)
OTR joints = 6.3 2.2 (22.9 %)
OTR wood = 15.89 2.8 (50%)
OTR joints = 16.00 3.5 (50 %)
Quercus alba
joints joints
4 new French oak barrels 4 new American oak barrels Nevares, I., & del Alamo-Sanza, M. Oxygène et barriques Actualisation des connaissances quantité et voies de pénétration de l’oxygène dans la barrique. Revue des Œnologues (2014) 12
The bung 00
mbarmbar -120-120 +120+120
vacuum gauge
Topping barrelsOpening the bung
Topping barrels
If all is dissolved in liquid (224 L) 0.187 mL/L or 0.138 mg/L
Considering OTR annual = 10 mg/L.year Only 1.4 % of annual OTR
P0= 900 mbar (-80 mbar)
Patm (980 mbar)
VHS0 = 1000 mL
Expanding VHS0 = 1200 mL
Intake of 200 mL (21% O2) 42 mL =O2
Seems unlikely during topping Filling with new liquid no time to dissolve oxygen
14
15
Dis
solv
ed o
xyge
n c
on
ten
t (m
g/L
)
0.98
0.88
0.79
0.69
0.59
0.49
0.39
0.29
0.20
0.10
0.000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 5 10 15
Dis
solv
ed
oxy
gen
co
nte
nt
(% a
ir s
at.)
Time (minutes)
Test 1. Barrel topping
Barrel 1 top DO probe
Barrel 2 top DO probe
Barrel 3 top DO probe
Barrel 4 top DO probe
opening the bung
Vivas, N., & Glories, Y. (1997) Progrès Agricole et Viticole
2 barrels 8 barrels
21% bung
63% gaps
16% wood 25% -50% joints
75% - 50% wood
Nevares, I., & del Alamo-Sanza, M. (2014) Revue des Oenologues
16
Update oxygen and oak barrel knowledge 1. To measure global OTR in barrels 2. To measure oak wood OTR in barrels 3. Change from OTR to dynamic OTR
17
I Nevares, R Crespo, C Gonzalez, M del Alamo‐Sanza. Imaging of oxygen transmission in the oak wood of wine barrels using optical sensors and a colour camera. Aust J Grape Wine Res (2014)
18
To reproduce barrel scenario
Planar sensor
SF-RPSu4 40x40 mm2
oxygen Air 20,95% O2
H2O 0,068% O2
Optical sensors measuring liquid and oak wood
Sensor spot Pst6 5 mm Ø
19
20
11 mm x 7 mm
20 I Nevares, R Crespo, C Gonzalez, M del Alamo‐Sanza. Imaging of oxygen transmission in the oak wood of wine barrels using optical sensors and a colour camera. Aust J Grape Wine Res (2014)
21
0 hours
I Nevares, R Crespo, C Gonzalez, M del Alamo‐Sanza. Imaging of oxygen transmission in the oak wood of wine barrels using optical sensors and a colour camera. Aust J Grape Wine Res (2014)
22
3 hours 6 hours 10 hours 14 hours 18 hours 21 hours 24 hours
23
0 hours
Dry oak wood vs wet wood
Dry wood
Wet wood
I Nevares, R Crespo, C Gonzalez, M del Alamo‐Sanza. Imaging of oxygen transmission in the oak wood of wine barrels using optical sensors and a colour camera. Aust J Grape Wine Res (2014)
24 I Nevares, R Crespo, C Gonzalez, M del Alamo‐Sanza. Imaging of oxygen transmission in the oak wood of wine barrels using optical sensors and a colour camera. Aust J Grape Wine Res (2014)
Dry oak wood vs wet wood
25
2 days
2 days
60 days
30 days
90 days 90 days
30 days
60 days
15 days
15 days
Dry American wood Dry French wood
26
Oak wood Moisture content Key factor
5 mm 2 mm
%MC Average for two new barrels
Time[hours]
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Mo
istu
re C
on
ten
t [%
]
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
2mm from liquid side
5mm from liquid side
Update oxygen and oak barrel knowledge 1. To measure global OTR in barrels 2. To measure oak wood OTR in barrels 3. Change from OTR to dynamic OTR
27
37% total
Estimated OTR anual 42 mg/L year
Real OTR: 10 mg/L year
Dynamic OTR
28 mg/L year
20 mg/L year
8 mg/L year 5 mg/L year 5 mg/L year
del Alamo-Sanza, M., & Nevares, I. Recent advances in the evaluation of the oxygen transfer rate in oak barrels. J Agric Food Chem, 62 (2014)
28
Another 4 new american oak barrels
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
OT
R (m
g/L
per
day)
Aging time (days)
Oak barrel 1
Oak barrel 2
Oak barrel 3
Oak barrel 4
Mean
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
F1 F2 F3 F4 A1 A2 A3 A4
Oxy
gen
tra
nsf
er
rate
[m
g/L
.ye
ar]
Quercus petraeaFRENCH
Quercus albaAMERICAN
13 ± 5 mg/L.year 24 ± 7 mg/L.year
4 new French oak barrels 4 new American oak barrels 29
Conclusion 1. The two main routes wood-gaps are similar 2. Dynamic OTR 3. Moisture content as key factor in OTR
evolution
- Permanent researches - María del Álamo - Ignacio Nevares - Luis Miguel Cárcel
- Partial time researches - Jose Antonio Fernández
- PhD Students - MSc Students
UVaMOX team
31
UVaMOX ETS Ingenierías Agrarias Universidad de Valladolid ESPAÑA [email protected] [email protected]
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