Yoshi 1 Understand Accounting From How to Why
May 19, 2015
Yoshi 1
Understand Accounting
From How to Why
Yoshi 2
Agenda
• Double Bookkeeping System
• Balance Sheet and
Profit Loss Statement
Slide No. 3-11
Slide No. 12-22
Yoshi 3
History of Accounting
Renaissance
Yoshi pays $100Receives $200 Paragraph:
Formulation:
100 200
Abstraction:
200 – 100=100
MathAccount
summa de arithmetica geometria proportioni et proportionalita
By Luca Pacioli
Picture Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Pacioli
Yoshi 4
Double Bookkeeping System
• Recording
• Tracking
• Calculating
• Reporting
• Validating
In one format !
Yoshi 5
Account Origin (1)Ancient Rome (Account : Personal)
Slave Master
InvestmentMaster
Own Money
Segregation !
Investment
Asset Liability Asset Liability
Yoshi 6
Account Origin (2)Post – Industrial Revolution (Account : Impersonal)
Equity Cash Factory
Material
Labour
Process Product Sales
Profit/Loss
Finance Work In Progress Inventory Sales
Yoshi 7
Book Structure
Account A Account B
Ledger X
Account C Account D
Ledger Y
Books
Journal / Day Book (Diaries)Posting Posting
Yoshi 8
Journal / Day Book
Sales Day Book (Page 10)
2010 August Invoice No Folio Amount $
1 C Knight 10001 SL 15 100
5 C Knight 10002 SL 15 100
10 D Mike 10003 SL 21 200
15 C Knight 10004 SL 15 100
Posting ToSL: Sales Ledger
One Source to One Posting = Traceability !!
Source Documents
Yoshi 9
Yoshi 10
Yoshi 11
Posting Rules
• Post Same Amount to both Debit and Credit e.g. Dr C Knight A/c 300
Cr Sales 300or Dr C Knight A/c 300
D Mike A/c 200 Cr Sales 500
That is why, Trial Balance (TB) should balance (XXX=XXX)
Bal of A/c 11 Bal of A/c 12Bal of A/c 13 Total XXX
Bal of A/c 1 Bal of A/c 2 Bal of A/c 3
Total XXX
Control A/c for TB
Yoshi 12
Five Accounts (Cycle)(Introduction to Financial Statements)
Liability
Equity
12
Expense Income3 4
Profit
Asset
Yoshi 13
Which Account ? (1)
Liability
Equity
Expense Income
Out In
Stock
Flow
Asset
Yoshi 14
Which Account ? (2)
-B/S
P/L
+
Debit CreditAsset
-+
Debit CreditExpense
- +
Debit CreditIncome
- +
Debit CreditLiability/Equity
Yoshi 15
Which Account ? (3)
B/S
P/L
Asset
Expense Income
Liability/Equity
•Account Payable•Borrowing •Capital, etc
•Cash/Bank Account•Account Receivable•Lending •Land, etc
•Salary •Purchase•Office Rent•Commission Paid•Interest Paid, etc
•Sales•Commission Received•Interest Received, etc
Yoshi 16
Profit Calculation
Start End
LiabilityAsset Profit=-
Income - Expense
=Profit
Income - Expense
=Profit
Income - Expense
=Profit
Voyage, Caravan (Before Industrial Revolution)
On-Going (After Industrial Revolution)
Yoshi 17
Accounting Equation (1)
Balance Sheet (BS) Accounts:
• Asset – Liability = Equity
Asset
Liability
Equity
Liability
EquityAsset
Liability
Equity
Asset
Yoshi 18
Accounting Equation (2)
Profit and Loss (PL) Accounts:
Income – Expense = Profit (Loss)
IncomeProfit
Expense
ExpenseLoss
Income
Yoshi 19
Accounting Equation (3)
B/S and P/L:
Equity
Liability
Asset
IncomeProfit
Expense
Equity
Liability
Asset
IncomeExpense
Year 2009 Year 2010
Yr 2009 Profit = $100Yr 2009 Equity = $500
Yr 2010 Equity = $600
Yoshi 20
Posting for Allocation (1)
Cash Outflow
Cash Inflow
AccrualDeferral
A
B
C
D
DepreciationProvision
(Payables)
Unbilled Income(Receivables)
Unearned Income
Yoshi 21
Posting for Allocation (2)
Deferral Accrual
OutflowExpense Asset
Expense Liability
InflowIncome Liability
Income Asset
A C
DB
Yoshi 22
Posting for Disclosure
Asset Asset
Income Expense
Asset
No Cash flow !!
Market Value
Yoshi 23
Accounting Evolution/ Profession
18th - 19th Century South Sea Bubble >> Audit East Indian Company >> Yearly Profit / Loss Railway /Canal >> Fixed Asset /Depreciation Industrial Revolution >> Cost Concept
20th Century Financial Markets >> Mark to Market
21th Century WorldCom >> Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX)
Yoshi 24
Key Questions
• Equity is Corporate Value ?
• Profit is distributable ?
• Does Asset have “reality“ ?