UK Space Agency Annual Report 2012

7/31/2019 UK Space Agency Annual Report 2012

1/74

WA Upmeg Mcgbe~Mbbwm` Ygpjy| mbl Meejwb|u9?==&9?=9


3/74

Eyjsb ejp~ynch| 9?=9

^jw fm~ yg&wug |hnu nbdjyfm|njb (gxe`wlnbc `jcju. dygg jd ehmycg nb mb~ djyfm| jy

fglnwf, wblgy |hg |gyfu jd |hg Jpgb Cjtgybfgb| @negbeg" \j tngs |hnu negbeg,tnun| h||p;**sss"bm|njbm`myehntgu"cjt"wa*lje*jpgb&cjtgybfgb|&`negbeg* jy g&fmn`;punObm|njbm`myehntgu"cun"cjt"wa"

Shgyg sg hmtg nlgb|ndngl mb~ |hnyl pmy|~ ejp~ynch| nbdjyfm|njb ~jw sn`` bggl |jji|mnb pgyfnuunjb dyjf |hg ejp~ynch| hj`lgyu ejbegybgl" Mb~ gb}wnynguygcmylnbc |hnu ljewfgb|*pwi`nem|njb uhjw`l ig ugb| |j wu m|nbdjOwaupmegmcgbe~"inu"cun"cjt"wa"

\hnu pwi`nem|njb nu m`uj mtmn`mi`g djy ljsb`jml m| sss"jddnenm`&ljewfgb|u"cjt"wa"\hnu ljewfgb| nu m`uj mtmn`mi`g dyjf jwy sgiun|g m|;

sss"inu"cjt"wa*waupmegmcgbe~"

NUIB; >38?=?9>8?988

_ynb|gl nb |hg WA i~ \hg U|m|njbgy~ Jddneg @nfn|gl jb ighm`d jd |hg Ejb|yj``gy jdHgy Fmkgu|~u U|m|njbgy~ Jddneg

NL; 97?9


5/74

Kw`~ 9?=9

Ehngd Gxgew|ntg mbl Meejwb|nbc Jddnegy


8/74


9/74

8

UG_\GFIGY 9?==

Fnbnu|gy mppjnb|u dnyu| gx|gybm` fgfigyu jd WA Upmeg Mcgbe~U|ggynbc Ijmyl

Dnyu| gx|gybm` fgfigyu jd WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ Mwln| Ejffn||ggmppjnb|gl

JE\JIGY 9?==

Md|gy unx uweeguudw` fjb|hu jd `gmlnbc |hg Nb|gybm|njbm`Ehmy|gy jb Upmeg mbl Fmkjy Lnumu|gyu, |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~hmblgl |hg ehmnyfmbuhnp |j Embmlm

BJTGFIGY 9?==

Mbbjwbegfgb| jd Bm|njbm` Upmeg Memlgf~

LGEGFIGY 9?==

Ig||gy lm|m djy |hg upmeg ejffwbn|~ sn|h mbbjwbegfgb| jd


10/74

>

EHM_\GY 9 Fmbmcgfgb| Ejffgb|my~

Hnu|jynem` imeacyjwbl

\hg gu|mi`nuhfgb| jd m bgs gxgew|ntg ijl~ |j jtgyugg |hg dwblnbc mbl fmbmcgfgb| jd

WA upmeg me|ntn|ngu smu |hg yguw`| jd pwi`ne ejbuw`|m|njb mbl m ygejffgblm|njb nb |hg

Upmeg Nbbjtm|njb mbl Cyjs|h U|ym|gc~ (NCU., shneh uwppjy|gl |hg djyfm|njb jd m

bm|njbm` gxgew|ntg upmeg mcgbe~"

\hg pwi`ne ejbuw`|m|njb jb |hg dwblnbc mbl fmbmcgfgb| jd WA entn` upmeg me|ntn|ngu ymb

dyjf Kw`~ |j Je|jigy 9??>" \hg fmnb mnf jd |hg ejbuw`|m|njb smu |j ejbunlgy shm|

u|ywe|wyg sjw`l ig igu| p`megl |j fgg| |hg nbeygmunbc ehm``gbcg jd ejb|nbwnbc |j lg`ntgym uweeguudw` WA upmeg pyjcymffg" \hg ejbugbuwu mfjbc ygupjblgb|u smu |hm| |hg

Iyn|nuh Bm|njbm` Upmeg Egb|yg (IBUE. u|ywe|wyg bgglgl u|ygbc|hgbnbc mbl |hg fmkjyn|~

ejbunlgygl |hm| mb mcgbe~ u|ywe|wyg smu |hg igu| sm~ |j mehngtg |hnu"

\hg bgs Mcgbe~ igemfg gddge|ntg dyjf = Mpyn` 9?== sn|h mb nfp`gfgb|m|njb |gmf |j

fmag uwyg |hgyg smu m ufjj|h |ymbun|njb jd dwbe|njbu dyjf IBUE |j |hg Mcgbe~" \hg

hju| lgpmy|fgb| djy |hg bgs Mcgbe~ nu |hg Lgpmy|fgb| djy Iwunbguu, Nbbjtm|njb mbl

Uan`ù (INU. mbl |hg Mcgbe~ nu meejwb|mi`g |j |hg Fnbnu|gy djy Wbntgyun|ngu mbl Uengbeg"

\hg Mcgbe~ nu hgmlgl i~ m Ehngd Gxgew|ntg Jddnegy"

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ nu ygupjbuni`g djy m`` u|ym|gcne lgenunjbu jb |hg WA Entn` Upmeg

_yjcymffg mbl pyjtnlgu m e`gmy, unbc`g tjneg djy WA upmeg mfin|njbu" N| mùj hmu m

fgehmbnuf djy nb|gydmenbc sn|h j|hgy lgpmy|fgb|u jb entn` mbl fn`n|my~ pyjcymffgu"

M`|hjwch n| ljgu bj| fmbmcg |hgug pyjcymffgu lnyge|`~, |hg Mcgbe~ nu agp| nbdjyfgl

mbl nbtj`tgl nb lgenunjbu yg`m|nbc |j |hjug pyjcymffgu mu bgeguumy~"

Djyfm|njb jd |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~

Jb = Mpyn` 9?== |hg ygupjbunin`n|~ djy m`` upmeg me|ntn|ngu smu |ymbudgyygl dyjf m bwfigy

jd ijlngu, nbe`wlnbc cjtgybfgb| lgpmy|fgb|u, Ygugmyeh Ejwbenù mbl bjb&lgpmy|fgb|m`

pwi`ne ijlngu" \hg Mcgbe~ |hgygdjyg igemfg ygupjbuni`g djy |hg shj`g jd |hg WA upmeg

me|ntn|ngu" Ygpygugb|m|ntgu jd |hg mijtg ijlngu sgyg nbtn|gl |j kjnb |hg Upmeg@gmlgyuhnp Ejwben`, shneh mltnugu |hg Fnbnu|gy" M U|ggynbc Ijmyl smu gu|mi`nuhgl |j

mltnug |hg Ehngd Gxgew|ntg, mbl mb Mwln| Ejffn||gg |j pyjtnlg cwnlmbeg mbl djyfm`

jtgyunch|" \hg Ehngd Gxgew|ntg ehmnyu mb Gxgew|ntg Ijmyl, shneh nu ejfpynugl jd WA

Upmeg Mcgbe~ lnyge|jyu"

\hnu |ymbudgy smu |ygm|gl wblgy Fmehnbgy~ jd Cjtgybfgb| Meejwb|nbc mbl |hg dw`` gddge|

jd |hg |ymbudgy nu gxp`mnbgl nb bj|g == nb |hg Meejwb|u"


11/74

=?

Gxnu|nbc IBUE, U\DE mbl BGYE u|mdd |ymbudgyygl wblgy \ymbudgy jd Wblgy|manbcu

(_yj|ge|nbc Gfp`j~ggu. (\W_G. mbl Eminbg| Jddneg U|m|gfgb| jd _yme|neg (EJUJ_.

myymbcgfgb|u nb|j |hg bgs Mcgbe~"

Dnbmbenm` ygtngs

Imeacyjwbl

\hg Dnbmbenm` U|m|gfgb|u hmtg iggb pygpmygl nb meejylmbeg sn|h m Lnyge|njb

nuuwgl i~ |hg Ugeyg|my~ jd U|m|g djy Iwunbguu, Nbbjtm|njb mbl Uan``u (INU. nb

pwyuwmbeg jd Uge|njb 3(9. jd |hg Cjtgybfgb| Ygujwyegu mbl Meejwb|u Me| 9???"

\hg Dnbmbenm` U|m|gfgb|u hmtg iggb pygpmygl nb meejylmbeg sn|h Nb|gybm|njbm`

Dnbmbenm` Ygpjy|nbc U|mblmylu (NDYU. mbl |hg meejwb|nbc mbl dnbmbenm` ygpjy|nbc

u|mblmylu nuuwgl jy mljp|gl i~ |hg Nb|gybm|njbm` Meejwb|nbc U|mblmylu Ijmyl munb|gypyg|gl djy Cjtgybfgb| wug i~ |hg Dnbmbenm` Ygpjy|nbc Fmbwm` (DYgF."

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ nu m pmy|bgy jycmbnum|njb sn|hnb INU mbl ljgu bj| jsb jy

ejb|yj` mb~ j|hgy ijlngu" \hg Mcgbe~ nu yg}wnygl |j ygfmnb sn|hnb n|u upgendne

iwlcg|gl `nfn|u mcyggl sn|h INU, wblgy |hg cjtgybmbeg jd Ygujwyeg Meejwb|nbc

mbl Iwlcg|nbc (YMI., |hg ygcnfg i~ shneh HF \ygmuwy~, jb ighm`d jd Egb|ym`

Cjtgybfgb|, gbuwygu _wi`ne Uge|jy upgblnbc nu um|nudme|jyn`~ ejb|yj``gl" Nb

ejfp`nmbeg sn|h |hnu ygcnfg, |hg Mcgbe~ smu yg}wnygl |hyjwchjw| |hg ~gmy |j

mltnug INU jd n|u |j|m` djygemu| bg| gxpgbln|wyg djy |hg ~gmy gbl, imugl jb |hg

yg}wnygfgb| dyjf HF \ygmuwy~ |j mlhgyg mu e`jug`~ mu pjuuni`g |j |hg djygemu|"Mlhgygbeg |j |hnu djygemu| yg}wnygl lg|mn`gl mbl yjiwu| dnbmbenm` fmbmcgfgb|,

ij|h nb djygemu|nbc |hg mbbwm` jw|ejfg mbl gbuwynbc ympnl ygupjbugu |j |hg

ehmbcnbc enyewfu|mbegu jd |hg Mcgbe~u uwiu|mb|nm` pyjcymffg"

_gydjyfmbeg

Nb gu|mi`nuhnbc |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~u iwlcg|u, ugtgym` Fmehnbgy~ jd

Cjtgybfgb| (FJC. |ymbudgyu sgyg ejfp`g|gl (p`gmug ugg bj|g ==." \hg

ejfpmym|ntgu pyjtnlgl sn|hnb |hg meejwb|u myg lgyntgl dyjf |hg nblntnlwm` FJC

mcyggfgb|u sn|h gmeh gb|n|~ mbl hmtg |hgygdjyg iggb ejbuj`nlm|gl |j gbhmbegwugyu wblgyu|mblnbc" Mu pmy| jd |hg lwg ln`ncgbeg emyyngl jw| i~ |hg Mcgbe~, |sj

gxegp|njbm` uncbndnemb| mfjwb|u sgyg mcyggl sn|h INU |j ig meejwb|gl djy mu pmy|

jd |hg m`ncbfgb| jd |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ meejwb|nbc pj`nengu;

3"


12/74

==

Mb jtgy&upgbl jd >"3f smu |hgygdjyg ygejcbnugl jw|unlg jd jwy bjyfm` me|ntn|ngu

nb 9?==&=9"

Sn|h m tngs |j mehngtnbc |mycg|u sn|hnb |hg jtgym`` 9?==&=9 WA Uengbeg Imug,

mbl nb mcyggfgb| sn|h |hg INU Abjs`glcg mbl Nbbjtm|njb Cyjwp, |hg Mcgbe~

ehjug |j nfp`gfgb| m hnchgy upgbl pyjdn`g, |hgygi~ muunu|nbc |hg lg`ntgy~ jd

iwlcg| yglwe|njbu meyjuu |hg Ejfpyghgbuntg Upgblnbc Ygtngs pgynjl" \hnu

fgmuwyg `gl |j mb nbeygmug nb upgbl jd ?"7' ig~jbl jwy jyncnbm` |mycg| jd =' jd

LG@ iwlcg| (Lgpmy|fgb|m` Gxpgbln|wyg @nfn|." Mu m yguw`|, |hg Mcgbe~u dnbm`

9?==&=9 jw||wyb, jb bjyfm` nb&~gmy me|ntn|ngu, smu m fmbmcgl jtgy&upgbl jd

5"3f"

Nb lg`ntgynbc jwy dnyu| Mbbwm` Ygpjy| mbl Meejwb|u, sg hmtg fmbmcgl |j dw`dn` m``

|hg INU E`gmy @nbg jd Unch| yg}wnygfgb|u mu pmy| jd n|u pyjkge| |j pyjlweg mbl

pwi`nuh ejbuj`nlm|gl meejwb|u djy |hg dnyu| |nfg"

Bg| gxpgbln|wyg djy |hg ~gmy nbeygmugl i~ 99f dyjf 95"8f & dyjf 55"=f |j =5"5f & |hg djygfju|

fjtgfgb| ignbc |hg lgeygmug nb |hg tm`wg jd lgyntm|ntg dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb|u"

\hgug djysmyl ejb|yme|u sgyg pwyehmugl mu m fn|ncm|nbc fgmuwyg |j ejb|yj`

nb|gybm|njbm` upgbl jtgy |hg Ejfpyghgbuntg Upgblnbc Ygtngs 9?=?, |hwu

yglwenbc |hg Mcgbe~u gxpjuwyg |j gxehmbcg ym|g d`we|wm|njbu (ugg bj|g 3 jd |hg

Dnbmbenm` U|m|gfgb|u."

\hg Mcgbe~ ygegntgl dwblnbc jd 97>f nb 9?==&=9" Mu m| =Mpyn` 9?== |hg

Mcgbe~ hg`l bn` emuh ygugytgu1 |hgug hmtg uwiug}wgb|`~ ymnugl |j =?"5f mu m|

5= Fmyeh 9?=9 lwg |j |nfnbc lnddgygbegu ig|sggb ygegnp|u mbl gxpgbln|wyg"

J|hgy dnbmbeg mbl jpgym|njbm` nuuwgu

Uwu|mnbmin`n|~

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ dm``u nbunlg |hg gxgfp|njb `nfn|u djy uwu|mnbmin`n|~ ygpjy|nbc

mbl mu m yguw`| hmu bj| nbe`wlgl m Uwu|mnbmin`n|~ Ygpjy|"


14/74

=5

Djysmyl `jja

Sn|h m bgs Ejfpyghgbuntg Upgblnbc Ygtngs mbl |hg GUM Fnbnu|gynm` jb |hg

hjyn{jb, |hg Mcgbe~ sn`` ejb|nbwg |j lgfjbu|ym|g n|u min`n|~ mbl d`gxnin`n|~ |j fgg|

|hg mfin|njbu djy WA cyjs|h mbl lyntg djy gejbjfne nfpme| mcmnbu| |hg ewyygb|

dnbmbenm` e`nfm|g"

\hg Mcgbe~ ewyygb|`~ yg`ngu jb INU egb|ym` uwppjy| u~u|gfu |j pyjtnlg ugtgym` jd

n|u imea jddneg dwbe|njbu1 9?=9&=5 sn`` ugg |hg nbn|nm` fncym|njb jd |hgug ugytnegu |j

|hg YEWA Uhmygl Ugytneg Egb|yg @|l", sn|h |hg dw`` |ymbun|njb |j |hg Uhmygl

Ugytneg Egb|yg p`m|djyf uehglw`gl djy =Mpyn` 9?=5"

Nb 9?=9&=5 |hg Mcgbe~ sn`` upjbujy mb nblgpgblgb| ygtngs shneh sn`` gbejfpmuu

mb gtm`wm|njb jd |hg ewyygb| u|ywe|wyg" Ygejffgblm|njbu sn`` ig |magb djysmylsn|h |hg nb|gb|njb |hm| |hg dnbm` fjlg` nu mlg}wm|g`~ g}wnppgl |j gbmi`g lg`ntgy~

jd |hg Mcgbe~ Ejypjym|g _`mb mcmnbu| m imeacyjwbl jd mwu|gyn|~"

Lwg |j |hg Fmehnbgy~ jd Cjtgybfgb| |ymbudgyu |hgyg myg m ymbcg jd \gyfu mbl

Ejbln|njbu meyjuu |hg gfp`j~ggu jd |hg Mcgbe~" M Ehmbcg Fmbmcgfgb| _yjkge|

sn`` ig emyyngl jw| nb jylgy |j fjtg |jsmyl m bgs hmyfjbnugl, g}wn|mi`g pjun|njb"

Lnyge|jym|gu\gehbj`jc~, Uengbeg mbl Gxp`jym|njb

\hg \gehbj`jc~, Uengbeg mbl Gxp`jym|njb (\UG. Lnyge|jym|g jtgyuggu fweh jd

|hg Mcgbe~u bm|njbm` upmeg pyjcymffgu mbl jwy nbtgu|fgb| nb pyjcymffgu jd

|hg Gwyjpgmb Upmeg Mcgbe~ (GUM."

\hg pyjcymffgu jd GUM myg fmbmcgl tnm m ugyngu jd pyjcymffg ijmylu gmeh jd

shneh fgg| 5&7 |nfgu m ~gmy" M| |hgug fgg|nbcu, lg`gcm|njbu (nbe`wlnbc WA

Upmeg Mcgbe~ u|mdd. fmag lgenunjbu jb shneh fnuunjbu GUM sn`` iwn`l, ygtngs |hg

pyjcyguu jd fnuunjbu wblgy lgtg`jpfgb|, mbl jtgyugg |hg gddge|ntg gxp`jn|m|njbjd upmegeymd| |hm| hmtg iggb `mwbehgl & shg|hgy djy uengbeg, |gehbj`jc~

lgtg`jpfgb| jy pyme|nem` mpp`nem|njb" \hwu, \UG u|mdd m||gbl lj{gbu jd fgg|nbcu

pgy ~gmy m| GUM Hgml}wmy|gyu nb _mynu, n|u |gehbnem` egb|yg GU\GE nb |hg

Bg|hgy`mblu mbl j|hgy dmen`n|ngu myjwbl Gwyjpg |j pyguu |hg WAu nb|gygu|u"

Jwy Lnyge|jym|g m`uj mltnugu nblwu|y~ jb hjs |j inl djy GUM ejb|yme|u mbl

cgbgym``~ muunu| jwy upmeg ejffwbn|~ nb fmxnfnunbc |hg tm`wg jd |hg WAu

nbtgu|fgb| nb GUM" \hg~ ygcw`my`~ tnun| nblwu|y~ mbl wbntgyun|ngu |j uhmyg


18/74

=3

hmu nbe`wlgl ug||nbc wp m fmbmcgfgb| u~u|gf djy |hg Mcgbe~u iwlcg|nbc mbl

meejwb|u, mbl sjyanbc sn|h ej``gmcwgu nb INU |j gu|mi`nuh HY pyjeguugu" \hgug

pyjeguugu myg lguncbgl |j ejpg nb |hg nb|gynf pgynjl shn`g m dw`` ehmbcg&fmbmcgfgb| pyjeguu nu nfp`gfgb|gl shneh sn`` mllyguu HY hmyfjbnum|njb

nuuwgu mbl nu m pynjyn|~ |mua djy dnbmbenm` ~gmy 9?=9&=5" \hg Lnyge|jym|g hmu m`uj

`gl sjya sn|h nb|gybm` mwln| |gmfu |j muuguu |hg Mcgbe~u dnbmbenm` u~u|gfu, ynua

fmbmcgfgb| pyjeguugu, cjtgybmbeg, nbdjyfm|njb fmbmcgfgb| mbl ugewyn|~

pyjeglwygu" Jtgym`` |hg nb|gybm` mwln| ygpjy|u hmtg iggb tgy~ pjun|ntg mbl uhjs

|hg Mcgbe~ hmu m`ygml~ pw| nb p`meg ugbuni`g jpgym|nbc u~u|gfu jb shneh |j

iwn`l" Lwynbc |hg dnbmbenm` ~gmy 9?=9&=5, |hg _j`ne~ mbl Jpgym|njbu Lnyge|jym|g

sn`` sjya |j lgtg`jp |hg gxnu|nbc u~u|gfu mbl |mag djysmyl ygejffgblm|njbu

dyjf |hg 9?==&=9 mwln| ygpjy|u"

Mu `gml uge|njb djy cjtgybmbeg jd |hg Mcgbe~, |hg Lnyge|jym|g hmu uwppjy|gl |hg

U|ggynbc Ijmyl mbl Mwln| Ejffn||gg djy |hg Mcgbe~" \hgug ijlngu fgg|

ygcw`my`~ |hyjwchjw| |hg ~gmy mbl pyjtnlg mltneg |j |hg Gxgew|ntg Ijmyl jb |hg

Mcgbe~u pgydjyfmbeg, jpgym|njbu, iwlcg| ejb|yj` mbl ynua fmbmcgfgb|" \hg

Ehmnyfmb jd |hg U|ggynbc Ijmyl nu m fgfigy jd |hg Upmeg @gmlgyuhnp Ejwben`,

shneh nu m`uj uwppjy|gl i~ _j`ne~ mbl Jpgym|njbu" Ehmnygl kjnb|`~ i~ |hg Fnbnu|gy

djy Wbntgyun|ngu mbl Uengbeg mbl |hg EGJ jd @jcnem, |hg @gmlgyuhnp Ejwben` nu

|muagl |j pyjtnlg nblgpgblgb| mltneg |j |hg Fnbnu|gy mbl |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~

jb ewyygb| pynjyn|ngu mbl dw|wyg jppjy|wbn|ngu djy upmeg me|ntn|~ nb shneh |hg WA

uhjw`l pmy|nenpm|g, ij|h m| m bm|njbm` mbl nb|gybm|njbm` `gtg`" Fgfigyuhnp jd |hgEjwben` nu lymsb dyjf meyjuu cjtgybfgb|, nblwu|y~ mbl |hg memlgfne uge|jy mbl

pyjtnlgu m iyjml pgyupge|ntg jb upmeg me|ntn|ngu" \hnu sn`` ig pmy|new`my`~

nfpjy|mb| nb |hg `gml wp |j |hg GUM Ejwben` fgg|nbc m| Fnbnu|gynm` `gtg` nb

Bjtgfigy 9?=9, shneh sn`` ug| |hg mcgblm djy |hg Gwyjpgmb upmeg pyjcymffg

jtgy |hg bgx| dgs ~gmyu" Sn|h ygupjbunin`n|~ djy iwlcg| fmbmcgfgb| mbl GUM

yg`m|njbuhnp fmbmcgfgb|, |hg _j`ne~ mbl Jpgym|njbu Lnyge|jym|g sn`` p`m~ m `gml

yj`g nb pygpmynbc djy |hg Fnbnu|gynm` Ejwben` mbl bgcj|nm|nbc |hg igu| jw|ejfgu djy

|hg WA"

Hmtnbc gu|mi`nuhgl m WA Upmeg Mcgbe~, cjtgybfgb| mbl pwi`ne nb|gygu| hmunbeygmugl u|gmln`~ mbl |hg Mcgbe~ ygegntgu m hnch bwfigy jd pmy`nmfgb|my~ mbl

fnbnu|gynm` emugu |j hmbl`g mu sg`` mu m uncbndnemb| tj`wfg jd pwi`ne }wgyngu"

Ejb|gb| nu snlg&ymbcnbc mbl ejtgyu nuuwgu dyjf upmeg pj`ne~ |j yg}wgu|u djy

emyggyu mltneg" \hg _j`ne~ mbl Jpgym|njbu uge|njb fmbmcgu |hg ygupjbugu |j m``

ejyygupjblgbeg, gn|hgy sn|hnb |hg Lnyge|jym|g jy i~ ejjylnbm|nbc ygp`ngu meyjuu

|hg Mcgbe~" Jtgy |hg `mu| ~gmy |hgyg sgyg;


19/74

=8

84 fnbnu|gynm` emugu, jd shneh >8' sgyg mbusgygl sn|hnb lgml`nbg1

99 pmy`nmfgb|my~ }wgu|njbu mbl =??' sgyg mbusgygl jb |nfg1


20/74

=>

ejb|yniw|nbc |j |hg fmbmcgfgb| jd |hg nblwu|ynm` yg|wyb pj`ne~ jd GUM mbl|manbc fgmuwygu |j gbuwyg |hg WA cj| n|u dmny uhmyg jd nblwu|ynm` sjya fgmbnbc|hg WA hml |hg nlgm` nblwu|ynm` yg|wyb ejgddnengb| jd ="? m| |hg ~gmy gbl1

sjyanbc sn|h |hg GUM WA |gmf m| Hmysg`` |j gbuwyg WA upmeg me|ntn|ngu mygnbe`wlgl nb |hg GUM WA bgsu`g||gy, shneh ygegntgu snlg enyew`m|njb meyjuuGUM mbl n|u u|maghj`lgyu"

J|hgy nb|gybm|njbm` fgg|nbcu myg hg`l jb m in`m|gym` imunu sn|h nb|gybm|njbm` upmeg

mcgbengu mbl cjtgybfgb|u mbl, jtgy |hg `mu| ~gmy, mcyggfgb|u djy ej``mijym|ntg

sjyanbc hmtg iggb uncbgl sn|h Nblnm mbl Kmpmb mbl mb gxnu|nbc mcyggfgb| sn|h

Ywuunm hmu iggb gx|gblgl" Dwy|hgy nb|gybm|njbm` mcyggfgb|u myg mb|nenpm|gl

lwynbc |hg dnbmbenm` ~gmy 9?=9&=5, mbl |hg nb|gybm|njbm` yg`m|njbu uge|njb sn`` mùj

djewu jb gbuwynbc gxnu|nbc mcyggfgb|u lg`ntgy mcmnbu| |hgny u|m|gl jikge|ntgu"\hg Lnyge|jym|g mùj sjyau sn|h |hg Djygncb mbl Ejffjbsgm`|h Jddneg, WA

\ymlg mbl Nbtgu|fgb|, mbl |hg INU Uengbeg mbl Nbbjtm|njb Bg|sjya (UNB. mbl

Gwyjpgmb cyjwpu |j muunu| nb ug``nbc WA empmin`n|~ miyjml sn|h |hg mnf jd

nbeygmunbc |hg WAu uhmyg jd |hg sjy`l upmeg fmyag|"

\hg Lnyge|jym|g nu mùj ygupjbuni`g djy fmbmcnbc WA nb|gygu|u nb nb|gybm|njbm`

upmeg ygcw`m|njbu, nbe`wlnbc `gcm` nuuwgu myjwbl |hg wugu jd jw|gy upmeg" \hg

ygcnjb jd upmeg myjwbl |hg Gmy|h nu m `nfn|gl mbl wbn}wg ygujwyeg mbl sg bggl

|j gbuwyg |hnu mygm ygfmnbu uwu|mnbmi`g djy cgbgym|njbu |j ejfg" Upmeg lgiynu

pygugb|u m ygm` mbl nbeygmunbc hm{myl |j upmeg jpgym|njbu, shneh bgglu |j igmllyguugl dyjf m uengb|ndne, |gehbj`jcnem`, `gcm` mbl pj`n|nem` u|mblpjnb|" \hg WA

nu m| |hg djygdyjb| jd |hnu sjya nb|gybm|njbm``~ mbl, |hyjwch _j`ne~ mbl Jpgym|njbu,

|hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ nu m ygupge|gl fgfigy jd |hg Nb|gy&Mcgbe~ Upmeg Lgiynu

Ejjylnbm|njb Ejffn||gg (NMLE., mb nb|gybm|njbm` cjtgybfgb|m` djywf djy |hg

sjy`lsnlg ejjylnbm|njb jd me|ntn|ngu yg`m|gl |j |hg nuuwgu jd upmeg lgiynu"

\hg umfg uge|njb jd |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ mùj sjyau e`jug`~ sn|h |hg Wbn|gl

Bm|njbu |hyjwch |hg Ejffn||gg jb _gmegdw` Wugu jd Jw|gy Upmeg" \hnu

Ejffn||gg iynbcu |jcg|hgy gxpgy|u dyjf myjwbl |hg sjy`l |j ejbunlgy |hg uejpg

jd nb|gybm|njbm` ejjpgym|njb nb pgmegdw` wugu jd jw|gy upmeg mbl gbejwymcguejb|nbwgl ygugmyeh jb jw|gy upmeg fm||gyu" N| mùj u|wlngu `gcm` pyji`gfu mynunbc

dyjf |hg gxp`jym|njb jd jw|gy upmeg shneh emb ig ejfp`gx mbl hmtg snlg

nfp`nem|njbu"

Nb |hg WA, |hg Jw|gy Upmeg Me| =>84 (JUM. nu lguncbgl |j gbuwyg ejfp`nmbeg

wblgy |hg WAu nb|gybm|njbm` |ygm|ngu mbl pynbenp`gu ejtgynbc |hg wug jd jw|gy

upmeg, mbl mpp`ngu |j m`` WA bm|njbmù mbl ejfpmbngu nb|gblnbc |j `mwbeh jy

pyjewyg |hg `mwbeh jd m upmeg jikge| jy jpgym|g m upmeg jikge|" \hg _j`ne~ mbl

Jpgym|njbu Lnyge|jym|g ejbunlgyu mpp`nem|njbu mbl nuuwgu `negbegu wblgy |hg Me|,


21/74

9?

sjyanbc sn|h cjtgybfgb| mbl nblwu|y~ `ms~gyu |j mbm`~ug mpp`nem|njbu" Nb n|u

Cyjs|h Ygtngs 9?==, |hg cjtgybfgb| ug| jw| m ejffn|fgb| |j ygdjyf |hg Jw|gy

Upmeg Me| nb jylgy |j `gtg` |hg p`m~nbc dng`l djy WA ejfpmbngu shgb ejfpg|nbcdjy nb|gybm|njbm` iwunbguu" \jsmylu |hnu mnf, m pwi`ne ejbuw`|m|njb sn`` ywb nb

dnbmbenm` ~gmy 9?=9&=5 ugganbc u|maghj`lgy tngsu jb pyjpjugl ygdjyf fgmuwygu"

Ujfg jd |hg sjya jd |hg Lnyge|jym|g nu pmy|new`my`~ |gehbnem` nb bm|wyg, uweh mu

fmbmcgfgb| jd upge|ywf pj`ne~" Upmeg yg`ngu gb|nyg`~ jb ymlnj `nbau upge|ywf

djy um|g``n|g ejb|yj` mbl pm~`jml ejffwbnem|njbu" Ag~ WA upmeg nblwu|y~

mpp`nem|njbu nbe`wlg um|g``n|g iyjmlemu|, fjin`g um|g``n|g, um|g``n|g iyjmlimbl mbl

um|g``n|g bmtncm|njb1 upge|ywf nu m`uj wugl i~ |hg uengbeg uge|jy djy upmeg

gxp`jym|njb mbl ygfj|g ugbunbc mpp`nem|njbu" Mu WA nb|gygu|u nb upmeg gxpmbl,

uj lj |hg yg}wnygfgb|u djy upge|ywf, mbl |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ ygpygugb|u |hgWA bm|njbm``~ mbl nb|gybm|njbm``~ sn|hnb u|maghj`lgy cyjwpu |j ygpygugb| |hgug

nb|gygu|u" Nb|gybm|njbm` upge|ywf m``jem|njbu myg fmlg m| Sjy`l Ymlnj

Ejbdgygbeg fgg|nbcu shneh |mag p`meg gtgy~ 5&< ~gmyu mbl iynbc |jcg|hgy

nb|gygu|gl pmy|ngu dyjf myjwbl |hg sjy`l" \hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ ygpygugb|gl |hg

WA m| |hg `mu| fgg|nbc nb Dgiywmy~ 9?=9 mbl smu nbu|ywfgb|m` nb mcyggnbc bgs

yw`gu djy e`mynd~nbc |hg iynbcnbc nb|j wug mbl uwupgbunjb jd jyin| u`j|u" \hnu smu m

uncbndnemb| mcyggfgb| shneh sn`` gbuwyg |hm| Iyn|nuh nblwu|y~ hmu dw`` mbl dmny

meeguu |j jyin| u`j|u mbl upmeg ejfpmbngu myg m`` jpgym|nbc mcmnbu| |hg umfg

yw`gu"

Sjya nb |hg _j`ne~ mbl Jpgym|njbu Lnyge|jym|g nu bgtgy unfp`~ m emug jd

iwunbguu mu wuwm`" _my`nmfgb| emb fjtg m| upggl mbl |hg Lnyge|jym|g bgglu |j

aggp pmeg sn|h lgtg`jpfgb|u shn`g fmbmcnbc |hg yg`m|njbuhnp sn|h INU mbl |hg

snlgy entn` ugytneg, jtgyuggnbc jpgym|njbm` nuuwgu meyjuu |hg |hygg Mcgbe~

Lnyge|jym|gu, ejb|nbwnbc |j lgtg`jp |hg pwi`ne dmenbc sjya jd |hg Mcgbe~, mbl

lg`ntgynbc mcmnbu| nb|gybm|njbm` jikge|ntgu" Wbljwi|gl`~ |hg ag~ jw|pw| dyjf |hg

ejfnbc dnbmbenm` ~gmy sn`` ig |hg jw|ejfg jd |hg GUM Fnbnu|gynm` fgg|nbc nb

Bjtgfigy" J|hgy hnch`nch|u sn`` ig pwi`nem|njb jd |hg ingbbnm` Un{g mbl Hgm`|h jd

|hg WA Upmeg Nblwu|y~ ygpjy| nb |hg mw|wfb, pygpmym|njb djy |hg bgx| WA Upmeg

Ejbdgygbeg nb uwffgy 9?=5, mbl nfp`gfgb|nbc ygejffgblm|njbu dyjf |hgBm|njbm` Upmeg Ugewyn|~ _j`ne~, shneh nu lwg |j ig pwi`nuhgl nb uwffgy 9?=9"

Cyjs|h, Mpp`nem|njbu mbl GW _yjcymffgu

Nb|yjlwe|njb

Gbmi`nbc cyjs|h nu m| |hg hgmy| jd |hg WA Entn` Upmeg U|ym|gc~ mbl nu |hg WA

Upmeg Mcgbe~ fnuunjb" \hg yj`g jd |hg Cyjs|h, Mpp`nem|njbu mbl GW

_yjcymffgu Lnyge|jym|g nu |j me| mu m djem` pjnb| djy ag~ cyjs|h me|ntn|ngu, |j


22/74

9=

uhmpg mbl mltnug jb |hg Mcgbe~ u|ym|gc~ jb nbtgu|fgb| djy cyjs|h, |j lyntg mbl

uwppjy| me|ntn|ngu shneh sn`` gbejwymcg |hg gxpmbunjb jd |hg ljsbu|ygmf mbl

mpp`nem|njbu uge|njb jd |hg upmeg fmyag| shneh nu dw`` jd pj|gb|nm` mbl nb shneh |hgWA hmu ygm` u|ygbc|hu"

\hg Lnyge|jym|g mùj `gmlu jb m bwfigy jd ag~ GW upmeg pyjcymffgu,

nbtj`tgfgb| nb shneh wblgypnb |hg Mcgbe~u u|ym|gc~ mbl shneh, mu ugytnegu myg

lg`ntgygl jtgy |hg bgx| dgs ~gmyu myg ag~ |j |hg dw|wyg"

Ag~ mehngtgfgb|u nb 9?==&=9

\hg Lnyge|jym|g sjyagl sn|h ugbnjy nblwu|y~ ej``gmcwgu mbl j|hgyu |j ejjylnbm|g

mbl lg`ntgy jb |hg me|njb p`mb shneh meejfpmbngl |hg Upmeg Nbbjtm|njb mbl

Cyjs|h U|ym|gc~ mbl jb ag~ Cyjs|h Ygtngs me|ntn|ngu" \hnu `gl |j |hg pwi`nem|njbjd m ygpjy| jb |hg pj|gb|nm` djy um|g``n|g iyjmlimbl nb |hg WA nbe`wlnbc gxpjy|

fmyag|u, m ygtngs jd pwi`ne uge|jy yg}wnygfgb|u djy m pmb cjtgybfgb| Gmy|h

Jiugytm|njb lm|m mbl pyjlwe| ugytneg, |hg dnyu| @jbljb Um|g``n|g Dnbmbeg Bg|sjya

Ejbdgygbeg, |hg lgtg`jpfgb| jd mb nb|gybm|njbm` |ymlg u|ym|gc~, mbl m ygdyguh jd

|hg Bm|njbm` Upmeg \gehbj`jc~ Yjmlfmpu mfjbcu| m bwfigy jd j|hgy me|ntn|ngu"

M u|ym|gcne pne|wyg jd nbtgu|fgb|u shneh sjw`l pyjtnlg |hg hnchgu| cyjs|h nfpme|

nb |hg upmeg uge|jy smu pyjlwegl" \hnu `gl |j mcyggfgb| |j |hg Cm`n`gj Ugewyn|~

Fjbn|jynbc Egb|yg, iwn`lnbc jb WA u|ygbc|hu nb |hg mygm jd ugewyn|~ mbl uncbm``nbc

|hg dw|wyg pygugbeg jd m ag~ pngeg jd ugewyn|~ nbdymu|ywe|wyg nb |hg WA" \hgyg smumùj m uncbndnemb| nbtgu|fgb| nb|j |hg dmen`n|~ djy E`nfm|g mbl Gbtnyjbfgb|m`

Fjbn|jynbc dyjf Upmeg (EGFU." Nb sjyanbc e`jug`~ sn|h NUNE mbl |hg pyjkge|

lg`ntgy~ |gmf, |hnu dmen`n|~ hmu bjs iggb iwn`|, nu jddgynbc n|u ugytnegu mbl hmu m

bm|njbm` mbl nb|gybm|njbm` e`ngb| `nu|"

Mlln|njbm``~ BjtmUMY smu mùj mbbjwbegl nb ~gmy" \hnu nbtgu|fgb| sn`` wb`jea

WA ugewyn|~ mbl j|hgy mpp`nem|njbu, uwppjy| cyjs|h i~ pyjtnlnbc lm|m djy

ejffgyenm` mpp`nem|njbu lgtg`jpfgb| mbl sn`` sjya nb ejbegy| sn|h |hg bgs

Um|g``n|g Mpp`nem|njbu Em|mpw`|"

\hg Lnyge|jym|g gbcmcgl snlg`~ jb Dymfgsjya 3 pyjcymffg me|ntn|ngu, hg`pnbc

|j uhmpg |hg em`ù mbl uwppjy| WA gbcmcgfgb| nb |hg pyjcymffg ij|h nb |gyfu

jd u|ym|gc~ mbl pyjeguu" Mb nbbjtm|ntg pmy|bgyuhnp |j gxp`jn| |hg pyjcymffg djy

|hg WA sn|h ejwb|yngu nb Gmu|gyb Gwyjpg hmu mùj iggb iwn`|"

Mu pj`ne~ `gml djy Cm`n`gj, |hg Gwyjpgmb CBUU pyjcymffg, |hg Lnyge|jym|g hmu

sjyagl |j gbuwyg m ugbuni`g jw|ejfg dyjf m eyn|nem` ygtngs jd |hg pyjcymffg,

mbl smu uweeguudw` nb muanbc djy yg&pyjdn`nbc jd |hg pyjcymffg, cygm|gy

|ymbupmygbe~, |hg u|ynppnbc jw| jd wbbgeguumy~ pyjcymffg g`gfgb|u mbl djy |hg


23/74

99

pyjdguunjbm`num|njb jd |hg sm~ nb shneh |hg pyjcymffg nu ywb" Fmb~ g`gfgb|u jd

|hnu mppyjmeh hmtg bjs iggb ygejcbnugl nb |hg p`mb djy dw|wyg cjtgybmbeg jd |hg

pyjcymffg" Sn|h m fnblug| |hm| cjjl pyjcymffg fmbmcgfgb| ym|hgy |hmbfjyg fjbg~ nu |hg sm~ djysmyl, mbl sn|h |hg `mwbeh jd |hg NJT um|g``n|gu, |hgyg nu

fweh fjyg ejbdnlgbeg nb |hg |nfg`nbgu djy `ntg ugytnegu" Jb |hg imea jd |hnu |hg

Lnyge|jym|g, nb pmy|bgyuhnp sn|h |hg \gehbj`jc~ U|ym|gc~ Ijmyl, mbbjwbegl m

Cm`n`gj _wi`ne Ygcw`m|gl Ugytneg Lgfjbu|ym|jy _yjcymffg |j nlgb|nd~ nbbjtm|ntg

sm~u jd fmbmcnbc |hg ugytneg gbl |j gbl"

\hg jppjy|wbn|~ |j hju| m fmkjy GW ejbdgygbeg nb @jbljb, nb pmy|bgyuhnp sn|h |hg

Gwyjpgmb Ejffnuunjb mbl shneh sn`` nbe`wlg Cm`n`gj, Gcbju mbl CFGU ejb|gb|,

smu ugewygl" \hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ nu uhmpnbc |hnu |j ig lnddgygb|" N| sn`` ig

wugy `gl mbl djewugl jb ljsbu|ygmf cyjs|h mbl |hg uj`w|njbu |hm| upmeg embiynbc |j m ymbcg jd gtgy~lm~ mygmu"

WA nblwu|y~ ugewygl ujfg fmkjy ejb|yme| msmylu lwynbc |hg ~gmy, lgfjbu|ym|nbc

|hg ejb|nbwnbc igbgdn|u jd WA pmy|nenpm|njb nb Cm`n`gj"

\hg WA ehmnygl |hg Nb|gybm|njbm` Lnumu|gy Ehmy|gy mbl fmbmcgl |hg WA

ejbu|g``m|njb ejb|yniw|njb |j |hg Ehmy|gy" \hnu ugewygl nb|gybm|njbm` mcyggfgb| |j

jpgb wp |hg igbgdn|u jd |hg Ehmy|gy |j gtgy~ ejwb|y~ sjy`lsnlg" Lwynbc |hg ~gmy

|hgyg sgyg |sgb|~&gnch| Ehmy|gy me|ntm|njbu"

@jjanbc mhgml |j 9?=9 &=5 mbl ig~jbl

Ygegb| dncwygu ug||nbc jw| |hg pjun|njb jb |hg un{g mbl hgm`|h jd |hg upmeg

gejbjf~ myg gbejwymcnbc iw| hnch`nch| |hg bggl djy ygbgsgl, djewugl mbl

pynjyn|nugl me|njb nd |hg WA Upmeg Nblwu|y~ nu |j emp|wyg |hg pyn{g jd m uncbndnemb|

uhmyg nb |hg c`jim` upmeg fmyag|" M wugy&`gl mppyjmeh |j ygtgm` uge|jyu djy |hg

fmyag| |j mllyguu nu ag~ |j |hnu, mu nu ejb|nbwnbc |j pw`` nb bgs nbtgu|fgb| mu |hg

nbtgu|jyu ygm`nug |hg ujy|u jd yg|wybu |hm| myg pjuuni`g"

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ hmu m ag~ yj`g nb lyntnbc |hg u|ym|gc~ djy |hnu sn|h nblwu|y~

mbl j|hgy pmy|bgyu |hyjwch |hg djy|hejfnbc ygu|mea jd |hg Upmeg Nbbjtm|njb mbl

Cyjs|h U|ym|gc~"

_ju| |hg @nuijb \ygm|~, |hg GW hmu m cyjsnbc ejfpg|gbeg nb upmeg" \hg WA

Upmeg Mcgbe~ sn`` m`uj sjya |j nbd`wgbeg |hnu yg|wbnbc jd |hg ag~ nbu|n|w|njbm`

yg`m|njbuhnpu nb pmy|new`my |hg GW mbl |hg Gwyjpgmb Upmeg Mcgbe~ uj |hm|

nbtgu|fgb|u nb ij|h |hg GW mbl GUM _yjcymffgu sjya hmyfjbnjwu`~, pyjlwenbc

cyjs|h nb |hg WA gejbjf~" Nb 9?=9 nb pmy|new`my |hg Mcgbe~ sn`` ig sjyanbc |j

cg| |hg ynch| jw|ejfgu dyjf |hg pyjpjugl GW nblwu|ynm` pj`ne~, ejb|nbwnbc |j


24/74

95

uhmpg j|hgy GW upmeg sjya mbl |hg ug| jd Hjyn{jb 9?9?, shneh nu eywenm` |j

nbbjtm|njb mbl ygugmyeh mbl lgtg`jpfgb|"

M ag~ yg`m|njbuhnp nu sn|h |hg Um|g``n|g Mpp`nem|njbu Em|mpw`| mbl |hg Mcgbe~ sn``

ig m| |hg hgmy| jd fmxnfnunbc |hnu lgtg`jpfgb| mbl nb|gcym|nbc n| sn|h |hg gxnu|nbc

`mbluempg m| Hmysg`` mbl ig~jbl"

J|hgy nbdjyfm|njb

U|mdd

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ nbtj`tgu m`` fgfigyu jd u|mdd nb |hg lg`ntgy~ jd |hgjikge|ntgu ug| jw| nb |hg Ejypjym|g _`mb" \hg fmnb ehmbbg`u jd nb|gybm`

ejffwbnem|njb nbe`wlg dgglimea dyjf |hg Gxgew|ntg Ijmyl fgg|nbcu, Lnyge|jym|g

fgg|nbcu mbl m``&u|mdd fgg|nbcu" U|mdd myg hg`pgl |j ygm`nug |hgny pj|gb|nm`

|hyjwch |ymnbnbc, jppjy|wbn|ngu |j fmag un|g tnun|u |j nblwu|y~ u|maghj`lgyu mbl

m||gblnbc egy|mnb bm|njbm` mbl nb|gybm|njbm` fgg|nbcu mu jiugytgyu"

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ nu dw``~ ejffn||gl |j pyjtnlnbc g}wm` jppjy|wbn|~ djy m``

u|mdd" \hg Mcgbe~ dj``jsu |hg Entn` Ugytneg cwnlg`nbgu, gbuwynbc |hm| m`` g`ncni`g

pgjp`g fwu| hmtg g}wm`n|~ jd jppjy|wbn|~ djy gfp`j~fgb| mbl mltmbegfgb| jb

|hg imunu jd |hgny uwn|min`n|~ djy |hg sjya" \hgyg nu bj lnueynfnbm|njb jb |hg imunujd mcg, lnumin`n|~, cgblgy, pmy|&|nfg sjyagyu, fmyn|m` u|m|wu, ugxwm` jyngb|m|njb,

ymeg, ej`jwy, bm|njbm`n|~, g|hbne jy bm|njbm` jyncnb jy yg`ncnjwu ig`ngd"

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~u ejbuw`|m|ntg fgehmbnufu pyjtnlg mb jppjy|wbn|~ djy

u|mdd |j hmtg mb nbpw| nb|j nuuwgu |hm| ejbegyb |hgf, |j jddgy m u|mdd tngs jb bgs

nbn|nm|ntgu, mbl |j fmag uwccgu|njbu djy nfpyjtgfgb|u shgyg mppyjpynm|g"

\hg Mcgbe~ gbuwygu |hm| ygeywn|fgb| nu emyyngl jw| jb |hg imunu jd dmny mbl jpgb

ejfpg|n|njb mbl |hm| ug`ge|njb nu jb fgyn| nb meejylmbeg sn|h |hg Jddneg jd |hg

Entn` Ugytneg Ejffnuunjb (JEUE. _ynbenp`gu" \hg Mcgbe~ sjyau e`jug`~ sn|h n|u

pmygb| lgpmy|fgb|, |hg Lgpmy|fgb| djy Iwunbguu, Nbbjtm|njb mbl Uan``u (INU. |j

gbuwyg |hgug pynbenp`gu myg mlhgygl |j"

\hgyg smu bj gx|gybm` ygeywn|fgb| lwynbc 9?==&=9"

Lm~u `ju| lwg |j miugbeg

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ gbejwymcgu m ew`|wyg shgyg cjjl m||gblmbeg nu gxpge|gl

mbl tm`wgl" Hjsgtgy, n| ygejcbnugu |hm| dyjf |nfg |j |nfg miugbegu djy fglnem`

ygmujbu fm~ ig wbmtjnlmi`g" \hg Mcgbe~ mnfu |j |ygm| n|u u|mdd shj myg n`` sn|h


25/74

9

emyggy uehgfg (Bwtju." \hgug u|m|w|jy~ myymbcgfgb|u myg wbdwblgl, sn|h |hg

eju| jd igbgdn|u fg| i~ fjbngu tj|gl i~ _my`nmfgb| gmeh ~gmy" _gbunjbu

pm~mi`g wblgy E`muune, _ygfnwf, E`muune _`wu mbl Bwtju myg nbeygmugl mbbwm``~nb `nbg sn|h _gbunjbu Nbeygmug @gcnu`m|njb"

Fgfigyu kjnbnbc dyjf Je|jigy 9??9 fm~ jp| djy gn|hgy |hg mppyjpynm|g lgdnbgl

igbgdn| myymbcgfgb| jy m fjbg~ pwyehmug u|maghj`lgy pgbunjb sn|h mb

gfp`j~gy ejb|yniw|njb (pmy|bgyuhnp pgbunjb meejwb|."

Gfp`j~gg ejb|yniw|njbu myg ug| m| |hg ym|g jd ="7' jd pgbunjbmi`g gmybnbcu djy

E`muune mbl 5"7' djy _ygfnwf, E`muune _`wu mbl Bwtju"

Igbgdn|u nb E`muune meeywg m| |hg ym|g jd =*8?|h jd dnbm` pgbunjbmi`g gmybnbcu djy

gmeh ~gmy jd ugytneg" Nb mlln|njb, m `wfp uwf g}wntm`gb| |j |hygg ~gmyu nbn|nm`pgbunjb nu pm~mi`g jb yg|nygfgb|"

Djy _ygfnwf, igbgdn|u meeywg m| |hg ym|g jd =*4?|h jd dnbm` pgbunjbmi`g gmybnbcu

djy gmeh ~gmy jd ugytneg" Wb`nag E`muune, |hgyg nu bj mw|jfm|ne `wfp uwf"

E`muune _`wu nu guugb|nm``~ m h~iynl, sn|h igbgdn|u djy ugytneg igdjyg = Je|jigy

9??9 em`ew`m|gl iyjml`~ mu pgy E`muune mbl igbgdn|u djy ugytneg dyjf Je|jigy

9??9 sjyagl jw| mu nb _ygfnwf"

Nb Bwtju m fgfigy iwn`lu wp m pgbunjb imugl jb |hgny pgbunjbmi`g gmybnbcu

lwynbc |hgny pgynjl jd uehgfg fgfigyuhnp" M| |hg gbl jd |hg uehgfg ~gmy (5=

Fmyeh. |hg fgfigyu gmybgl pgbunjb meejwb| nu eygln|gl sn|h 9"5' jd |hgny

pgbunjbmi`g gmybnbcu nb |hm| uehgfg ~gmy mbl |hg meeywgl pgbunjb nu wpym|gl nb

`nbg sn|h _gbunjbu Nbeygmug @gcnu`m|njb" Nb m`` emugu fgfigyu fm~ jp| |j cntg wp

(ejffw|g. pgbunjb djy m `wfp uwf wp |j |hg `nfn|u ug| i~ |hg Dnbmbeg Me| 9??


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5?

_gbunjb mcg nu 4? djy fgfigyu jd E`muune, _ygfnwf mbl E`muune _`wu mbl 47 djy

fgfigyu jd Bwtju1 hjsgtgy |hnu nu wblgy ygtngs"

Dwy|hgy lg|mnù mijw| |hg Entn` Ugytneg pgbunjb myymbcgfgb|u emb ig djwbl m| |hg

sgiun|g; sss"entnùgytneg"cjt"wa*f~&entn`&ugytneg*pgbunjbu*nblgx"mupx"

Emuh G}wntm`gb| \ymbudgy Tm`wgu

M Emuh G}wntm`gb| \ymbudgy Tm`wg (EG\T. nu |hg me|wmynm``~&muuguugl empn|m`nugl

tm`wg jd |hg pgbunjb uehgfg igbgdn|u meeywgl i~ m fgfigy m| m pmy|new`my pjnb|

nb |nfg" \hg igbgdn|u tm`wgl myg |hg fgfigyu meeywgl igbgdn|u mbl mb~

ejb|nbcgb| upjwugu pgbunjb pm~mi`g dyjf |hg uehgfg" M EG\T nu m pm~fgb|

fmlg i~ m pgbunjb uehgfg jy myymbcgfgb| |j ugewyg pgbunjb igbgdn|u nb

mbj|hgy pgbunjb uehgfg jy myymbcgfgb| shgb |hg fgfigy `gmtgu m uehgfgmbl ehjjugu |j |ymbudgy |hg igbgdn|u meeywgl nb |hgny djyfgy uehgfg" \hg

pgbunjb dncwygu uhjsb yg`m|g |j |hg igbgdn|u |hm| |hg nblntnlwm` hmu meeywgl mu m

ejbug}wgbeg jd |hgny |j|m` fgfigyuhnp jd |hg pgbunjb uehgfg, bj| kwu| |hgny

ugytneg nb m ugbnjy empmen|~ |j shneh lnue`juwyg mpp`ngu"

\hg dncwygu nbe`wlg |hg tm`wg jd mb~ pgbunjb igbgdn| nb mbj|hgy uehgfg jy

myymbcgfgb| shneh |hg fgfigy hmu |ymbudgyygl |j |hg Entn` Ugytneg pgbunjb

myymbcgfgb|u" \hg~ mùj nbe`wlg mb~ mlln|njbm` pgbunjb igbgdn| meeywgl |j |hg

fgfigy mu m yguw`| jd |hgny iw~nbc mlln|njbm` pgbunjb igbgdn|u m| |hgny jsb eju|"

EG\Tu myg sjyagl jw| sn|hnb |hg cwnlg`nbgu mbl dymfgsjya pygueynigl i~ |hgNbu|n|w|g mbl Dmew`|~ jd Me|wmyngu mbl lj bj| |mag meejwb| jd mb~ me|wm` jy

pj|gb|nm` yglwe|njb |j igbgdn|u yguw`|nbc dyjf @ndg|nfg M``jsmbeg \mx, shneh fm~

ig lwg shgb pgbunjb igbgdn|u myg |magb"

Ygm` nbeygmug nb EG\T

\hnu ygd`ge|u |hg nbeygmug nb EG\T |hm| nu dwblgl i~ |hg gfp`j~gy" N| ljgu bj|

nbe`wlg |hg nbeygmug nb meeywgl pgbunjb lwg |j nbd`m|njb, ejb|yniw|njbu pmnl i~ |hg

gfp`j~gg (nbe`wlnbc |hg tm`wg jd mb~ igbgdn|u |ymbudgyygl dyjf mbj|hgy pgbunjb

uehgfg jy myymbcgfgb|., mbl wugu ejffjb fmyag| tm`wm|njb dme|jyu djy |hg u|my|

mbl gbl jd |hg pgynjl"

Lmtnl Sn``nmfu

> Kw`~ 9?=9



32/74

5=

EHM_\GY < Meejwb|u

U|m|gfgb| jd Meejwb|nbc Jddnegyu ygupjbunin`n|ngu

Wblgy |hg Cjtgybfgb| Ygujwyegu mbl Meejwb|u Me| 9???, |hg Ugeyg|my~ jdU|m|g sn|h |hg ejbugb| jd HF \ygmuwy~ hmu lnyge|gl |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ |jpygpmyg djy gmeh dnbmbenm` ~gmy m u|m|gfgb| jd meejwb|u nb |hg djyf mbl jb |hgimunu ug| jw| nb |hg Meejwb|u Lnyge|njb" \hg meejwb|u myg pygpmygl jb mbmeeywm`u imunu mbl fwu| cntg m |ywg mbl dmny tngs jd |hg u|m|g jd mddmnyu jd |hg WAUpmeg Mcgbe~ mbl jd n|u nbejfg mbl gxpgbln|wyg, ehmbcgu nb |mxpm~gyu g}wn|~mbl emuh d`jsu djy |hg dnbmbenm` ~gmy"

Nb pygpmynbc |hg meejwb|u, |hg Meejwb|nbc Jddnegy nu yg}wnygl |j ejfp`~ sn|h |hgyg}wnygfgb|u jd |hg Cjtgybfgb| Dnbmbenm` Ygpjy|nbc Fmbwm` mbl nb pmy|new`my |j;

jiugytg |hg Meejwb|u Lnyge|njb nuuwgl i~ HF \ygmuwy~, nbe`wlnbc |hg yg`gtmb|meejwb|nbc mbl lnue`juwyg yg}wnygfgb|u, mbl mpp`~ uwn|mi`g meejwb|nbcpj`nengu jb m ejbunu|gb| imunu1

fmag kwlcfgb|u mbl gu|nfm|gu jb m ygmujbmi`g imunu1

u|m|g shg|hgy mpp`nemi`g meejwb|nbc u|mblmylu mu ug| jw| nb |hg Cjtgybfgb|Dnbmbenm` Ygpjy|nbc Fmbwm` hmtg iggb dj``jsgl, mbl lnue`jug mbl gxp`mnb mb~fm|gynm` lgpmy|wygu nb |hg meejwb|u1 mbl

pygpmyg |hg meejwb|u jb m cjnbc ejbegyb imunu"

\hg Meejwb|nbc Jddnegy jd |hg Lgpmy|fgb| djy Iwunbguu, Nbbjtm|njb mbl Uan``u hmulguncbm|gl |hg Ehngd Gxgew|ntg mu Meejwb|nbc Jddnegy jd WA Upmeg Mcgbe~" \hgygupjbunin`n|ngu jd mb Meejwb|nbc Jddnegy, nbe`wlnbc ygupjbunin`n|~ djy |hg pyjpyng|~mbl ygcw`myn|~ jd |hg pwi`ne dnbmbegu djy shneh |hg Meejwb|nbc Jddnegy numbusgymi`g, djy aggpnbc pyjpgy ygejylu mbl djy umdgcwmylnbc |hg WA Upmeg

Mcgbe~u muug|u, myg ug| jw| nb Fmbmcnbc _wi`ne Fjbg~ pwi`nuhgl i~ |hg HF\ygmuwy~"


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59

Mbbwm` Cjtgybmbeg U|m|gfgb|

Cjtgybmbeg u|ywe|wyg

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ nu mb Gxgew|ntg Mcgbe~ jd INU" \hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ nu

meejwb|mi`g |j |hg pwi`ne |hyjwch INU mbl |j _my`nmfgb| djy |hg dwblu n| gxpgblu"

_my`nmfgb| fjbn|jyu mbl nbd`wgbegu |hg Mcgbe~u sjya |hyjwch n|u Ug`ge|

Ejffn||ggu mbl |hg _my`nmfgb|my~ Jfiwlufmb"

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ sjyanbc yg`m|njbuhnp mbl `nbgu jd meejwb|min`n|~ sn|h n|u

upjbujy lgpmy|fgb|, INU, myg lgdnbgl |hyjwch m Dymfgsjya ljewfgb|,

Ejypjym|g _`mb mbl Dnbmbenm` Fgfjymblwf, shneh myg uwikge| |j pgynjlne

ygtngs" \hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ hmu mb Gxgew|ntg Ijmyl, U|ggynbc Ijmyl mbl

Mwln| Ejffn||gg |j fmbmcg mbl mltnug jb me|ntn|ngu"

Gxgew|ntg Ijmyl

\hg Gxgew|ntg Ijmyl fmbmcgu |hg lm~&|j&lm~ jpgym|njbu mbl me|ntn|~ jd |hg WA

Upmeg Mcgbe~, nbe`wlnbc pj`ne~ mltneg |j INU Fnbnu|gyu" \hg djyfm` Meejwb|nbc

Jddnegy yj`g `ngu sn|h |hg Ehngd Gxgew|ntg"

\hg ygupjbunin`n|ngu jd |hg Gxgew|ntg Ijmyl myg;

lg`ntgy |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ fnuunjb mu lg|mn`gl nb n|u Ejypjym|g _`mb i~lgenlnbc jtgym`` pyjcymffg pynjyn|ngu mbl ygujwyeg m``jem|njb1

lgtg`jp mbl fmnb|mnb |hg fnl&|j&`jbc |gyf u|ym|gcne lnyge|njb1

mppyjtg mbl nfp`gfgb| gddge|ntg dnbmbenm` (nbe`wlnbc EjfpyghgbuntgUpgblnbc Ygtngs mbl uwiug}wgb| gu|nfm|gu. p`mbbnbc1

hmtg ygupjbunin`n|~ djy |hg nbtgu|fgb| mppymnum` ygcnfg, nbe`wlnbc mppyjtnbcempn|m` mbl ygtgbwg ejffn|fgb|u wblgy m |hyguhj`l mfjwb| mppyjtgl i~INU1

mppyjtg mbl nfp`gfgb| yjiwu| mbl gddge|ntg cjtgybmbeg, nbe`wlnbc dnbmbenm`pj`nengu*pyjeglwygu1

uwppjy| mbl lgtg`jp |hg mppyjpynm|g mltnujy~ u|ywe|wygu1

jtgyugg ygpw|m|njbm` $ u|maghj`lgy yg`m|njbuhnp fmbmcgfgb|, nbe`wlnbc sn|hcjtgybfgb|1

jtgyugg gddge|ntg uweeguunjb p`mbbnbc $ mppyjtg mppjnb|fgb|u ig`jsLnyge|jy `gtg`1

lgdnbg mbl emuemlg mppyjpynm|g jycmbnum|njbm` ew`|wyg mbl g|hju1


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55

fmag gxgew|ntg lgenunjbu jb fm||gyu hmtnbc m fm|gynm` nfpme| jb |hgjycmbnum|njb (nbe`wlnbc ygpw|m|njbm`, `gcm`* ygcw`m|jy~. sn|hnb |hg lg`gcm|glmw|hjyn|~ cymb|gl i~ INU1

mppyjtg `gcm` mbl ygcw`m|jy~ ejfp`nmbeg pj`nengu, nbe`wlnbc Hgm`|h mblUmdg|~1

mppyjtg HY pj`nengu1

ynua fmbmcgfgb| mbl nb|gybm` ejb|yj` dymfgsjya"

\hg Ehngd Gxgew|ntg fm~ lg`gcm|g jtgyunch| jd jpgym|njbm` me|ntn|~ |j Lnyge|jyu"

Gxgew|ntg Ijmyl Fgfigyuhnp (mbl M||gblmbeg 9?==*=9.

\hg Gxgew|ntg Ijmyl fgg|u cgbgym``~ gtgy~ sgga gxegp| djy shgb bj| mtmn`mi`g

lwg |j j|hgy sjya ejffn|fgb|u"

Bj" fgg|nbcu m||gblgl Bj" fgg|nbcu hg`l

Lmtnl Sn``nmfu EGJ 93 93

Lmtnl _myagy Lnyge|jy

\gehbj`jc~ Uengbeg mbl

Gxp`jym|njb

93 93

Gffm @jyl Lnyge|jy _j`ne~

mbl Jpgym|njb

93 93

Mbb U|m= Lnyge|jy Cyjs|h

Mpp`nem|njbu mbl GW

_yjcymffgu

=4 =4

Em|hgynbg Fgm nbc&Kjbgu

Lnyge|jy Cyjs|h Mpp`nem|njbu

mbl GW _yjcymffgu

== ==

=Wb|n` 5= Lgegfigy 9?==

9Dyjf = Kmbwmy~ 9?=9


35/74


36/74

57

U|ggynbc Ijmyl (mbl M||gblmbeg 9?==*=9.

\hg U|ggynbc Ijmyl smu gu|mi`nuhgl nb Bjtgfigy 9?== mbl cgbgym``~ fgg|u jb

m in&fjb|h`~ imunu"

Bj" fgg|nbcu m||gblgl Bj" fgg|nbcu hg`l

Yjigy| Ljwc`mu EIG Ehmnyfmb <

nbhgygb| ewyygb| mbl ygunlwm` ynua `gtg`" \hgug ygcnu|gyu myg ygtngsgl mbl

wplm|gl jb m ygcw`my imunu mu pmy| jd |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ fmbmcgfgb| sjya"

\hg ynua mppg|n|g nu gbljyugl i~ |hg Mcgbe~ Mwln| Ejffn||gg mbl U|ggynbcIjmyl"

Ygtngs jd gddge|ntgbguu

N smu mppjnb|gl mu Meejwb|nbc Jddnegy sn|h gddge| dyjf = Mpyn` 9?== mbl hmtg

iggb mltnugl jd f~ bgs ygupjbunin`n|ngu mbl meejwb|min`n|ngu" N hmtg m||gblgl m``

jd |hg INU Gxgew|ntg Ijmylu, U|ggynbc Ijmylu mbl Mwln| Ejffn||gg fgg|nbcu

lwynbc |hg pgynjl jd |hg ygtngs" N m`uj m||gbl INU Abjs`glcg mbl Nbbjtm|njb

Cyjwp Lnyge|jyu fgg|nbcu jb m ygcw`my imunu, mbl hmtg unx fjb|h`~ ygtngsu sn|h

|hg INU Lnyge|jy Cgbgym` djy Abjs`glcg mbl Nbbjtm|njb"

F~ ygtngs nu dwy|hgy nbdjyfgl i~ |hg mbbwm` nb|gybm` sjya pyjcymffg, |hg

Lnyge|jyu shj mpp`~ |hg nb|gybm` ejb|yj` dymfgsjya, ejffgb|u fmlg i~ |hg

gx|gybm` mwln|jyu nb |hgny nb|gynf ygpjy|u mbl cjnbc djysmyl |hg fmbmcgfgb| `g||gy

mbl j|hgy ygpjy|u" \hg U|ggynbc Ijmyl mbl Mwln| Ejffn||gg hmtg mltnugl fg jb

|hg nfp`nem|njbu jd |hg yguw`| jd f~ ygtngs nb ygupge| jd |hg gddge|ntgbguu jd |hg

u~u|gf jd nb|gybm` ejb|yj`" M p`mb nu nb p`meg |j gbuwyg ejb|nbwjwu lgtg`jpfgb|

mbl nfpyjtgfgb| jd pyjeguugu"

\hg nb|gybm` mwln| ygtngs pyjcymffg nu fmbmcgl i~ |hg Ygugmyeh Ejwben`

Nb|gybm` Mwln| Ugytneg (YENMU., mbl lgtg`jpgl mbbwm``~ nb ejbuw`|m|njb sn|h |hgMwln| Ejffn||gg mbl Lnyge|jyu |j mwln| upgendne mupge|u jd Upmeg Mcgbe~

iwunbguu" \hg jw|ejfgu jd |hgug ygtngsu mbl ejyyge|ntg me|njbu myg lnuewuugl

i~ |hg Mwln| Ejffn||gg, mbl mu mppyjpynm|g |hg U|ggynbc Ijmyl" Nb |hnu dnyu| ~gmy

|hg YENMU ejtgygl djwy ejfpjbgb|u, bmfg`~ dnbmbeg, ynua fmbmcgfgb|,

cjtgybmbeg, mbl nbdjyfm|njb muuwymbeg" \hg jw|ejfg jd |hgug uhjsgl |hm|

shn`u| |hgyg smu sjya u|n`` |j lj, mu gxpge|gl sn|h mb~ bgs jycmbnum|njb, |hgyg

myg bj ugynjwu lgdnengbengu nb jwy sjyanbc pyme|negu nb |hgug mygmu" Dyjf |hg

mwln| pyjcymffg mu m shj`g, N mf mi`g |j cmnb |hg bgeguumy~ ejbdnlgbeg mbl

muuwymbeg jb |hg sjyanbcu jd |hg mwln| dymfgsjya"

Nb 9?==*=9 |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ hmu wugl INU egb|ym` ugytnegu |j dw`dn` m bwfigy

jd n|u |ymbume|njbm` me|ntn|ngu" \hgug nbe`wlg mupge|u jd dnbmbeg, `gcm`,

_my`nmfgb|my~ ]wgu|njbu, gb}wny~ wbn|, HY jb`nbg ugytnegu mbl HY uwppjy|,

ugewyn|~ e`gmymbegu, mbl NE\" Djy gmeh jd |hgug ugytnegu, shg|hgy egb|ym`

uwppjy| ugytneg pyjtnlgl i~ INU jy jw|ujwyegl dwbe|njbu sn|hnb |hg INU dmfn`~,

|hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ hmu sjyagl jb |hg imunu |hm| INU sn`` pyjtnlg muuwymbeg

jb |hg }wm`n|~ jd |hgug ugytnegu, gupgenm``~ shgb |hg~ gbcmcg j|hgy Cjtgybfgb|


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42/74


43/74

Kw`~ 9?=9



44/74


45/74


46/74


48/74

> =3,397 =3,,=3= 97,839 =3,


49/74

,9>< 954,873Bg| nbeygmug*(lgeygmug. nb emuh mbl emuh

g}wntm`gb|u nb |hg pgynjl

=?,939 ?

Emuh mbl emuh g}wntm`gb|u m| |hg igcnbbnbcjd |hg pgynjl

> ? ?

Emuh mbl emuh g}wntm`gb|u m| |hg gbl jd |hgpgynjl

> =?,939 ?

\hgyg nu m bn` im`mbeg nb 9?=?&== mu |hm| ~gmy ejbunu|u gb|nyg`~ jd Fmehnbgy~ jdCjtgybfgb| |ymbume|njbu mbl bj emuh im`mbeg smu |ymbudgyygl |j WAUM"

\hg bj|gu jb pmcgu 7? |j 3= djyf pmy| jd |hgug dnbmbenm` u|m|gfgb|u"


50/74

U|m|gfgb| jd Ehmbcgu nb \mxpm~gyu# G}wn|~djy |hg ~gmy gblgl 5= Fmyeh 9?=9

9?==&=9Cgbgym` dwbl Ygtm`wm|njb

ygugytg\j|m`

??? ??? ???

Im`mbeg m| = Mpyn` 9?== ==,= 9=,4,9>< ? 97>,9> Dnbmbenm` Nbu|ywfgb|u; Ygejcbn|njb mblFgmuwygfgb| mu nb|gypyg|gl i~ |hg DYgF"

M dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb| nu mb~ ejb|yme| |hm| cntgu ynug |j m dnbmbenm` muug| jdjbg gb|n|~ mbl m dnbmbenm` `nmin`n|~ jy g}wn|~ nbu|ywfgb| jd mbj|hgy gb|n|~"Dnbmbenm` muug|u mbl dnbmbenm` `nmin`n|ngu myg ygejcbnugl nb |hg U|m|gfgb| jdDnbmbenm` _jun|njb shgb |hg WAUM igejfgu m pmy|~ |j |hg ejb|yme|wm`pyjtnunjbu jd mb nbu|ywfgb|"

Dnbmbenm` muug|u mbl `nmin`n|ngu myg nbn|nm``~ fgmuwygl m| dmny tm`wg p`wu

|ymbume|njb eju|u, wb`guu |hg~ myg emyyngl m| dmny tm`wg |hyjwch u|m|gfgb|jd ejfpyghgbuntg bg| gxpgbln|wyg, nb shneh emug |ymbume|njb eju|u mygehmycgl |j jpgym|nbc eju|u"

\hg dmny tm`wg jd dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb|u nu lg|gyfnbgl i~ ygdgygbeg |j}wj|gl fmyag| pynegu shgyg mb me|ntg fmyag| gxnu|u djy |hg |ymlg jd |hgugnbu|ywfgb|u" \hg dmny tm`wg jd dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb|u shneh myg bj| |ymlgl nbmb me|ntg fmyag| nu lg|gyfnbgl wunbc cgbgym``~ meegp|gl tm`wm|njb|gehbn}wgu, nbe`wlnbc gu|nfm|gl lnuejwb|gl emuh d`jsu"

Dnbmbenm` muug|u myg lgygejcbnugl shgb |hg ynch|u |j ygegntg dw|wyg emuh

d`jsu hmtg gxpnygl jy myg |ymbudgyygl mbl |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ hmu|ymbudgyygl uwiu|mb|nm``~ m`` |hg ynuau mbl ygsmylu jd jsbgyuhnp"

Dnbmbenm` `nmin`n|ngu myg lgygejcbnugl shgb |hg ji`ncm|njb nu lnuehmycgl,embeg``gl jy gxpnygu"


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79

="3 Lgyntm|ntg dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb|u wblgy NMU 5> Dnbmbenm` Nbu|ywfgb|u;Ygejcbn|njb mbl Fgmuwygfgb|

Lgyntm|ntg dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb|u ejfpynug dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb|u hg`l |jhglcg djygncb ewyygbe~ ynua gxpjuwygu mbl gfigllgl lgyntm|ntgu nb hju|ejb|yme|u" Lgyntm|ntgu myg nbn|nm``~ ygejcbnugl m| dmny tm`wg jb |hg lm|g mlgyntm|ntg ejb|yme| nu gb|gygl nb|j mbl myg uwiug}wgb|`~ yg&fgmuwygl m||hgny dmny tm`wg" \hg fg|hjl jd ygejcbnunbc |hg yguw`|nbc cmnb jy `juulgpgblu jb shg|hgy |hg lgyntm|ntg nu lguncbgl mu m hglcnbc nbu|ywfgb|"

\hg yguw`|nbc cmnb jy `juu nu ygejcbnugl nb |hg U|m|gfgb| jdEjfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg nffglnm|g`~ wb`guu |hg lgyntm|ntg nulguncbm|gl mbl gddge|ntg mu m hglcnbc nbu|ywfgb|, nb shneh gtgb| |hg|nfnbc jd |hg ygejcbn|njb nb |hg U|m|gfgb| jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg|

Gxpgbln|wyg lgpgblu jb |hg bm|wyg jd |hg hglcg yg`m|njbuhnp" \hg WAUpmeg Mcgbe~ lguncbm|gu egy|mnb lgyntm|ntgu mu hglcgu jd hnch`~ pyjimi`gdjygemu| |ymbume|njbu uweh mu emuh d`js hglcgu"

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ wugu lgyntm|ntg dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb|u |j fmbmcg n|ugxpjuwyg |j djygncb ewyygbe~ gxehmbcg mbl nb|gygu| ym|gu ynuau" \hg WAUpmeg Mcgbe~ ljgu bj| hj`l jy nuuwg lgyntm|ntg dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb|u djy|ymlnbc pwypjugu1 hjsgtgy nd lgyntm|ntgu lj bj| }wm`nd~ djy hglcgmeejwb|nbc, |hg~ myg meejwb|gl djy mu uweh"

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ jpgym|g emuh d`js hglcgu |j fn|ncm|g |hg ynua jd

djygncb gxehmbcg ym|g fjtgfgb|u jb |hg mbbwm` uwiueynp|njb pm~fgb|upm~mi`g nb djygncb ewyygbe~ m| ug| pjnb|u |hyjwchjw| |hg ~gmy"

Dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb|u hg`l |j hglcg djygncb ewyygbe~ ynua gxpjuwygu myglguncbm|gl mu emuh d`js hglcgu nd |hg eyn|gynm djy mpp`~nbc hglcgmeejwb|nbc wblgy NMU 5> myg fg|" \hg gddge|ntg pjy|njb jd ehmbcgu nb |hgdmny tm`wg jd lgyntm|ntgu |hm| myg lguncbm|gl mbl }wm`nd~ mu emuh d`jshglcgu nu ygejcbnugl nb g}wn|~" \hg cmnb jy `juu yg`m|nbc |j |hg nbgddge|ntgpjy|njb nu ygejcbnugl nffglnm|g`~ nb |hg U|m|gfgb| jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg|Gxpgbln|wyg" Mfjwb|u meewfw`m|gl nb g}wn|~ myg yge~e`gl nb |hgU|m|gfgb| jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg nb |hg pgynjlu shgb |hg

hglcgl n|gf mddge|u bg| jpgym|nbc eju|u"

Shgb m hglcnbc nbu|ywfgb| gxpnygu jy nu uj`l, jy shgb m hglcg bj `jbcgyfgg|u |hg eyn|gynm djy hglcg meejwb|nbc, mb~ ewfw`m|ntg cmnb jy `juugxnu|nbc nb g}wn|~ m| |hm| |nfg ygfmnbu nb g}wn|~ mbl nu ygejcbnugl shgb |hgdjygemu| |ymbume|njb nu w`|nfm|g`~ ygejcbnugl nb |hg U|m|gfgb| jdEjfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg" Shgb m djygemu| |ymbume|njb nu bj`jbcgy gxpge|gl |j jeewy, |hg ewfw`m|ntg cmnb jy `juu |hm| smu ygpjy|gl nb|mxpm~gyu g}wn|~ nu nffglnm|g`~ |ymbudgyygl |j |hg U|m|gfgb| jdEjfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg"


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75

Nd |hg eyn|gynm djy mpp`~nbc hglcg meejwb|nbc myg bj| fg|, |hg cmnb jy `juujb lgyntm|ntg dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb|u nu eygln|gl jy ehmycgl |j |hg U|m|gfgb|jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg nbu|gml jd ignbc lgdgyygl nb |mxpm~gyug}wn|~"

="3"= Dnbmbenm` muug|u

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ e`muundngu dnbmbenm` muug|u nb|j |hg dj``jsnbcem|gcjyngu;

dnbmbenm` muug|u m| dmny tm`wg |hyjwch U|m|gfgb| jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg|Gxpgbln|wyg1

hg`l&|j&fm|wyn|~ nbtgu|fgb|u1

`jmbu mbl ygegntmi`gu1

mtmn`mi`g&djy&um`g muug|u"

\hg e`muundnem|njb lgpgblu jb |hg pwypjug djy shneh |hg dnbmbenm` muug| nuhg`l jy me}wnygl" \hg WAUM lg|gyfnbgu |hg e`muundnem|njb jd dnbmbenm`muug|u m| nbn|nm` ygejcbn|njb mbl ewyygb|`~ jb`~ hj`lu dnbmbenm` muug|u m| dmnytm`wg |hyjwch U|m|gfgb| jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg

Cmnbu mbl `juugu nb dmny tm`wg myg ygejcbnugl lnyge|`~ |j g}wn|~ gxegp| djy

nfpmnyfgb| `juugu" Nfpmnyfgb| `juugu myg ygejcbnugl nb |hg U|m|gfgb| jdEjfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg" Jb lg&ygejcbn|njb, |hg ewfw`m|ntg cmnbjy `juu pygtnjwu`~ ygejcbnugl nb g}wn|~ nu ygejcbnugl nb |hg U|m|gfgb| jdEjfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg"

="3"9 Dnbmbenm` `nmin`n|ngu

\hg WAUM e`muundngu dnbmbenm` `nmin`n|ngu nb|j |hg dj``jsnbc em|gcjyngu;

dnbmbenm` `nmin`n|ngu m| dmny tm`wg |hyjwch U|m|gfgb| jd EjfpyghgbuntgBg| Gxpgbln|wyg1

j|hgy dnbmbenm` `nmin`n|ngu"

\hg e`muundnem|njb lgpgblu jb |hg pwypjug djy shneh |hg dnbmbenm` `nmin`n|~ nuhg`l jy me}wnygl" Fmbmcgfgb| lg|gyfnbgu |hg e`muundnem|njb jd dnbmbenm``nmin`n|ngu m| nbn|nm` ygejcbn|njb"

="8 Ygugmyeh mbl lgtg`jpfgb|

Gxpgbln|wyg jb ygugmyeh mbl lgtg`jpfgb| nu ehmycgl |j |hg U|m|gfgb| jdEjfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg nb |hg ~gmy nb shneh n| nu nbewyygl, wb`guu


55/74

7 Jpgym|nbc nbejfg

Jpgym|nbc nbejfg nu nbejfg |hm| yg`m|gu lnyge|`~ |j |hg jpgym|nbc me|ntn|ngu

jd |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ mbl nu fgmuwygl m| |hg dmny tm`wg jdejbunlgym|njb ygegntgl jy ygegntmi`g mbl nu uhjsb bg| jd |ymlg lnuejwb|u1tm`wg mllgl |mx mbl j|hgy |mxgu" N| ejfpynugu, pynbenpm``~, dggu, ej&dwblnbcnbejfg dyjf j|hgy pwi`ne uge|jy ijlngu mbl ehmycgu djy ugytnegu pyjtnlgl,jb m dw`` eju| imunu, |j gx|gybm` ewu|jfgyu mbl pwi`ne uge|jy ygpm~fgb|sjya"

="=? Mlfnbnu|ym|njb mbl pyjcymffg gxpgbln|wyg mbl nbejfg

\hg U|m|gfgb| jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg nu mbm`~ugl ig|sggbmlfnbnu|ym|njb mbl pyjcymffg nbejfg mbl gxpgbln|wyg" Mlfnbnu|ym|njb

eju|u ygd`ge| |hg eju|u jd ywbbnbc |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~, mu lgdnbgl wblgy|hg Mlfnbnu|ym|njb Eju|&Ejb|yj` Ygcnfg, |jcg|hgy sn|h |hg muujenm|gljpgym|nbc nbejfg" Nbejfg nu mbm`~ugl nb |hg Bj|gu ig|sggb |hm| shneh,wblgy |hg Ygcnfg, nu m``jsgl |j ig jddug| mcmnbu| cyjuu mlfnbnu|ym|njbeju|u nb lg|gyfnbnbc |hg jw||wyb mcmnbu| |hg Mlfnbnu|ym|njb Eju| @nfn|, mbl|hm| jpgym|nbc nbejfg shneh nu bj|" _yjcymffg eju|u ygd`ge| bjb&mlfnbnu|ym|njb eju|u, nbe`wlnbc pm~fgb|u, cymb|u mbl j|hgy lnuiwyugfgb|ui~ |hg WAUM, nb uwppjy| jd pj`ne~ nbn|nm|ntgu"

="== Cymb|u pm~mi`g mbl ygegntmi`g

Cymb|u pm~mi`g myg ygejcbnugl nb |hg pgynjl nb shneh |hg cymb| ygenpngb|emyyngu jw| |hg me|ntn|~ |hm| eygm|gu mb gb|n|`gfgb| |j cymb|" Ygejcbn|njb jdgb|n|`gfgb| tmyngu meejylnbc |j |hg lg|mn`u jd nblntnlwm` uehgfgu mbl |hg|gyfu jd |hg jddgyu fmlg" Wbpmnl mbl wbe`mnfgl cymb|u myg ehmycgl |j|hg U|m|gfgb| jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg jb |hg imunu jdgu|nfm|gu jd e`mnfu bj| ygegntgl mbl myg nbe`wlgl nb meeywm`u nb |hgU|m|gfgb| jd Dnbmbenm` _jun|njb"


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77

="=9 Jsbgyuhnp jd g}wnpfgb| pwyehmugl i~ ygugmyeh cymb|

G}wnpfgb| |hm| hmu iggb pwyehmugl i~ m cymb|gg sn|h ygugmyeh cymb|dwblu uwpp`ngl i~ |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ ig`jbc |j |hm| nbu|n|w|njb"Hjsgtgy, |hyjwch |hg ejbln|njbu jd |hg Ejbln|njbu jd Cymb|, |hgjycmbnum|njb ygugytgu |hg ynch| |j lg|gyfnbg hjs uweh g}wnpfgb| uhm`` iglnupjugl jd mbl hjs mb~ lnupjum` pyjegglu myg |j ig w|n`nugl"

="=5 Nbuwymbeg

Mu mb Gxgew|ntg Mcgbe~ jd |hg Lgpmy|fgb| jd Iwunbguu, Nbbjtm|njb mblUan`ù, |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~, m`jbc sn|h j|hgy pwi`ne ijlngu jd |hgLgpmy|fgb|m` cyjwp, lj bj| cgbgym``~ nbuwyg" Nbuwymbeg sn`` jb`~ igji|mnbgl jb n|gfu shneh, sn|h |hg mcyggfgb| jd |hg Lgpmy|fgb|, yg}wnyg n|

lwg |j |hg ynuau nbtj`tgl" Nbuwymbeg pygfnwfu myg ehmycgl |j |hgU|m|gfgb| jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg" U|mdd jd|gb |ymtg` |j Dymbegdjy GUM fgg|nbcu mbl pgyujbm` n|gfu myg |j ig ejtgygl i~ u|mdd jsb |ymtg`nbuwymbeg"

="=< Djygncb gxehmbcg

\ymbume|njbu |hm| myg lgbjfnbm|gl nb m djygncb ewyygbe~ myg |ymbu`m|glnb|j u|gy`nbc m| |hg ym|g jd gxehmbcg yw`nbc jb |hg lm|g jd gmeh |ymbume|njbwb`guu ejtgygl i~ m djysmyl hglcg ejb|yme|" Fjbg|my~ muug|u mbl`nmin`n|ngu lgbjfnbm|gl nb djygncb ewyygbengu m| |hg U|m|gfgb| jd Dnbmbenm`

_jun|njb lm|g myg |ymbu`m|gl m| |hg ym|gu jd gxehmbcg yw`nbc m| |hm| lm|g"\hgug |ymbu`m|njb lnddgygbegu myg ygejcbnugl nb |hg U|m|gfgb| jdEjfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg, gxegp| djy |hjug ygtm`wm|njbu nb yg`m|njb|j gddge|ntg hglcg ejb|yme|u shneh ygfmnb nb g}wn|~ nb meejylmbeg sn|h NMU5>; Dnbmbenm` Nbu|ywfgb|u Ygejcbn|njb mbl Fgmuwygfgb|u"

="=7 _gbunjbu

WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ u|mdd myg ejtgygl i~ |hg pyjtnunjbu jd |hg _ynbenpm` EntnÙgytneg _gbunjb Uehgfgu (_EU_U. mu lgueynigl nb Bj|g 5, sn|h mejbuw`|m|njb pyjeguu ignbc wblgy|magb sn|h u|mdd |j muuguu shg|hgy |hg~

snuh |j |ymbudgy gxnu|nbc ynch|u dyjf |hg pygewyujy pgbunjb uehgfg, bmfg`~Ygugmyeh Ejwbenù WA _gbunjb Uehgfg (YE_U. |j _EU_U" Ij|h jd |hglgdnbgl igbgdn| uehgfgu myg wbdwblgl" \hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ ygejcbnug|hg gxpge|gl eju| jd |hgug g`gfgb|u jb m u~u|gfm|ne mbl ym|njbm` imunujtgy |hg pgynjl lwynbc shneh n| igbgdn|u dyjf gfp`j~ggu ugytnegu i~pm~fgb| |j |hg _EU_U jd mfjwb|u emèw`m|gl jb mb meeywnbc imunu"@nmin`n|~ djy pm~fgb| jd dw|wyg igbgdn|u nu m ehmycg jb |hg _EU_U" Nbygupge| jd |hg lgdnbgl ejb|yniw|njb g`gfgb|u jd |hg Uehgfgu, |hg WAUpmeg Mcgbe~ ygejcbnugu |hg ejb|yniw|njbu pm~mi`g djy jbg ~gmy"


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74

Ejb|yniw|njbu |j |hg lgdnbgl igbgdn| pgbunjb uehgfg myg ehmycgl |j |hgU|m|gfgb| jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg nb meejylmbeg sn|hme|wmynm` ygejffgblm|njbu uj mu |j upygml |hg eju| jd |hg pgbunjbu jtgy|hg gfp`j~ggu gxpge|gl sjyanbc `ntgu"

Dwy|hgy lg|mnù jd |hg pgbunjb uehgfgu emb ig djwbl nb |hg dnbmbenmù|m|gfgb|u jd _EU_U jy m| n|u sgiun|g m|; sss"entnùgytneg"cjt"wa"

="=4 Gfp`j~gg igbgdn|u

Nb meejylmbeg sn|h NMU => Gfp`j~gg igbgdn|u, mb gb|n|~ nu yg}wnygl |jygejcbnug uhjy|&|gyf gfp`j~gg igbgdn|u shgb mb gfp`j~gg hmu ygblgyglugytneg nb gxehmbcg djy |hjug igbgdn|u" Nbe`wlgl nb |hg Meejwb|u nu mbmeeywm` djy |hg jw|u|mblnbc gfp`j~gg pmnl hj`nlm~ gb|n|`gfgb| m| 5= Fmyeh

9?=9 jb mb wblnuejwb|gl imunu"

="=3 \mxm|njb

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~, mu mb Gxgew|ntg Mcgbe~ jd |hg Lgpmy|fgb| jdIwunbguu, Nbbjtm|njb mbl Uan`ù, nu gxgfp| dyjf nbejfg mbl ejypjym|njb|mx i~ sm~ jd n|u Eyjsb gxgfp|njb"

Tm`wg Mllgl \mx (TM\. nu meejwb|gl djy nb |hg Meejwb|u, nb |hm| mfjwb|umyg uhjsb bg| jd TM\ gxegp|;

nyygejtgymi`g TM\ nu ehmycgl |j |hg U|m|gfgb| jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg|Gxpgbln|wyg, mbl nbe`wlgl wblgy |hg yg`gtmb| gxpgbln|wyg hgmlnbc1

nyygejtgymi`g TM\ jb |hg pwyehmug jd mb muug| nu nbe`wlgl nb mlln|njbu"

\hg bg| mfjwb| lwg |j, jy dyjf, HF Ygtgbwg mbl Ewu|jfu nb ygupge| jdTM\ nu nbe`wlgl sn|hnb j|hgy ygegntmi`gu mbl pm~mi`gu sn|hnb |hgU|m|gfgb| jd Dnbmbenm` _jun|njb"

="=8 Nb|gy&Lgpmy|fgb|m` |ymbudgyu jd dwbe|njbu; Ygu|m|gfgb| jd pynjy ~gmyejfpmym|ntgu

Fmehnbgy~ jd Cjtgybfgb| ehmbcgu, shneh nbtj`tg |hg fgycgy jy |hg|ymbudgy jd dwbe|njbu jy ygupjbunin`n|~ jd jbg pmy| jd |hg pwi`ne ugytneguge|jy |j mbj|hgy, myg meejwb|gl djy wunbc fgycgy meejwb|nbc nbmeejylmbeg sn|h |hg DYgF" \hg~ myg jw|unlg |hg uejpg jd NDYU 5Iwunbguu Ejfinbm|njbu, mu egb|ym` Cjtgybfgb| ijlngu myg lggfgl |j igwblgy ejffjb ejb|yj`"

Fgycgy meejwb|nbc yg}wnygu |hg ygu|m|gfgb| jd |hg jpgbnbc U|m|gfgb| jdDnbmbenm` _jun|njb mbl |hg pynjy ~gmyu U|m|gfgb| jd Ejfpyghgbuntg Bg|


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73

Gxpgbln|wyg, |hg U|m|gfgb| jd Emuh D`jsu mbl muujenm|gl Bj|gu |j |hgMeejwb|u" Shgyg mppyjpynm|g, |hg pygugb|m|njb jd |hg Bj|gu |j |hgMeejwb|u hmu mùj iggb ehmbcgl nb jylgy |j ygd`ge| m ejbunu|gb| mppyjmeh|j |hg lnue`juwygu"

\hg Fmehnbgy~ jd Cjtgybfgb| ehmbcgu, nbe`wlgl nb |hg WAUM 9?==&=9Meejwb|u, yg`m|g |j |ymbudgyynbc dwbe|njbu dyjf |hg ejyg lgpmy|fgb|,Bm|wym` Gbtnyjbfgb| Ygugmyeh Ejwben`, Uengbeg mbl \gehbj`jc~ Dmen`n|nguEjwben` mbl \gehbj`jc~ U|ym|gc~ Ijmyl"

\hg nfpme| jb |hg pynjy ~gmy ejfpmym|ntgu nu lnue`jugl nb Bj|g == |j |hgugMeejwb|u"

="=> Ejb|nbcgb| `nmin`n|ngu

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ lnue`jugu ejb|nbcgb| `nmin`n|ngu nb meejylmbeg sn|hNMU 53 _yjtnunjbu, Ejb|nbcgb| @nmin`n|ngu mbl Ejb|nbcgb| Muug|u" Nb |hggtgb| |hm| m ejb|nbcgb| `nmin`n|~ ey~u|m``nugu, n| nu gxpge|gl |hm| |hg pmygb|lgpmy|fgb|, INU, sn`` dwbl |hnu `nmin`n|~" Ugg bj|g =< djy dwy|hgy lg|mnù"

="9? Ygpjy|nbc i~ jpgym|nbc ugcfgb|

Wblgy HF \ygmuwy~ cwnlmbeg nb |hg DYgF, |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ nugxpge|gl |j fgg| |hg yg}wnygfgb|u jd NDYU 8 |j ygpjy| nbdjyfm|njbejbegybnbc jpgym|nbc ugcfgb|u shgyg |hg eyn|gynm wblgy NDYU 8 myg fg|"

M`|hjwch |hg Mcgbe~ ejbunlgyu |hm| n|u me|ntn|ngu ejb|yniw|g |j mb jtgym``fnuunjb sn|hnb |hg umfg iwunbguu gbtnyjbfgb|, bgtgy|hg`guu |hgyg mygugpmymi`g jpgym|nbc ugcfgb|u jb m cgjcymphnem` imunu, bmfg`~ Bm|njbm`mbl Nb|gybm|njbm`" Fju| gxpgbln|wyg nbewyygl jb |hg nb|gybm|njbm` ugcfgb|jd |hg Mcgbe~ nu jb ejffn||gl uwiueynp|njb eju|u sn|h fnbnfm` egb|ymèju|u nb uwppjy|"

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ fmbmcgl n|u muug|u mbl `nmin`n|ngu m| |hg gb|n|~ `gtg`lwynbc |hg ~gmy mbl |hgygdjyg |hg lnu|yniw|njb jd muug|u mbl `nmin`n|ngu |j|hjug pyjcymffgu mbl mlfnbnu|ym|njb hmu bj| iggb lnue`jugl"

="9= Gu|nfm|njb |gehbn}wgu wugl mbl ag~ kwlcgfgb|u

\hg pygpmym|njb jd |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~u dnbmbenm` u|m|gfgb|u yg}wnygufmbmcgfgb| |j fmag kwlcgfgb|u, gu|nfm|gu mbl muuwfp|njbu |hm| mddge||hg ygpjy|gl mfjwb|u jd muug|u mbl `nmin`n|ngu, nbejfg mbl gxpgbln|wyg"\hg gu|nfm|gu mbl muujenm|gl muuwfp|njbu myg imugl jb hnu|jynem`gxpgyngbeg mbl j|hgy dme|jyu, nbe`wlnbc gxpge|m|njbu jy dw|wyg gtgb|u |hm|myg ig`ngtgl |j ig ygmujbmi`g wblgy |hg enyewfu|mbegu, |hg yguw`|u jdshneh djyf |hg imunu jd fmanbc kwlcgfgb|u mijw| emyy~nbc tm`wgu jdmuug|u mbl `nmin`n|ngu |hm| myg bj| ygmln`~ mppmygb| dyjf j|hgy ujwyegu"


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62/74

4=

pgbunjb pyjtnlgyu" Gfp`j~gy ejb|yniw|njbu myg mcg&yg`m|gl mbl ymbcgdyjf 5' |j =9"7' jd pgbunjbmi`g pm~" Gfp`j~gyu m`uj fm|eh gfp`j~ggejb|yniw|njbu wp |j 5' jd pgbunjbmi`g pm~" Nb mlln|njb, gfp`j~gyejb|yniw|njbu jd BN@, ?"8' jd pgbunjbmi`g pm~, sgyg pm~mi`g |j |hg_EU_U |j ejtgy |hg eju| jd |hg dw|wyg pyjtnunjb jd `wfp uwf igbgdn|u jblgm|h nb ugytneg jy n`` hgm`|h yg|nygfgb| jd |hgug gfp`j~ggu"

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ dj``jsu |hg pyjtnunjbu jd |hg _EU_U djy em`ew`m|nbc|hg eju| jd yglwblmbe~ jy j|hgy lgpmy|wyg eju|u" \hgyg hmtg iggb bjyglwblmbe~ jy j|hgy lgpmy|wyg eju|u pmnl jy pyjtnlgl djy lwynbc |hg ~gmymbl |hgygdjyg m |mi`g mbm`~unbc |hg eju|u jd uweh lgpmy|wygu nu bj|yg}wnygl"


65/74

49> 7?,33= (=78.

5 Gwyj =7*=9*9?=? =*9*9?=5 ,9=9 (>5.

3 Gwyj =7*=9*9?=? 9*4*9?=< 5=,4>> 5=,7>8 (=?=.

8 Gwyj =7*=9*9?=? =*=?*9?=< 5=,37= 5=,47= (=??.

\j|m` 5?4,753 5?7,94

9 Gwyj =7*=9*9?=? 5*=?*9?== 7 75,57= 9, 59,>44 =,943

== Gwyj =7*=9*9?=? =*=?*9?=< 5=,37= 55,?=? =,97>

\j|m`


66/74

47

Eygln| Ynua

Eygln| Ynua nu |hg ynua |hm| jbg pmy|~ |j m dnbmbenm` nbu|ywfgb| sn`` emwug mdnbmbenm` `juu djy |hg j|hgy pmy|~ i~ dmn`nbc |j lnuehmycg mb ji`ncm|njb" \hgWA Upmeg Mcgbe~ ljgu bj| nuuwg mb~ `jmbu, mpmy| dyjf u|mdd `jmbu, mblljgu bj| hmtg mb~ jw|u|mblnbc `jmbu" Mb~ u|mdd `jmbu nb nuuwg myg bj|fm|gynm` mbl lj bj| pygugb| mb~ eygln| ynua |j |hg jycmbnum|njb"

@n}wnln|~ Ynua

@n}wnln|~ ynua nu |hg ynua |hm| mb gb|n|~ sn`` gbejwb|gy lnddnew`|~ nb fgg|nbcji`ncm|njbu muujenm|gl sn|h dnbmbenm` `nmin`n|ngu" Nb ejffjb sn|h j|hgyCjtgybfgb| mcgbengu, |hg dw|wyg dnbmbenbc jd n|u `nmin`n|ngu nu |j ig fg| i~dw|wyg dwblnbc dyjf |hg pmygb| lgpmy|fgb|, bmfg`~ |hg Lgpmy|fgb| jd

Iwunbguu, Nbbjtm|njb mbl Uan`ù, shneh ygegntgu n|u dwblnbc i~ fgmbu jdUwpp`~, tj|gl mbbwm``~ i~ _my`nmfgb|" \hgyg nu bj ygmujb |j ig`ngtg |hm|dw|wyg mppyjtmù sn`` bj| ig djy|hejfnbc, |hgygdjyg, jb |hnu imunu |hg WAUpmeg Mcgbe~ nu bj| gxpjugl |j `n}wnln|~ ynuau"

Fmyag| Ynua

Djygncb Ewyygbe~ Ynua

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~u gxpjuwyg |j djygncb ewyygbe~ ynua lwynbc |hg ~gmysmu uncbndnemb|, |hjwch |hnu smu ejbunlgymi`~ fn|ncm|gl i~ |hg wug jd

emuhd`js hglcg ejb|yme|u" \hg gxpgbln|wyg jb nb|gybm|njbm` uwiueynp|njbu|j |hg Gwyjpgmb Upmeg Mcgbe~, nb Gwyju, smu fmlg nb |hygg nbu|m`fgb|ulwynbc |hg ~gmy" \hg ejffn||gl gxpgbln|wyg nu pyjdn`gl uweh |hm| ujfg>?' jd upgbl nu ejtgygl i~ |hg wug jd m emuhdjs hglcg |hgygi~ dnxnbc |hggxehmbcg ym|g |j ig wugl" \hg ygfmnbnbc =?' nu |ymbu`m|gl m| |hgpygtmn`nbc upj| ym|g"

\hg jb`~ j|hgy djygncb ewyygbe~ gxpgbln|wyg nu djy djygncb |ymtg` mbluwiunu|gbeg eju|u djy u|mdd |ymtg``nbc |j |hg nb|gybm|njbm` ijlngu" Uweh|ymbume|njbu myg |ymbu`m|gl m| |hg pygtmn`nbc upj| ym|g mbl |hg mfjwb|unbtj`tgl myg bj| fm|gynm`"

Nb|gygu| Ym|g Ynua

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ ljgu bj| nbtgu| jy meeguu dwblu dyjf ejffgyenmùjwyegu" \hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ ljgu bj| hmtg mb~ `jmbu jy ejb|yme|u|hm| myg uwikge| |j nb|gygu| ym|g d`we|wm|njb mbl nu bj| uwikge| |j mb~ nb|gygu|ym|g ynua"

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ ljgu bj| pmy|nenpm|g nb mb~ fmyag| yg`nmb| me|ntn|ngumbl nu bj| uwikge| |j fmyag| ynua"


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8" \ymlg ygegntmi`gu mbl j|hgy ewyygb| muug|u

m. Mbm`~unu i~ |~pg

\ymlg mbl j|hgy ygegntmi`gu `guu |hmb =~gmy

5= Fmyeh9?=9

5= Fmyeh9?==

5= Fmyeh9?=?

??? ??? ???

\ymlg ygegntmi`gu 8,893 == =9,=95

J|hgy ygegntmi`gu ? ? ?

_ygpm~fgb|u $ meeywgl nbejfg >,88< =3,3=< 7,559

TM\ =88 ? ?

\j|m` guu |hmb = ~gmy =8,8>> =3,397 =3, =3,397 =3," Emuh mbl emuh g}wntm`gb|u

Emuh mbl emuh g}wntm`gb|u5= Fmyeh

9?=95= Fmyeh

9?==5= Fmyeh

9?=?

??? ??? ???

Cjtgybfgb| imbanbc ugytneg =?,939 ? ?\j|m` =?,939 ? ?


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48

\ymbudgyu |j WAUM

INU BGYE U\DE \UI Uwi|j|m` J|hgy \j|m`

??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???

U|m|gfgb| jd Jpgym|nbc Eju|u mbl Bg| Gxpgbln|wyg

Mlfnbnu|ym|njb eju|u

U|mdd eju|u 8=? =33 58 ? =,?97 ? =,?97

J|hgy mlfnbnu|ym|njbeju|u


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4>

\hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~ hmu ejffn||gl pm~fgb|u |j |hg Gwyjpgmb UpmegMcgbe~, ejtgynbc m pgynjl |j Je|jigy 9?=


71/74

3?

9?==&=9 9?=?&==??? ???

Bj| `m|gy |hmb jbg ~gmy =4? 5?4,753\j|m` 5?4,753


72/74

3=

bm|njbm` cymb|u smu jw|ujwyegl |j U\DE, shneh uhjw`l |hgygdjyg igygejcbnugl mu m yg`m|gl pmy|~1 |hgyg hmtg iggb |ymbume|njbu sn|h BGYEmbl j|hgy ijlngu sn|hnb |hg INU dmfn`~1 hjsgtgy |hgug myg jd `guuuncbndnembeg"

Lwynbc |hg 9?==&=9 ~gmy, sn|h |hg gxegp|njb jd |hg Ehngd Gxgew|ntg, bjbgjd |hg fgfigyu jd U|ggynbc Ijmyl, Gxgew|ntg Ijmyl jy |hgny muujenm|glijlngu, ag~ fmbmcgfgb| u|mdd jy j|hgy yg`m|gl pmy|ngu hmtg wblgy|magbmb~ fm|gynm` |ymbume|njbu sn|h |hg WA Upmeg Mcgbe~"

\hg dj``jsnbc u|mdd fgfigy hmu yg`m|gl pmy|~ |ymbume|njbu;

Bmfg _jun|njb sn|hyg`m|gl pmy|~

Lgueynp|njb jd|ymbume|njbu

Tm`wg jd|ymbume|njbu

???Lmtnl Sn``nmfu \ywu|gg djy |hg

Bm|njbm` UpmegEgb|yg mbl Ehmny jdGwyjpgmb Upmeg

Mcgbe~ (GUM.Ejwben`

Gxpgbln|wygpmnl mblpm~mi`g |jGwyjpgmbUpmeg Mcgbe~

998,??? (WAUpmeg Mcgbe~upgb| |hnu sn|hGUM.

=8" @juugu mbl upgenm` pm~fgb|u

\hgyg sgyg bj `juugu jy upgenm` pm~fgb|u nbewyygl nb |hg ~gmy"

=>" Gtgb|u md|gy |hg ygpjy|nbc pgynjl

\hgyg hmtg iggb bj gtgb|u ig|sggb |hg U|m|gfgb| jd Dnbmbenm` _jun|njblm|g mbl |hg lm|g |hg meejwb|u sgyg mw|hjynugl djy nuuwg yg}wnynbc mbmlkwu|fgb| |j |hg dnbmbenm` u|m|gfgb|u"

\hg meejwb|u sgyg mw|hjynugl djy nuuwg jb == Kw`~ 9?=9"


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_wi`nuhgl i~ \UJ (\hg U|m|njbgy~ Jddneg. mbl mtmn`mi`g dyjf;

Jb`nbg

sss"|ujuhjp"ej"wa

Fmn`, \g`gphjbg, Dmx $ G&fmn`

\UJ

_J Ijx 9>, Bjysneh BY5 =CB

\g`gphjbg jylgyu*Cgbgym` gb}wnyngu; ?83? 4?? 7799

Jylgy |hyjwch |hg _my`nmfgb|my~ Hj|`nbg @j&Em``; ?8

UK Space Agency Annual Report 2012

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