1
UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHG ORGANISED AND PROMOTED BY
SKDRDP AND KUDUMBASHREE IN DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT
AND KOLLAM DISTRICT, TOWARDS EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL
WOMEN
MRP (H)-0196/12-13/KAMA009/UGC-SWRO
UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION
NEW DELHI, INDIA
SUBMITTED TO:
UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION
South Western Regional Office,
P.K. Block, Palace Road, Gandhinagar,
Bangalore-560 009.
SUBMITTED BY:
Ms. PRIYAKUMARI S.V.
Assistant Professor,
Department of P.G. Studies in Commerce,
Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College (Autonomous), Ujire-574240
Belthangady Taluk, D. K. District, Karnataka.
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DECLARATION
I PRIYAKUMARI S.V, hereby declare that this UGC Minor Research
Project entitled “A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHG ORGANISED AND
PROMOTED BY SKDRDP AND KUDUMBASHREE IN DAKSHINA
KANNADA DISTRICT AND KOLLAM DISTRICT ,TOWARDS
EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL WOMEN” is a original and bonafide work
undertaken by me.
I also declare that this Minor Research report has not been submitted to
any other university or organization at any time for any degree, diploma,
associate ship or similar title.
Place: Ujire
Date: 20.06.2015
Signature of the Investigator
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I attribute all the learning and my personal development during this period to the divine
grace of the Lord Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara and his blessings.
It is my duty to show my gratitude and indebtedness to management of SDME society especially
the President, Vice President, Secretaries and the Principal. Dr. B Yashovarma for their whole
hearted support in completion of this work.
I am grateful to UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION, particularly Joint Secretary and
Regional Head, for granting me the research project and encouraging me to pursue research.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. P. N. Udayachandra, co-ordinator, Dept. of PG studies
in commerce, S.D.M College Ujire for his valuable guidance and support without which it
would not have been possible to complete this work.
I would like to record my sincere thanks to Dr. Murganandan, Assistant Professor, Dept. of PG
studies in commerce S.D.M College Ujire, for helping me to prepare questionnaire and statistical
analysis during the project.
I also record my sincere gratitude to Mr.Chidananda H.L Assistant Professor, Dept. of PG
studies in commerce S.D.M College Ujire, for providing valuable input and help in this project.
I would like to express my appreciation and gratefulness to the officials of both the institution and
I am also indebted to every member of the SHGs who had participated, spared their valuable time
and shared their experiences in this study.
My inspiration and the source for what I am today are my parents, family and friends‟ .It is their,
blessings and love which made me to complete this project .I would like to acknowledge the
support and care I received from my husband Krishnajith.K and my son Prajith ,during the
preparation of this project.
Finally, I am thankful to those who have helped me directly and indirectly for the successful
completion of this research.
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CONTENTS
SL. NO. PARTICULAR PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
14
3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
MICROFINANCE AND SHG
19
4. REGIONAL PROFILE OF DISTRICTS AND
TALUKS
29
5. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
34
6. FINDING ,SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION
113
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
8. ANNEXURE
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LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS
Table\chart
No.
Title of tables and charts Page No.
5.1.1. Age of the respondents 34
5.1.2 Qualification 35
5.1.3. Religion 36
5.1.4. Caste 37
5.1.5. Marital Status 38
5.1.6. Type of Family 39
5.1.7. No. of dependent in the family 40
5.1.8. Monthly Income of the family 41
5.1.9. Head of the family 42
5.1.10. Place of living 43
5.1.11. Purpose of joining SHG\NHG 44
5.1.12. Duration of SHG\NHG 45
5.1.13. Duration of Membership 46
5.2.1. Changes in income pattern 47
5.2.2. Monthly saving of the respondent before membership 48
5.2.3. Change in saving pattern after membership 49
5.2.4. Loan availed through SHG \NHG 50
5.2.5. Purpose for which loan taken 51
5.2.6. Repayment of loan 52
5.2.7. Interest charged on loan outstanding 53
5.2.8. Satisfaction towards performance of SHG\NHG 54
5.2.9. Frequency of SHG\NHG meeting 55
5.2.10.(a) Group records maintained attendance register maintained by
SHG\NHG
56
5.2.10.(b) Group Loan ledger maintained by SHG\NHG 57
5.2.10.(c) Cash book maintained by SHG\NHG 58
5.2.10.(d) Bank pass book maintained by SHG\NHG 59
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5.2.10.(e) Individual pass book maintained by SHG\NHG 60
5.2.10.(f) Repayment particulars maintained by SHG\NHG 61
5.3.1. Monthly income before and after joining SHG\NHG 62
5.3.2. Monthly Expenditure Before And After Joining SHG\NHG 63
5.3.3.(a) Increase in monthly income and time taken for such effect 64
5.3.3.(b) Increase in monthly savings and time taken for such effect 65
5.3.3.(c) Increase in monthly expenditure and time taken for such effect 66
5.3.3.(d) Increase in standard of living and time taken for such effect 67
5.3.4.(a) Social security 68
5.3.4.(b) Participation in local activity and time taken for such effect 69
5.3.4.(c) Access to financial service 70
5.3.4.(d) Social awareness 71
5.3.4.(e) Increase in social relation 72
5.4.1.(a) Level of personal empowerment: Confidence level 73
5.4.1.(b) Level of personal empowerment: Independence 74
5.4.1.(c) Level of personal empowerment: self respect 75
5.4.1.(d) Level of personal empowerment: mutual respect 76
5.4.1.(e) Level of Personal Empowerment: Family Acceptance 77
5.4.1.(f) Level of Personal Empowerment: Relative Acceptance 78
5.4.2.(a) Level of Social Empowerment: Organization Skill 79
5.4.2.(b) Level of Social Empowerment: Group Cohesiveness 80
5.4.2.(c) Level of social empowerment: Interactive skill 81
5.4.2.(d) Level of social empowerment: public speaking 82
5.4.2.(e) Level of social empowerment: awareness on rights 83
5.4.2.(f) Level of social empowerment: acceptance in society 84
5.4.2.(g) Level of social empowerment: Awareness on social problems 85
5.4.2.(h) Level of social empowerment: participation in social programmers 86
5.4.2.(i) Level of social empowerment: Membership in other organization 87
5.4.3.(a) Level of economic empowerment: Employment opportunity 88
5.4.3.(b) Level of economic empowerment: Technical Skill 89
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5.4.3.(c) Level of economic empowerment: Entrepreneurial skill 90
5.4.3.(d) Level of economic empowerment: Individual and family health 91
5.4.3.(e) Level of economic empowerment: Living condition 92
5.4.3.(f) Level of economic empowerment: Economic status 93
5.4.3.(g) Level of economic empowerment: Social security 94
5.4.4.(a) Level of overall empowerment: Income 95
5.4.4.(b) Level of overall empowerment: Savings 96
5.4.4.(c) Level of overall empowerment: Expenditure 97
5.4.4.(d) Level of overall empowerment: Financial management skill 98
5.4.4.(e) Level of overall empowerment: Personal belongings 99
5.4.4.(f) Level of overall empowerment: Financial security 100
5.5.1. Satisfaction towards co-ordination and co-operation of group
members
101
5.5.2. Satisfaction towards institution approach for development 102
5.5.3. Satisfaction towards training and awareness programme conducts
by SHG\NHG
103
5.5.4. Satisfaction towards level of economic empowerment 104
5.5.5. Satisfaction towards level of social empowerment 105
5.5.6. Satisfaction towards overall empowerment 106
5.5.7.(a) Reduction in poverty after joining SHG 107
5.5.7.(b) Self dependence after joining the group 108
5.5.7.(c) Increase in living standard 109
5.5.7.(d) Easy to repay the debts 110
5.5.7.(e) Satisfied towards interest rate 111
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INTRODUCTION
The concept of microfinance is considered as significant and emerging trend in the present
scenario for the empowerment of women .Microfinance through „SHG‟ has been recognized
internationally as the modern tool to combat poverty and for rural development. SHG‟s are acting
as an effective tool for reducing poverty, uplifting and empowering women and creating
awareness and motivating them which will lead to sustainable development of the village, country
and nation. Community developments take place along with individual development. Seventy five
percent of the world‟s poor live in rural area, and the majority of them are women. Women play a
significant role in the development of the economy and hence they need to be empowered .SHG
are becoming one of the important means for the empowerment of poor women in almost all the
developing countries including India. Empowerment is seen as a process by which that one
without power gains greater control over their lives. The NGOs who are in the field of socio-
economic development of the marginalized sections in the society since last four to five decades,
had initially organised Credit Unions and Mahila Samajams for better participation of people in
development initiatives and also for thrift and credit facilities. Since the emergence of SHG
system, as per the initiatives of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
(NABARD), and directives from Reserve Bank of India (RBI), from the beginning of 1990s, most
of these Mahila Samajams and Credit Unions have been converted into SHGs, linked them to
financial institutions for better credit facilities. Women empowerment is critical to the socio
economic progress of the rural and urban community .The intervention of microfinance has
brought women into the main stream of national development which has brought tremendous
changes in the life of women at the grass root level. The self help groups are the instrument in
empowering rural women so that they can easily access to banking, insurance, and entrepreneurial
approaches. The scheme of microfinance through SHG has transferred the real economic power in
the hands of women and has considerably reduced their dependence on men. The development of
any nation is possible only when women are considered as equal partner with men. Rapid
progress in self help group formation through microfinance has now turned into an empowerment
movement among women across the country.
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Statement of problem
Women are considered as weaker part of the society, so were restricted to take part in any social
activities and not given roles in decision making in her family. Through the intervention of
microfinance this scene has been change. Now women are engaged in income generation activity
which make them economically and socially empower. SHG through microfinance has
enlightened the life of rural poor. Now the rural women have freedom of choice which motivates
them to be a part of decision making process with in the family and the society. This made the
researcher to study the role of such SHG which played an important role in the development and
empowerment of rural women.
The Objectives of the Study:
1. To study the demographic profile of SHG\NHG members promoted by SKDRDP and
Kudumbashree in Karnataka and Kerala.
2. To compare the activities and performance of SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and
Kudumbashree.
3. To assess and compare the impact of Kudumbashree and SKDRDP in enhancement of
SHG\NHG members income.
4. To compare the level of empowerment of SHG\NHG members promoted by SKDRDP
and Kudumbashree.
5. To test the level of satisfaction of SHG\NHG members of both the institution taken for the
study.
Scope of the study
The present study was aimed at making a comparative study of the enabling processes and efforts
by the SKDRDP and Kudumbasree towards social and economic empowerment of poor women
since last few years.
Universe of the study
The universe for the study includes all the SHG members, initiated and promoted by
Kudumbasree and SKDRDP, in Kollam District of Kerala and Dakshina Kannada District of
Karnataka.
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Research Design
This was a comparative social diagnosis study exploratory in nature. Focus Group Discussions
were held at all the SHG level to supplement the quantitative data collected through interview
schedules.
Sampling
Multi-stage, simple random sampling method was used for the study at various levels.
Stage I
One District from each region was selected using simple random sampling method. Thus the
Districts selected for the study were Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka and Kollam District
of Kerala.
Stage II
Simple random sampling method was used for the selection of organization from Dakshina
Kannada District of Karnataka and Kollam District of Kerala. SKDRDP was the NGO selected
from Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka and Kudumbashree a Government Organised Non-
Governmental Organization was selected from Kollam District of Kerala.
Stage III
At the third stage, selection of 20 SHGs from SKDRDP and 20 NHGs from Kudumbasree was
done using simple random sampling. Thus, a total of 40 SHGs\NHGs were selected for the study.
Stage IV
At the last and final stage two Taluk from each district were selected for the study. Belthangady
Taluk from Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka and Kunnathur Taluk from Kollam District
of Kerala, selection of 5 respondents from the selected SHG\NHG was done using simple random
sampling method from three villages from each Taluks. Thus a total of 200 members of
SHGs\NHGs were selected for the study from both the Taluks.
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Sample Size
From 20 SHGs and 20 NGH, as explained above, five respondents each SHG\NHG makes 200
respondents as sample for the study.
Sources of Data
The source of primary data was from the 200 respondents from 40 SHGs of SKDRDP and
Kudumbasree programme in two district of Kerala and Karnataka. Secondary data were gathered
from reports, minutes of the meetings, attendance register, and accounts registers, other relevant
documents and registers maintained by the SHGs, the NGO, various books and journals.
Limitation of the study
1. As it is a comparative study between two state lots many of factors like economic, culture
political may affect the result.
2. The result are got time bound, so opinion may differ over the period of time.
3. The data cannot be generalized to the entire population of respondents because the sample
size is small i.e. only 200 members from each state are taken as sample respondent.
Chapter scheme:
Chapter I: Includes introduction, Statement of problem, objective of the study, research
methodology and limitation of the study.
Chapter II: It deals with reviews of various Literatures related to role of microfinance through
SHG towards empowerment of rural poor.
Chapter III: It deals with Historical background of microfinance and SHGs.
Chapter IV: It deals with Regional profile of Dakshina Kannada and Kollam District.
Chapter V: It presents the analysis and interpretation of the data.
Chapter VI: It deals with Finding, suggestion and conclusion.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Dasgupta (2000) in his paper on „ Informal journey through Self Help Groups‟ observed that
micro-financing through informal group approach has helped to bring quite a few benefits for the
rural poor viz.: (i) inculcated saving habit ; (ii) access to e credit by the poor; (iii) matching the
demand and supply of credit structure and opening new market for FI's; (iv) reduction in
transaction cost for both lenders and borrowers; (v) tremendous improvement in recovery; (vi)
heralding a new realization of subsidy less and corruption less credit, and (vii) remarkable
empowerment of poor women. He stressed out, SHG's should be considered as one of the best
means to counter social and financial citizenship not as an end in itself.
Puhazhendhi, and Satyasai (2001).in their paper titled as „The performance of SHG's with special
reference to social and economic empowerment‟. The performance of SHG's among different
regions, the southern region could edge out other regions. The SHG's programmed has been found
more popular in the southern region and its progress in other regions is quite low, thus signifying
an uneven achievement among the regions. They have focused on older group should relatively
more positive features like better performance than younger groups.
Manimekalai and Rajeshwari (2001).in their paper titled as „The provision of microfinance by the
NGO's to women SHG's‟ both have focused SHGs are helpful to achieve a measure of economic
and social empowerment. SHGs have developed a sense of leadership, organizational skill,
management of various activities of a business.
Mahadeswaran (2001).In his article conducted „A study on empowering rural women through
SHGs‟ .This study an attempts has been made to analyze the impact of SHGs in providing credit
rural women .The access of the rural poor is limited to the antipoverty programmed like IRDP the
average SHGs consists 15 to 20 members The SHGs have performed well on the saving and the
loan were given to the SHGs at an interest rate of 2 to 3 percent months the status of women both
with household and outside have improve. Mahadeswaran find out and focused on the rural poor
women and bank linkage programme.
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Rasure K.A ( 2004).In the article “women empowerment through self-help-groups” has proved
that can be very instrumental in empowering women in our country as they provide easy access to
fund for self employment in this context the author has discussed in depth the relationship
between empowerment and the SHGs process of the SHGs in India. Spread SHGs linkage
different mode of linkage and role of NABARD .the author has conclude that SHGs stimulate
savings and help borrowers to come out of vicious circle of poverty
Holvet (2005).In his titled states that „ Micro finance to poor women through women SHGs‟
resulted in to active participation of women in decision making .Mr. .Holvet in his article states
that the relationship between micro finance and women SHGs‟.
Kadam P.B (2006) Ph.D thesis entitled „Assessment of the contribution of self-helpgroups to
women Empowerment‟ a study with reference to Satara District, in her article focused on the
empowerment of women through SHGs and different aspects stressed out for empowerment
activity Ice; the aspect of SHGs members are Economical ,Social aspects of members ,political
aspects ,Legal aspects, Legal and Life aspects.
Raman Bali Swami (2007) In his article titled as „Micro finance and women empowerment‟
taking the case of the SHGs bank linkage programmed .In India this article examined the
evidence on impact of microfinance on women empowerment using multi level survey,which
includes a quantitative database along with interviews ,group discussion, and case studies Mr.
Rajang B.S. teased that the relationship among the microfinance and women empowerment.
Various studies conducted have shown that most women who join SHG without any business due
to lack of capital were able to start their own business after joining the group (Jothi, 2010;
Sharma, Roy, & Chakravorty., 2012
“Nothing, arguably, is as important today in the political economy of development as an adequate
recognition of political, economic, and social participation and leadership of women” (Amartya
Sen, 1999).
NGOs developed a sense of leadership, organisational skill, management of various activities of a
business, right from acquiring finance, identifying raw material, market and suitable
diversification (Manimekalai and Rajeshwari 2001).
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The members of SHGs promoted by NGOs had gained almost twice the number of „employment
days,‟ when compared to the members of SHGs promoted by banks (Harper 2002).
Nongovernmental Organisations organise and promote the SHGs with the objectives of
inculcating Self-Help attitude among women and developing leadership (Joel 2003).
NGOs have inculcated the culture of savings and repayment strengthened the SHGs (Priya and
Srivastava (2005).
Kudumbashree itself is an organizational innovation cutting across various government
departments. It has inspired other state governments in India to initiate similar programs. For
example, Andhra Pradesh is experimenting with a similar program called Velugu (light).
(Suneetha Kadiyala May 2004)
NGOs play an important role in SHG formation, linking the groups with the banks, arranging for
loans and imparting training to start income generating activities (Dr. K.Rajendran and Dr. R.P.
Raya 4, Oct. 2011)
(Tanmoyee Banerjee (Chatterjee), 2012) stated that Self-employment held the key to continuity
of employment. Self-employed members of self-help groups (SHGs) fare better than their wage-
earning counterparts when it came to continuity of employment. The study dwelt on the factors
influencing the different indicators of women empowerment among the members of 26 matured
all-woman SHGs. It also isolated the socioeconomic demographic factors influenced the joint
probability of a group member being both empowered and employed. The study concluded that
training significantly influenced various dimensions of empowerment, and the trained group
members were more likely to be both empowered as well as employed.
SHGs have made a lasting impact on the lives of the women particularly in the rural areas of Goa.
Their quality of life has improved a lot. There is an increase in their income, savings and
consumption expenditure. This shows an improvement in their standard of living. The women
have gained self-confidence. They got an opportunity to improve their hidden talents after joining
the SHGs. They can speak freely in front of large groups of people. They got recognition in the
family and society. SHGs have also given women a greater role in household decision making.
(Rekha R. Gaonkar 2013).
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Dr. Dhiraj Jain*; Ms. Pushpa Nai July (2013) In their article titled „SHG HELPING
EMPOWER RURAL WOMEN – A STUDY‟ revealed that that woman are taking interest in the
SHGs programs and coming forward and are becoming self dependent and self employed which
has ensures their well being and growth they have also learned to take decision Most of them did
agree that the time association with SHGs increased the sense of social security and created social
awareness among the women members.
Sanjay V. Yadav May-June 2013” Women Empowerment through Self-Help-Group: A case
study of Nagthane Village, Tal: Palus, Dist-Sangli” the income and expenditure pattern of SHG
member has been raised after they become the member of the group. The result of the study
shows a positive effect on the standard of living of SHG members. The good practice of the
women.SHGs in the study area is repayment of the loan in time.
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The history of micro financing can be traced back as long to the middle of the 1800s when the
theorist Lysander Spooner was writing over the benefits from small credits to entrepreneurs and
farmers as a way getting the people out of poverty. But it was at the end of World War II with the
Marshall plan the concept had a big impact. The today use of the expression micro financing has
its roots in the 1970s when organizations, such as Grameen Bank of Bangladesh with the
microfinance pioneer Mohammad Yunus, where starting and shaping the modern industry of
microfinancing. Another pioneer in this sector is Akhtar Hameed Khan. At that time a new wave
of microfinance initiatives introduced many new innovations into the sector. Many pioneering
enterprises began experimenting with loaning to the underserved people. The main reason why
microfinance is dated to the 1970s is that the programs could show that people can be relied on to
repay their loans and that it‟s possible to provide financial services to poor people through market
based enterprises without subsidy. Shore bank was the first microfinance and community
development bank founded 1974 in Chicago . The role of micro credit institutions is vital to the
financial sector of the economies of many countries. By improving the living standards of the
poor families, the financial sector is benefited by the increase in the purchasing power of the
individuals. In addition to individual households, others who benefit from the assistance provided
by the micro finance institution include corporations from which individuals may now purchase
the media, guarantors, and donors. Terms micro – loans and micro – crediting did not exist until
the „70s of the last century, when Muhammad Yunus, and his Grameen Bank, commenced with
his activities in the village Jobra in Bangladesh. He was providing loans to poor women, living in
rural areas, for starting a small business aimed at the improvement of their living conditions in
their households. Amounts of these loans were minimal, being used for the purchase of small
livestock and tools. Women – loan beneficiaries, would form solidarity groups for the purpose of
guaranteeing for each other. None of the known collateral forms were used other than their oral
promises. The microfinance movement began with the work of Dr Muhammad Yunus in
Bangladesh in the late 1970s, spreading rapidly to other developing countries. Most early
microfinance institutions (MFIs), including Yunus‟s own iconic Grameen Bank, relied on funding
from government and international donors, justified by MFI claims that they were reducing
poverty, unemployment and deprivation. In developing countries, financing to the rural poor
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through formal financial services failed to meet the credit requirements of the rural poor people.
The main reason of failure was absence of any recognized employment and hence absence of
collateral with the poor. The high risk and the high transaction costs of banks associated with
small loans and savings deposits are other factors which make them non-bankable. The lack of
loans from formal institutions leaves the poor with no other option but to borrow money from
local money-lenders on huge interest rates. In different countries including India, efforts have
been made by their governments to deliver formal credit to rural areas by setting up special
agricultural banks/rural banks or directing commercial banks to provide loans to rural borrowers.
However, these programmes have also not worked well due to various reasons. The common
reasons found by many researchers are the political difficulty for governments to enforce loan
repayment and the selection of relatively wealthy and influential people, rather than the poor, for
bank loans (Adams et al., 1984; Adams and Vogel, 1986; World Bank, 1989). Women‟s World
Banking (1995) estimated that in most developing countries, the formal financial system reaches
to only top 25 per cent of the economically active population. This leaves the bottom 75 per cent
without access to financial services apart from those provided by money-lenders and family.
Thus, the failure of formal financial institutions to deal with the credit requirements of poor
effectively has forced to develop an alternative source of finance to poor in the form of
microfinance. Microfinance scheme with its wide range of financial product and services helped
the people who have little or nothing in the way of traditional collateral. It helps them to create
savings, build up assets, survive crises and to establish small enterprises which helped them to
lead a poverty free life. Apart from extending small loans in the form of micro-credit,
microfinance programme covers a wide variety of financial and non-financial services such as
savings, insurance, guidance, skill development training, capacity building and motivation to start
income generating activities to enhance the productivity of credit. This innovative programme is
successfully reaching the rural poor especially women and has an impact on their socio-economic
development as well as their empowerment. This microfinance programme is becoming popular
and emerging as a powerful instrument for poverty alleviation in many countries of Asia, Africa,
Europe and America.
Credit Unions
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Credit Unions are Microfinance Institutions which are established by members of a particular
organization or association. These Microfinance Institutions are run by members and follow the
concept of self-help in order to carry out the financial activities. These institutions are owned and
governed by the members in a democratic way. The members elect directors and representatives
through voting process. These nonprofit organizations work through members who agree to save
together and decide to provide credit to each other at fair interest rates.
Community Banks
Community Banks are the Microfinance Institutions which are established on a formal or semi-
formal basis. These Microfinance Institutions considers the whole community as a single unit and
engages in savings activities and financing activities for the members. In many cases, these
community banks get extensive help from NGOs in carrying out financial activities.
Cooperative Movement
Cooperatives are one type of Microfinance Institutions, which are jointly owned by a group of
People and are run in a democratic way. These cooperatives are autonomous bodies which are
voluntarily created by a group of persons to serve the economic and social need of people. These
Cooperatives carry out different savings activities and microfinance activities for their members
Regional Rural Banks
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India are an integral part of the rural credit structure of the
country. Since the very beginning, when the RRBs were established in October 2, 1975, these
banks played a pivotal role in the economic development of the rural India. The main goal of
establishing regional rural banks in India was to provide credit to the rural people who are not
economically strong enough, especially the small and marginal farmers, artisans, agricultural
laborers and even small entrepreneurs
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Apex Financial Institutions
The formal microfinance service providers include a number of apex financial institutions. Some
of them are like National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Small
Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI),Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK), Friends of
Women World Banking (FWWB),Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC), Housing
and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO), and Rashtriya Gramin Vikas Nidhi
(RGVN). They provide bulk amount of funds to retail level banks and MFIs for on-lending to the
poor .There are different terms and conditions associated with each apex financial institute. In
addition to these apex financial institutions, many MFIs get funds from investors, lenders and
donors also.
NGO Initiatives
NGOs have proved to have the potential to facilitate the process of empowerment among women.
NGOs in India have played the role of catalysts in the empowerment processes of poor women.
NGOs play a vital role in the sustainable community development through various programs like
capacity building which may lead to sustainable community development. Microfinance is a
means through which capacity of individuals can be developed; Taking into consideration the
failure of various attempts by formal credit unions, cooperatives and the RRBs, and the plight of
the rural poor, as far as credit needs are concerned, NGOs started organizing them into
community based organizations known under different names, like credit unions, Mahila
Mandals, Mahila Samajams etc. Experience shows that the key to success of these groups and
organizations lies in ensuring full cooperation and participation of people at the grassroots level.
Under various poverty alleviation/eradication efforts, these days both by the Governments as
well as NGOs, several types of community based organizational structures have come up
throughout the country enabling the poor women to get out of the clutches of moneylenders .
Such Initiatives in Our Neighbouring Countries
The Bangladesh Grameen Bank (BGB) is considered by some as the initiators of SHGs. And the
spread effect of Grameen Bank has crossed the oceans and reached India. NGOs have been
making attempts to replicate the Grameen Bank model with certain adaptations to make it suitable
to the local requirements in India. ADITHI (NARI NIDHI), Patna; Loyolam Bank, Manipur;
23
SHARE, Andhra Pradesh; SRI, Kollengode, in Palakkad, Kerala etc. are some of the NGOs which
follow Bangladesh Grameen Bank model. Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC),
Bangladesh and Production Credit For Rural Women (PCRW)- Nepal, are other models of SHGs
in our neighbouring Countries.
Concept of women Empowerment
Empowerment is an oft-used concept in development literature particularly with reference to
women. The term „Women‟s empowerment‟ has come to be associated with women‟s struggle
for social justice and equality. Generally, it is used to describe a process wherein the powerless or
disempowered gain a greater control over resources, decision-making and acquire greater social
mobility, social space and dignity Empowerment is an active multidimensional process to enable
women to realize their identity, position and power in all spheres of life. Empowerment provides
a greater access to knowledge and resources, more autonomy in decision making, greater ability
to plan lives, more control over the circumstances which influence lives, and freedom from
customs, belief and practices. Empowerment demands a drastic and basic change in the system of
marriage and family, husband and wife relationship and attitude towards socialization and
remarriage. Empowerment is a process that gives a person freedom in decision making. Women
all over the world, including countries in the South, have been challenging and changing gender
inequalities since the beginnings of history. These struggles have also been supported by many
men who have been outraged at injustice against women and there upon the consequences for the
society. It would be yet another instance of imperialism to say all these women and men did not
have minds of their own.
The Concept of SHG
The main objective of SHG concept is to improve the economic development of women and
create facilitating environment for their social transformation in the lift of gender discrimination
in work and the household. The Self Help Groups (SHGs) Guiding Principle stresses on
organizing the rural poor into small groups through a process of social mobilization, training and
providing bank credit and government subsidy. The SHGs are to be drawn from the BPL list
approved by the Gram Sabha wherein about ten persons are selected, one each from a family and
focus on the skill development training based on the local requirement. The SHG movement has
24
gathered pace in countryside and is directly or indirectly contributing towards the economic
development of rural areas. SHGs are novel and innovative organizational setup in India for the
women upliftment and welfare. A self help group is defined as a "self governed, peer controlled
information group of people with similar socio-economic background and having a desire to
collectively perform Common purpose. A self-help group (SHG) is a village-based financial
intermediary usually composed of 10–20 local women. Most self-help groups are located in India,
though SHGs can also be found in other countries, especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Members make small regular savings contributions over a few months until there is enough
capital in the group to begin lending. Funds may then be lent back to the members or to others in
the village for any purpose. In India, many SHGs are 'linked' to banks for the delivery of
microcredit. The distinguishing feature of the SHGs is creating social and economic awareness
among the members. The social awareness enables the members to lead their lives in a sound
hygienic environment and pursue a better living.
The Emergence of SHGs in India
In India, Self Help Groups or SHGs represent a unique approach to financial intermediation. The
approach combines access to low-cost financial services with a process of self management and
development for the women who are SHG members. SHGs are formed and supported usually by
NGOs or (increasingly) by Government agencies. Linked not only to banks but also to wider
development programmes, SHGs are seen to confer many benefits, both economic and social.
SHGs enable women to grow their savings and to access the credit which banks are increasingly
willing to lend. SHGs can also be community platforms from which women become active in
village affairs, stand for local election or take action to address social or community issues (the
abuse of women, alcohol, the dowry system, schools, water supply)
SHG-Bank Linkage Model
The predominant model in the Indian Micro finance context continues to be the SHG-Bank
Linkage Model that accounts for nearly 20 million clients. It started as an Action Research Project
in 1989. Under this model, Self Help Promoting Institution usually a NGO helps groups of 15-20
individuals through an incubation period after which time they are linked to banks. The SHG had
proved their efficacy over time but they suffer from a meager resource base which handicapped
25
their capacity to expand the economic activities of their members. The factors received by the
SHG members were the lack of information, time consuming and expensive procedures for
obtaining bank loans, rigid lending policies of banks in respect of unit costs, unit sizes and group
guarantee for loans. There are three linking model in the country: Model I - SHG formed and
financed by banks: - In this model, the banks play the dual role of promotion of SHGs and also
provider of credit to SHGs. Model II - SHGs formed by formal agencies other than banks (NGOs
and other), but directly financed by banks: - In this model, the NGOs and other agencies have
played the role of facilitator. Model III- SHGs financed by banks using NGOs and other
agencies as financial intermediaries: - In this model, the NGOs and other agencies play the role of
financial intermediation.
A Profile of the SKDRDP and Kudumbashree
Shri Kshethra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project, popularly known as SKDRDP, is a
charitable trust promoted by Dr.D.Veerendra Heggade. SKDRDP concentrates on the
empowerment of rural women by organizing Self-help Groups (SHGs) on the line of Joint
Liability Groups (JLBs) of Bangladesh and provides infrastructure and finance through micro
credit for the rural people.The Shri Ksherta Dharmasthala Rural Development Project
encompasses all aspects of enriching the rural life. It is currently engaged in developmental
activities in Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Uttara Kannada, Coorg, Shimoga, Chickmagalur,
Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag, Tumkur and Belgaum districts operating in 8,000 villages covering
more than 17,50,000 families. SKDRDP is active with its Community Development Programs
throughout the state of Karnataka and holds its presence in six coastal towns under the Karnataka
Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project. in 1982, Shri Kshetra
Dharmasthala Rural Development Project (SKDRDP)was launched with an objective to sponsor
and re-orient the mode of giving charity in more productive forms and to ensure long-lasting
benefit to poor families. The trustees, instead of giving charity for family consumption purposes
of the poor, planned to provide assistance for acquiring new productive assets to promote
economic development. To begin with 81 villages in the Belthangadi Taluk of South Canara were
adopted. Constant interaction, regular follow-up and effective co-ordination have been the key
success factors of this programme. Since then the project has taken- up various programmes for
rural development in 26 of the 27 districts of Karnataka. SKDRDP being a pioneer in the field of
26
development with a membership of more than 17 lakh, of which majority are woman is working
for the empowerment of women through its various initiatives. Working closely with the rural
poor women SKDRDP found that unless women are economically empowered their living
standard will not improve. SIRI, a unique organization providing employment opportunity to
more than 6000 women is a milestone in this regard. Jnanavikasa programme of SKDRDP has
become an agent of change in the lifestyle of rural women. To fulfill the diverse training needs of
women SKDRDP in year 2009 started Mahila Jnanavikasa Training Institute in Navanagar of
Dharwad district. The institute is offering various types of skill based and entrepreneurship
development trainings for women.
Kudumbashree, which means prosperity of the family, is the name of the women oriented,
community based, State Poverty Eradication Mission of Government of Kerala. Launched by the
Government of Kerala in 1998 for wiping out absolute poverty from the State through concerted
community action under the leadership of Local Self Governments, Kudumbashree is today one
of the largest women-empowering projects in the country. The programme has 37 lakh members
and covers more than 50% of the households in Kerala. Built around three critical components,
micro credit, entrepreneurship and empowerment, the Kudumbashree initiative has today
succeeded in addressing the basic needs of the less privileged women, thus providing them a more
dignified life and a better future. Literal meaning of Kudumbashree is prosperity (shree) of family
(Kudumbam). Kerala is a tiny state lying in the south-west part of Indian federation, where many
development experiments are being tested, refined and implemented.
The mission aims at the empowerment of women, through forming self help groups and
encouraging their entrepreneurial or other wide range of activities. The purpose of the mission is
to ensure that the women should no longer remain as passive recipients of public assistance, but
active leaders in women involved development initiatives..Kudumbashree was conceived as a
joint programme of the Government of Kerala and NABARD implemented through Community
Development Societies (CDSs) of Poor Women, serving as the community wing of Local
Governments. Kudumbashree is formally registered as the "State Poverty Eradication Mission"
(SPEM), a society registered under the Travancore Kochi Literary, Scientific and Charitable
Societies Act 1955. It has a governing body chaired by the State Minister of LSG. There is a state
27
mission with a field officer in each district. This official structure supports and facilitates the
activities of the community network across the state.
The grassroots of Kudumbashree are Neighbourhood Groups (NHG in short) that send
representatives to the ward level Area Development Societies (ADS). The ADS sends its
representatives to the Community Development Society (CDS), which completes the unique
three-tier structure of Kudumbashree. Today, there are 2.58 lakhs NHGs, over 19,700 ADSs and
1072 CDSs in Kudumbashree
SHG vs. NHG
The main difference between SHG and NHG is that SHGs are non-CDS, non-governmental, and
informal organisational structures promoted by voluntary agencies. CDS is sponsored by the
government for the uplift of the poor especially women by bringing together the activities of
various development departments. NHG members are from families facing high risks i.e., usually
those belonging to below poverty line (BPL), identified on the basis of the nine point non-
economic criteria. SHG members need not be from the high-risk families but are basically poor
and marginalized who find it to difficult to have access to the formal credit system.(Throughout
the study SHG is the common term used for both the institution.)
29
REGIONAL PROFILE OF DISTRICTS AND TALUKS
Kerala the Gods Own Country is the tiny state situated at the Southern end of India. with an area
of 38,863 Sq.Km. and with a population of 3.33Crores. The state has many advantages such as
94% literacy rate, life expectancy of 74%, English is widely spoken and understood, high per
capita income, availability of skilled manpower, three international Airports, 18 Sea ports
including one International Container Transshipment Terminal at Kochi. The State with second
highest teledensity in India, communication gateway in Kochi with two high speed submarine
cables landing offering 15 Gbps band width. The State is one of the few States in India with
negligible power cuts.
30
Kollam is the headquarters of the Kollam district and is one of the most scenic cities in Kerala.
The town is well known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It is the southern gateway
to the backwaters of Kerala, and thus, a prominent tourist destination. The Portuguese were the
first Europeans to establish a trading center at Kollam in 1502. Then came the Dutch followed by
the British in 1795. A British garrison was stationed at Kollam in pursuance of a treaty between
Travancore and the British.
CENSUS OF INDIA-2011 KERALA, Kollam District Population (provisional)
District Total Population Child Population of
age0-6 Literate
District/Taluk T Person Male Fem
ale Person Male Female Person Male Female
Kollam
District T 26,29,703
12,44
,815
13,8
4,88
8
2,38,0
62
1,21,4
81
1,16,5
81
22,42,7
57
10,76,5
09
11,66,2
48
Kunnathur is a Taluk in Kollam district. The capital / Head quarters of Kunnathur Taluk is
Sasthamcotta. Kunnathur Taluk was a big Taluk before the formation of Pathanamthitta district.
Adoor was a part of Kunnathur taluk and for Pathanamthitta district formation 9 villages from
Kunnathur taluk has been taken. There is a village with the same name in this Taluk and The
Kunnathur village is a small village also called Nediyavila. It includes the places like
Manampuzha, Puthanampalam, Panampthoppu, Nediyavila, Ezhammile are certain places in this
village. Kunnathur Taluk includes places like Bharanikavu, Chakkuvally, Mynagappally, Kallada,
Cinemaparamp, Sasthamnada, Ambalathumbhagom, Chathakulam, Edakkad, Kakkakunnu, Karali
Jn, Karimthottuva, Kunnathur East, Manakkara, Manampuzha, Muthupilakkad, Pallisserickal,
Parakadavu, Patharam, Poruvazhy, Puthenambalam, Sasthamcotta, Sooranad North, Sooranad
South, Thuruthikara, Vilanthara Jn, Ithotuva, Anjilimoodu, Ezhammile etc
31
The State of Karnataka is located within 11.5 degree North and 18.5 degree North latitudes and
74 degree East and 78.5 degree east longitude. It is situated on a tableland where the Western and
Eastern Ghat ranges converge into the Nilgiri hill complex, in the Western part of the Deccan
Peninsular region of India. The State is bounded by Maharashtra and Goa States in the North and
North-West; by the Arabian Sea in the West; by Kerala and Tamilnadu States in the South and by
the States of Andhra Pradesh in the East. Karnataka extends to about 750 km from North to South
and about 400 km from East to West
Dakshina Kannda (Erstwhile South Kanara) is the southern coastal district of Karnataka State
with an area of 4859 Sq. Km. The district lies between 12 57' and 13 50‟ North Latitude and 74
and 75 50‟ East Longitude. It has a population of 20,89,649.
The district spreading from the Western Ghats towards the Arabian Sea to the west, is bounded by
Udupi district in the North, Shimoga, Chickmagalur and Hassan districts in the East, Kasaragod
taluk of Kerala state and Coorg districts in the south and Arabian Sea in the west.
The district can be divided into 3 belts, the coastal strip, the middle belt and the Western ghat
section. The coastal tract is the most thickly populate part of the district, as it is fertile and trading
facilities. The middle belt consists of hills and dales and forms into an undulating terrain. The
valleys are fertile and boast of several gardens of arecanut and coconut, and paddy fields, which
32
are the main crops of the district. The Western Ghats form the eastern boundary of the district
consisting of evergreen forests with patches of paddy fields and arecanut gardens scattered here
and there surrounded by forests.
The Sex Ratio in Karnataka is 968 for each 1000 male and has increased since the last census of
2001 in which it was 964 per 1000 males. The child sex ratio is 943 per 1000 males and has
decreased as compared to 973 in the 2001 census. The Literacy rate in Karnataka is 75.60 percent,
with male literacy at 82.85 percent and female literacy at 68.13 percent. In figures, the total
literates in Karnataka are 41,029,323 out of which 22,808,468 are males and 18,220,855 are
females.
General Information
Total Geographical Area in Sq.Km. 4859
Total Male Population 10,34,714
Total Female Population 10,54,935
Total Population 20,89,649
Sex Ratio 1020
Literacy Rate 88.57%
Belthangady Taluk (Beltangadi Taluka) is a rural taluka of the Dakshina Kannada district
of Karnataka, India. The headquarters is the town of Belthangady. Of the five taluks in Dakshina
Kannada, it is the largest in area and the second smallest in population. There are two towns,
Belthangady and Kuvettu, and forty-three panchayat villages in Belthangady Taluk. There are
thirty-six other inhabited, non-panchayat, villages. The Karnataka Assembly constituency
is Belthangady.
34
5.1. Demographic Profile:
Table No: 5.1.1 Age of the respondents
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No.:5.1.1: Age of the respondents
The above table and chart depicts the age of the respondents of SKDRDP and Kudumbasree.
In case of SKDRDP, 32 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 18-30,19 percent
falls between 30-40 age group,22 percent are under 40-50 age group,24 percent belongs to 50-60
age group and 3 percent comes under the age group of above 60, whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, 20 percent of the respondents belongs to the age group of 18-30,18 percent falls
between 30-40 age group,30 percent are under 40-50 age group,26 percent belongs to 50-60 age
group and 6 percent comes under the age group of above 60.
Particulars No. of respondent Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
18-30 32 20 32 20
30-40 19 18 19 18
40-50 22 30 22 30
50-60 24 26 24 26
Above 60 3 6 3 6
Total 100 100 100 100
35
Table No: 5.1.2: Qualification
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No.: 5.1.2.: Qualification
The above table and chart depicts education qualification of the respondents of SKDRDP and
Kudumbasree.
In case of SKDRDP, 19 percent of the respondents are illiterate, 59 percent of them possess
schooling education, 19 percent completed UG/Diploma and 3 percent completed PG courses
respectively. In the case of Kudumbasree, 2 percent are illiterate, 73 percent possess schooling
education ,20 percent completed UG/Diploma and 5 percent completed PG courses.
Particulars No. of respondent Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Illiterate 19 10 19 10
Schooling 59 67 59 67
UG/Diploma 19 18 19 18
PG 3 5 3 5
Total 100 100 100 100
36
Table No: 5.1.3.: Religion
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.1.3.: Religion
The above table and chart depicts religion of the SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and
Kudumbasree.
In case of SKDRDP, 99 percent of the respondents are Hindu, 1 percent is Muslim and there are
no respondents from Christian community, whereas in the case of Kudumbasree, 80 percent
respondents are Hindu, 5 percent of them are Muslim and 15 percent of the respondents belongs
to Christian community.
Particulars No. of respondent Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Hindu 99 80 99 80
Muslim 1 5 1 5
Christian 0 15 0 15
Total 100 100 100 100
37
Table No: 5.1.4. : Caste
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.1.4: Caste
The above table and chart reveals caste of the SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and
Kudumbasree.
In the case of SKDRDP, 8 percent of the respondents are SC, 7percent are ST,34 percent of the
respondents are OBC and 51 percent of the respondent belongs to other caste, whereas in case
ofKudumbasree,9 percent respondents are SC, 6 percent are ST, 42 percent respondents are OBC
and 43 respondents belongs to other caste .
Particulars No. of respondent Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
SC 8 9 8 9
ST 7 6 7 6
OBC 34 42 34 42
OC 51 43 51 43
Total 100 100 100 100
38
Table No: 5.1.5: Marital Status
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.1.5: Marital Status
The above table and chart depicts the marital status of SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and
Kudumbasree.
In case of SKDRDP, 67 percent of the respondents are married, 26 percent are unmarried, 7
percent respondents are widows and no respondents are divorcees, whereas in the case of
Kudumbasree, 69 percent of the respondents are married, 25 percent are unmarried, 6 percent of
the respondents are widow and no respondents are divorcees.
Particulars No. of respondent Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Married 67 69 67 69
Unmarried 26 25 26 25
Widow 7 6 7 6
Divorced 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
39
Table No: 5.1.6.: Type of Family
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.1.6.: Type of Family
The above table and chart depicts the type of family of the SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and
Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 67 percent of the respondents belong to nuclear family and
33 percent belongs to joint family, whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 74 percent respondents
belongs to nuclear family and 26 percent belongs to joint family.
Thus the study shows that, in both the groups majority of respondents are from nuclear family.
Particulars
No. of respondent Percentage
SKDRDP Kudumbasree SKDRDP Kudumbasree
Nuclear 67 74 67 74
Joint 33 26 33 26
Total 100 100 100 100
40
Table No: 5.1.7.: No. of dependent in the family
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.17.: No. of dependent
The above table and chart depicts the number of dependents in the family of SHG\NHG members
of SKDRDP and Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 13 percent of the respondents does not have
any dependent in their family,3 percent of the respondents have one dependent, 13 percent have
two dependents, 48 percent has three dependents and 23 percent said to have 4 dependents.
Whereas in the case of Kudumbasree, 12 percent of the respondents does not have dependents in
their family, 1 percent respondents is said to have one dependent, 7 percent is said to have two
dependents, 58 percent is said to have three dependents and 22 percent said to have four
dependents in their family. Thus the study shows that, in both the group majority of respondents
are having three dependents in their family.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Nil 13
12 13 12
One 3
1 3 1
Two 13
7 13 7
Three 48
58 48 58
Total 100
100 100 100
41
Table No: 5.1.8.: Monthly Income of the family
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.1.8.: Monthly Income
The above table and chart depicts monthly family income of SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP
and Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 13 percent respondents marked income less than 3000,
24 percent said between 3000-5000, 27 percent marked between 5000-7000 and 36 percent
respondent family income is above 7000. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,16 percent
respondents marked income less than 3000, 26 percent said between 3000-5000, 20 percent
marked between 5000-7000 and 38 percent respondent family income is above 7000.
Thus the study shows that, in both the group majority of respondent‟s family income is above
7000.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
< 3000 13
16 13 16
3000-5000 24
26 24 26
5000-7000 27
20 27 20
>7000 36
38 36 38
Total 100
100 100 100
42
Table No: 5.1.9.: Head of the family
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.1.9.: Head of the family
The above table and chart reveals monthly family income of SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP
and Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 46 percent respondents said husband is head of the
family, 42 percent marked self and 12 percent marked that family is headed by father- in-law,
Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 45 percent respondents said that their husband is head of the
family, 40 percent marked self and 15 percent marked that family is headed by father in law.
Thus the study shows that, in both the group majority husband is the head of the family.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Husband 46
45 46 45
Self 42
40 42 40
Father-in-Law 12
15 12 15
Total 100
100 100 100
43
Table No: 5.1.10.: Place of living
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.1.10.: Place of living
The above table and chart depicts the place of living of SHG\NHG members of SKDRDP and
Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 92 percent of the respondents resides in rural area, 8 percent
in semi-urban area and there are no respondents from urban area Whereas in case
ofKudumbasree, 94 percent respondents resides in rural area, 6 percent in semi-urban area and
there are no respondents from urban area.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Rural 92 94 92 94
Semi-Urban 8 6 8 6
Urban 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
44
Table No: 5.1.11.: Purpose of joining SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.1.11.: Purpose of joining SHG\NHG
The above table and chart depicts the purpose of joining SHG\NHG of SKDRDP and
Kudumbasree.
In case of SKDRDP,26 percent respondents joined SHG for getting loan facility,25 percent joined
the group to accumulate savings,16 percent for family commitments,8 percent for expansion of
business,12 percent for settlement of old debts,13 percent for social status. Whereas in case of 28
percent respondents joined NHG for getting loan facility,24 percent joined the group to
accumulate savings,16 percent for family commitments, 9 percent for expansion of business,13
percent for settlement of old debts,11 percent for social status.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
For getting Loan 76
77 76 77
For accumulate saving 73
66 73 66
For family commitment 48
46 48 46
For expansion of business 23
24 23 24
Settlement of old debts 35
35 35 35
For social Status 39
32 39 32
Total 294
280 100 100
45
Table No: 5.1.12.: Duration of SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.1.12.: Duration of SHG\NHG
The above table and chart depicts duration of SHG of SKDRDP and Kudumbasree. In case of
SKDRDP, 89 percent of the respondents belong to SHG which comes under 1-4 year duration and
11 percent marked 4-5 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree 95 percent respondents belong to
SHG which comes under 1-4 year duration and 5 percent marked 4-5 years. In both the case no
respondents belongs to the SHG with duration of more than 5-6 years and above 6 years.
Particulars No. of respondents
Percentage
SKDRDP Kudumbasree SKDRDP Kudumbasree
1-4 years 89 95 89 95
4-5 years 11 5 11 5
5-6 years 0 0 0 0
6 year & above 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
46
Table No.: 5.1.13.: Duration of Membership
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No.: 5.1.13.: Duration of Membership
The above table and chart depicts duration of membership in SHG\NHG of SKDRDP and
Kudumbasree. In case of SKDRDP, 79 percent of the respondents are members with duration of
1- 4 years and 21 percent marked 4-5 year. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 64 percent of the
respondents are members, with duration of 1- 4 years and 36 percent marked 4-5 year. No
response for 5-6 years and 6 years and above in both the cases.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
1-4 years 79
64 79 64
4-5 years 21
36 21 36
5-6 years 0
0 0 0
6 year & above 0
0 0 0
Total 100
100 100 100
47
5.2. Performance Indicator:
Table No: 5.2.1.: Changes in income pattern
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No.: 5.2.1.: Changes in income pattern
The above table and chart depicts change in income after becoming SHG member. In case of
SKDRDP, 87 percent of the respondents said that their income has increased after becoming SHG
member and13 percent marked neutral. Whereas in case ofKudumbasree, 57 percent respondents
said that their income has increased after becoming SHG member and 43 percent marked neutral.
No responses for decreased in both the cases.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Increased 87
57 87 57
Neutral 13
43 13 43
Decreased 0
0 0 0
Total 100
100 100 100
48
Table No: 5.2.2.: Monthly saving of the respondent before membership
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.2.: Monthly saving
The above table and chart depicts the monthly savings of SHG members before joining the group.
In case of SKDRDP, 90 percent respondents said that they had no saving before joining SHG, 5
percent marked savings between 500-1000 and 5 percent opted for 1000-1500. Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, 80 percent respondents said that no saving before joining SHG, 12 percent marked
savings between 500-1000 and 8 percent opted for 1000-1500. No responses for less than 500 and
more than 1500 in both the cases.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
No saving 90
80 90 80
<500 0
0 0 0
500-1000 5
12 5 12
1000-1500 5
8 5 8
Total 100
100 100 100
49
Table No: 5.2.3.: Change in saving pattern after membership
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.3.: Change in saving pattern
The above table and chart depicts the monthly savings of SHG members after joining the group.
In case of SKDRDP, 85 percent of the respondents said that their savings has increased after
becoming SHG member, 15 percent marked neutral. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 75 percent
respondents said that their savings has increased after becoming SHG member, 25 percent marked
neutral. No responses for decreased in both the cases.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Increased 85 75 85 75
Neutral 15 25 15 25
Decreased 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
50
Table No: 5.2.4.: Loan availed through SHG \NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.4.: Loan availed
The above table and chart depicts the monthly savings of SHG members after joining the group
membership. In case of SKDRDP, 14 percent respondents availed loan below Rs.5000, 21 percent
said between 5000-10000, 19 percent opted for 10000-15000 and 46 percent for more than 20000.
Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,19 percent respondents availed loan below Rs.5000, 12 percent
said 5000-10000, 25 percent opted for 10000-15000 and 44 percent for more than 20000.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasre
e
<Rs5000 14
19 14 19
Rs5000-Rs10000 21
12 21 12
Rs10000-Rs20000 19
25 19 25
>Rs20000 46
44 46 44
Total 100
100 100 100
51
Table No: 5.2.5.: Purpose for which loan taken
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.5.: Purpose
The above table and chart depicts the purpose of loan taken from the group. In case of SKDRDP,
14 percent respondent‟s availed loan for business purpose, 31 percent marked for medical
emergency, 14 percent said for family function, 36 percent for agriculture purpose and 5 percent
said to settle earlier loan. Whereas in case ofKudumbasree,19 percent respondents availed loan
for business purpose, 32 percent marked for medical emergency,11 percent said for family
function,8 percent for agriculture purpose,10 percent for building new house/renovation and 20
percent said to settle earlier loan.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Business 14 19 14 19
Medical Emergency 31 32 31 32
Family Function 14 11 14 11
Agriculture 36 8 36 8
Building new house/Renovation 0 10 0 10
Settle earlier loan 5 20 5 20
Total 100 100 100 100
52
Table No: 5.2.6.: Repayment of loan
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.6.: Repayment of loan
The above table and chart depicts the repayment of loan taken from the group. In case of
SKDRDP, 65 percent respondents marked repayment on time, 30 percent said repayment in
advance,5 percent opted for repayment not in time. Whereas in case ofKudumbasree, 33 percent
respondents marked repayment on time, 25 percent said repayment in advance, 42 percent opted
for repayment not in time. No response for not repaid at all.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Repayment on time 65 33 65 33
Repayment in advance 30 25 30 25
Repayment not in time 5 42 5 42
Not repaid at all time 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
53
Table No: 5.2.7.: Interest charged on loan outstanding
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.7.: Interest charged on loan outstanding
The above table and chart depicts the interest charged on loan outstanding. In case of SKDRDP, 1
percent respondents marked less than 10%, 60 percent for 10%-12%, 25 percent said 12%-
15%and 14 percent opted for more than 15%. Whereas in case ofKudumbasree, 1 percent
respondents marked less than 10%, 49 percent for 10%-12%, 30 percent said 12%-15% and 20
percent opted for more than 15%.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
<10% 1
1 1 1
10%-12% 60
49 60 49
12%-15% 25
30 25 30
>15% 14
20 14 20
Total 100
100 100 100
54
Table No: 5.2.8.: Satisfaction towards performance of SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.8.: Satisfaction towards performance of SHG\NHG
The above table and chart depicts the satisfaction level towards performance of SHG. In case of
SKDRDP, 70 percent respondents said highly satisfied, 28 percent said satisfied, 1 percent said
neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 1 percent marked dissatisfied. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,
40 percent respondents said highly satisfied, 49 percent said satisfied 10 percent said neither
satisfied nor dissatisfied, 1 percent marked dissatisfied. No response for highly dissatisfied in case
of both organization.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Highly Satisfied 70
40 70 40
Satisfied 28
49 28 49
Neither satisfied nor
dissatisfied 1
10 1 10
Dissatisfied 1
1 1 1
Highly dissatisfied 0
0 0 0
Total 100
100 100 100
55
Table No: 5.2.9.: Frequency of SHG\NHG meeting
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.9.: Frequency of SHG\NHG meeting
The above table and chart depicts the frequency of meeting conducted in SHG\NHG. In case of
SKDRDP, 5 percent respondent said weekly once, 22 percent respondent said fortnightly, 3
percent marked monthly once and70 percent respondent said at regular interval. Whereas in case
ofKudumbasree,45 percent respondent said weekly once, 13 percent respondent said fortnightly, 4
percent marked monthly once and 38 percent said at regular interval. No response for not at
regular intervals in case of both organizations.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Weekly Once 5
45 5 15
Fortnightly 22
13 22 13
Monthly 3
4 3 4
At regular intervals 70
38 70 68
Not at regular intervals 0
0 0 0
Total 100
100 100 100
56
Table No: 5.2.10.(a): Group attendance register maintained by SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.10.(a): Attendance register
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding attendance register maintained by
SHG. In case of SKDRDP, 98 percent of the respondent said that they maintain proper attendance
register and 2 percent said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 100 percent respondent
said that they maintain proper attendance register
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasre
e
Yes 98
100 98 100
No 2
0 2 0
Total 100
100 100 100
57
Table No: 5.2.10.(b): Group Loan ledger maintained by SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.10.(b): Group Loan ledger
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding loan ledger maintained by SHG. In
case of SKDRDP,92 percent respondent said that they maintain proper loan ledger and 8 percent
said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 93 percent respondent said that they maintain
proper loan ledger and 7 percent said no for that.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasr
ee
Yes 92
93 92 93
No 8
7 8 7
Total 100
100 100 100
58
Table No: 5.2.10.(c): Cash book maintained by SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.10.(c): Cash book
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding cash book maintained by SHG. In
case of SKDRDP, 91 percent respondent said that they maintain proper cash book and 2 percent
said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 90 percent respondent said that they maintain
proper cash book and 10 percent said no for that.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Yes 91
90 91 90
No 9
10 9 10
Total 100
100 100 100
59
Table No: 5.2.10.(d): Bank pass book maintained by SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.10.(d): Bank pass book
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding attendance register maintained by
SHG. In case of SKDRDP, 97 percent respondent said that they maintain bank pass book 3
percent said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 98 percent respondent said that they
maintain bank pass book 2 percent said no for that.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Yes 97 98
97 98
No 3 2
3 2
Total 100 100
100 100
60
Table No: 5.2.10.(e): Individual pass book maintained by SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.10.(e): Individual pass book
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding individual pass book maintained by
SHG. In case of SKDRDP,95 percent respondent said that they maintain individual pass book and
5 percent said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 93 percent respondent said that they
maintain individual pass book and 7 percent said no for that.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Yes 95
93
95 93
No 5
7
5 7
Total 100
100
100 100
61
Table No: 5.2.10(f): Repayment particulars maintained by SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.2.10(f): Repayment particulars maintained by SHG\NHG
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding repayment particulars maintained by
SHG. In case of SKDRDP, 87 percent of the respondents said that they maintain repayment
particulars in their group and 13 percent said no for that. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 85
percent respondent said that they maintain repayment particulars in their group and 15 percent
said no for that.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Yes 87
85 87 85
No 13
15 13 15
Total 100
100 100 100
62
5.3. Impact factors:
Table No: 5.3.1.: Monthly income before and after joining SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.3.1.: Monthly income before and after joining SHG\NHG
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding monthly income before and after
joining. In case of SKDRDP, regarding income before joining the group, 13 percent respondent
said no income, 45 percent respondent said income is less than Rs. 3000, 31 percent respondent
said income is between 3000-5000, 6 percent marked 5000-7000 and 5 percent opted for more
than 7000. For income after joining the group, 10 percent said less than 3000, 33 percent said
3000-5000, 28 percent said 5000-7000 and 29 percent said more than 7000.Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, the income before joining the group, 13 percent respondent said no income, 48
percent respondent said income less than Rs. 3000, 25 percent respondent said income between
3000-5000, 9 percent marked 5000-7000 and 5 percent opted for more than 7000. For income
after joining the group, 13 percent said less than 3000, 30 percent said 3000-5000, 25 percent said
5000-7000 and 32 percent said more than 7000.
Particulars SKDRDP Kudumbasree
Before
joining
%
After
joining
% Before
joining
% After
joining
%
No Income 13 13 0 0 13 13 0 0
<3000 45 45 10 10 48 48 13 13
3000-5000 31 31 33 33 25 25 30 30
5000-7000 6 6 28 28 9 9 25 25
>7000 5 5 29 29 5 5 32 32
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
63
Table No: 5.3.2.: Monthly Expenditure Before and After Joining SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.3.2.: Monthly Expenditure Before and After Joining SHG\NHG
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding monthly expenditure before and after
joining. In case of SKDRDP, the expenditure before joining the group, 28 percent of the
respondent said less than 1000, 38 percent of the respondent said 1000-2000, 29 percent of the
respondent said 2000-3000, 5 percent marked more than 3000. For expenditure after joining the
group,5 percent respondent said less than 1000, 24 percent respondent said 1000-2000, 27 percent
respondent said 2000-3000, 44 percent marked more than 3000. Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, for expenditure before joining the group, 30 percent respondent said less than
1000, 44 percent respondent said 1000-2000, 21 percent respondent said 2000-3000, 5 percent
marked more than 3000. For expenditure after joining the group,6 percent respondent said less
than 1000, 31 percent respondent said 1000-2000,28 percent respondent said 2000-3000,35
percent marked more than 3000.
Particulars SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Before
joining
%
After
joining
%
Before
joining
% After
joining
%
<1000 28 28 5 5 30 30 6 6
1000-2000 38 38 24 24 44 44 31 31
2000-3000 29 29 27 27 21 21 28 28
>3000 5 5 44 44 5 5 35 35
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
64
Table No: 5.3.3.(a): Increase in monthly income and time taken for such effect
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.3.3. (a): Effect of SHG
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding increase in monthly income and the
time taken for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 49 said that increase in monthly income is
achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 35 percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 16
percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 45 said that increase in monthly
income is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 23 percent respondent said within 1-2
year, 32 percent said after 3 years.
Particular
s
No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
<1 Year 49
45 49 45
1-2 Years 35
23 35 23
>3 Years 16
32 16 32
Total 100
100 100 100
65
Table No: 5.3.3.(b): Increase in monthly savings and time taken for such effect
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.3.3.(b): Increase in monthly savings and time taken for such effect
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding increase in monthly savings and the
time taken for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 32 percent said that increase in monthly savings
is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 47 percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 21
percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 39 percent said that increase in
monthly savings is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 45 percent respondent said
within 1-2 year, 16 percent said after 3 years.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
<1 Year 32
39 32 39
1-2 Years 47
45 47 45
>3 Years 21
16 21 16
Total 100
100 100 100
66
Table No: 5.3.3.(c): Increase in monthly expenditure and time taken for such effect
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.3.3.(c): Increase in monthly expenditure and time taken for such effect
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding increase in monthly expenditure and
the time taken for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 29 percent said that increase in monthly
expenditure has taken place within 1 year of membership in group, 35 percent respondent said
within 1-2 year, 36 percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 14 said that
increase in monthly expenditure has taken place within 1 year of membership in group, 42 percent
respondent said within 1-2 year, 44 percent said after 3 year.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
<1 Year 29
14 29 14
1-2 Years 35
42 35 42
>3 Years 36
44 36 44
Total 100
100 100 100
67
Table No: 5.3.3.(d): Increase in standard of living and time taken for such effect
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.3.3.(d): Increase in standard of living and time taken for such effect
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding increase in standard of living and the
time taken for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 26 percent of the respondent said that increase in
standard of living has taken place within 1 year of membership in group, 27 percent respondent
said within 1-2 year, 47 percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 23 said that
increase in standard of living has taken place within 1 year of membership in group, 45 percent
respondent said within 1-2 year, 32 percent said after 3 years.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
<1 Year 26 23 26 23
1-2 Years 27 45 27 45
>3 Years 47 32 47 32
Total 100 100 100 100
68
Table No: 5.3.4.(a): Social security
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.3.4.(a): Social security
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding social security and the time taken for
such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 51 percent respondent said that social security is achieved
within 1 year of membership in group, 23 percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 26 percent said
after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 59 percent said that percent respondent said that
social security is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 26 percent respondent said
within 1-2 year, 15 percent said after 3 years.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
<1 Year 51 59
51 59
1-2 Years 23 26
23 26
>3 Years 26 15
26 15
Total 100 100
100 100
69
Table No: 5.3.4.(b): Participation in local activity and time taken for such effect
Source: Compiled from field data
5.3.4.(b): Participation in local activity and time taken for such effect
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding participation in local activity and
time taken for such effect .In case of SKDRDP, 16 percent of respondent said that participation in
local activity is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 49 percent respondent said within
1-2 year, 35 percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case ofKudumbasree, 18 percent of respondent
said that participation in local activity is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 56
percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 26 percent said after 3 years.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
<1 Year 16 18
16 18
1-2 Years 49 56
49 56
>3 Years 35 26
35 26
Total 100 100
100 100
70
Table No: 5.3.4.(c): Access to financial service
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.3.4.(c): Access to financial service
The above table and chart reveals the information regarding access to financial services and the
time taken for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 15 percent respondent said that access to financial
services is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 42 percent respondent said within 1-2
year, 43 percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 17 percent respondent said
that access to financial services is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 36 percent
respondent said within 1-2 year, 47 percent said after 3 years.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
<1 Year 15
17 15 17
1-2 Years 42
36 42 36
>3 Years 43
47 43 47
Total 100
100 100 100
71
Table No: 5.3.4.(d): Social awareness
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.3.4.(d): Social awareness
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding social awareness and the time taken
for such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 26 percent respondent said that social awareness is achieved
within 1 year of membership in group, 33 percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 41 percent said
after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 18 percent respondents said that access to
financial services is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 48 percent respondent said
within 1-2 year, 34 percent said after 3 years.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
<1 Year 26
18 26 18
1-2 Years 33
48 33 48
>3 Years 41
34 41 34
Total 100
100 100 100
72
Table No: 5.3.4.(e): Increase in social relation
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.3.4.(e): Increase in social relation
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding social relation and the time taken for
such effect. In case of SKDRDP, 25 percent respondent said that increase in social relation is
achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 31 percent respondent said within 1-2 year, 44
percent said after 3 years. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 15 percent respondent said that
access to financial services is achieved within 1 year of membership in group, 35 percent
respondent said within 1-2 year, 50 percent said after 3 years.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
<1 Year 25 15
25 15
1-2 Years 31 35
31 35
>3 Years 44 50
44 50
Total 100 100
100 100
73
5.4. Empowerment factor
Table No: 5.4.1(a): Level of personal empowerment: Confidence level
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.1(a): Confidence level
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of personal empowerment:
confidence level .In case of SKDRDP, 32 percent respondent said very high, 54 percent said high,
12 percent marked moderate and 2 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 26
percent respondent said very high, 59 percent said high, 13 percent marked moderate and 2
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 32 26
32 26
High 54 59
54 59
Moderate 12 13
12 13
Low 2 2
2 2
Very Low 0 0
0 0
Total 100 100
100 100
74
Table No: 5.4.1.(b): Level of personal empowerment: Independence
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.1.(b): Independence
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of personal empowerment:
independence. In case of SKDRDP, 27 percent respondent said very high, 53 percent said high,
17 percent marked moderate and 3 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 26
percent respondent said very high, 57 percent said high, 15 percent marked moderate and 2
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 27 26 27 26
High 53 57 53 57
Moderate 17 15 17 15
Low 3 2 3 2
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
75
Table No: 5.4.1.(c): Level of personal empowerment: self respect
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.1.(c): Self respect
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of personal empowerment: self
respect. In case of SKDRDP, 43 percent respondent said very high, 37 percent said high, 18
percent marked moderate and 2 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 37
percent respondent said very high, 41 percent said high, 18 percent marked moderate and 4
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 43 37
43 37
High 37 41
37 41
Moderate 18 18
18 18
Low 2 4
2 4
Very Low 0 0
0 0
Total 100 100
100 100
76
Table No: 5.4.1.(d): Level of personal empowerment: mutual respect
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.1.(d): Mutual respect
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of personal empowerment:
mutual respect. In case of SKDRDP, 31 percent respondent said very high, 53 percent said high,
13 percent marked moderate and 3 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 31
percent respondent said very high, 54 percent said high, 12 percent marked moderate and 3
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 31 31
31 31
High 53 54
53 54
Moderate 13 12
13 12
Low 3 3
3 3
Very Low 0 0
0 0
Total 100 100
100 100
77
Table No: 5.4.1.(e): Level of Personal Empowerment: Family Acceptance
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.1.(e): Level of Personal Empowerment: Family Acceptance
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of personal empowerment:
family acceptance. In case of SKDRDP, 34 percent respondent said very high, 42 percent said
high, 21 percent marked moderate and 3 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,
32 percent respondent said very high, 41 percent said high, 24 percent marked moderate and 3
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 34
32 34 32
High 42
41 42 41
Moderate 21
24 21 24
Low 3
3 3 3
Very Low 0
0 0 0
Total 100
100 100 100
78
Table No: 5.4.1.(f): Level of Personal Empowerment: Relative Acceptance
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.1.(f): Level of Personal Empowerment: Relative Acceptance
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of personal empowerment:
relative acceptance. In case of SKDRDP, 27 percent respondent said very high, 39 percent said
high, 26 percent marked moderate and 8 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,
29 percent respondent said very high, 41 percent said high, 24 percent marked moderate and 6
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 27
29 27 29
High 39
41 39 41
Moderate 26
24 26 24
Low 8
6 8 6
Total 100
100 100 100
79
Table No: 5.4.2(a): Level of Social Empowerment: Organization Skill
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.2(a): Level of Social Empowerment: Organization Skill
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment:
organization skill. In case of SKDRDP, 33 percent respondent said very high, 41 percent said
high, 21 percent marked moderate and 5 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,
25 percent respondent said very high, 48 percent said high, 20 percent marked moderate and 7
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 33
25 33 25
High 41
48 41 48
Moderate 21
20 21 20
Low 5
7 5 7
Very Low 0
0 0 0
Total 100
100 100 100
80
Table No: 5.4.2(b): Level of Social Empowerment: Group Cohesiveness
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.2(b): Level of Social Empowerment: Group Cohesiveness
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment: group
cohesiveness . In case of SKDRDP, 26 percent respondent said very high, 50 percent said high,
21 percent marked moderate and 3 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 25
percent respondent said very high, 51 percent said high, 21 percent marked moderate and 3
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 26 25 26 25
High 50 51 50 51
Moderate 21 21 21 21
Low 3 3 3 3
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
81
Table No: 5.4.2(c): Level of social empowerment: Interactive skill
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.2(c): Level of social empowerment: Interactive skill
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment:
interactive skill . In case of SKDRDP, 32 percent respondent said very high, 52 percent said
high, 11 percent marked moderate and 5 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,
26 percent respondent said very high, 58 percent said high, 12 percent marked moderate and 4
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 32 26 32 26
High 52 58 52 58
Moderate 11 12 11 12
Low 5 4 5 4
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
82
Table No: 5.4.2(d): Level of social empowerment: public speaking
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.2(d): Level of social empowerment: public speaking
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment: public
speaking . In case of SKDRDP, 24 percent respondent said very high, 36 percent said high, 35
percent marked moderate and 5 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 20
percent respondent said very high, 40 percent said high, 30 percent marked moderate and 10
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 24 20 24 20
High 36 40 36 40
Moderate 35 30 35 30
Low 5 10 5 10
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
83
Table No: 5.4.2(e): Level of social empowerment: awareness on rights
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.2(e): Level of social empowerment: awareness on rights
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment:
awareness on right . In case of SKDRDP, 24 percent respondent said very high, 44 percent said
high, 25 percent marked moderate and 7 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,
22 percent respondent said very high, 42 percent said high, 28 percent marked moderate and 8
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 24
22 24 22
High 44
42 44 42
Moderate 25
28 25 28
Low 7
8 7 8
Very Low 0
0 0 0
Total 100
100 100 100
84
Table No: 5.4.2.(f): Level of social empowerment: acceptance in society
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.2.(f): Level of social empowerment: acceptance in society
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment:
acceptance in society . In case of SKDRDP, 23 percent respondent said very high, 45 percent said
high, 20 percent marked moderate and 12 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, 30 percent respondent said very high, 35 percent said high, 13 percent marked
moderate and 22 percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 23 30 23 30
High 45 35 45 35
Moderate 20 13 20 13
Low 12 22 12 22
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
85
Table No: 5.4.2.(g): Level of social empowerment: Awareness on social problems
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.2.(g): Level of social empowerment: Awareness on social problems
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment:
awareness on social problems. In case of SKDRDP, 18 percent respondent said very high, 53
percent said high, 24 percent marked moderate and 5 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, 15 percent respondent said very high, 56 percent said high, 25 percent marked
moderate and 4 percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 18 15 18 15
High 53 56 53 56
Moderate 24 25 24 25
Low 5 4 5 4
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
86
Table No: 5.4.2.(h): Level of social empowerment: participation in social programmers
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.2.(h): Level of social empowerment: participation in social programmers
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment:
participation in social programmers. In case of SKDRDP, 26 percent respondent said very high,
54 percent said high, 15 percent marked moderate and 5 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, 22 percent respondent said very high, 58 percent said high, 16 percent marked
moderate and 4 percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 26 22 26 22
High 54 57 54 57
Moderate 15 15 15 15
Low 5 4 5 4
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
87
Table No: 5.4.2.(i): Level of social empowerment: Membership in other organization
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.2.(i): Level of social empowerment: Membership in other organization
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of social empowerment:
membership in other organization. In case of SKDRDP, 16 percent respondent said very high, 51
percent said high, 23 percent marked moderate and 9 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, 18 percent respondent said very high, 51 percent said high, 23 percent marked
moderate and 7 percent opted for low. 1 percent respondent marked very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 16 18
16 18
High 51 51
51 51
Moderate 23 23
23 23
Low 9 7
9 7
Very Low 1 1
1 1
Total 100 100
100 100
88
Table No: 5.4.3.(a): Level of economic empowerment: Employment opportunity
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.3.(a): Level of economic empowerment: Employment opportunity
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of economic empowerment:
employment opportunity. In case of SKDRDP, 24 percent respondent said very high, 41 percent
said high, 31 percent marked moderate, 3 percent opted for low and 1 percent opted for very low.
Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 24 percent respondent said very high, 45 percent said high, 28
percent marked moderate, 2 percent opted for low and 1 percent opted for very low. No response
for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 24 24 24 24
High 41 45 41 45
Moderate 31 28 31 28
Low 3 2 3 2
Very Low 1 1 1 1
Total 100 100 100 100
89
Table No: 5.4.3.(b): Level of economic empowerment: Technical skill
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.3.(b): Level of economic empowerment: Technical skill
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of economic empowerment:
technical skill. In case of SKDRDP, 26 percent respondent said very high, 35 percent said high,
30 percent marked moderate and 9 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 29
percent respondent said very high, 34 percent said high, 27 percent marked moderate and 10
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 26 29 26 29
High 35 34 35 34
Moderate 30 27 30 27
Low 9 10 9 10
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
90
Table No: 5.4.3.(c): Level of economic empowerment: Entrepreneurial skill
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.3.(c): Level of economic empowerment: Entrepreneurial skill
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of economic empowerment:
entrepreneurial skill. In case of SKDRDP, 31 percent respondent said very high, 38 percent said
high, 19 percent marked moderate and 12 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, 30 percent respondent said very high, 34 percent said high, 22 percent marked
moderate and 14 percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 31 30 31 30
High 38 34 38 34
Moderate 19 22 19 22
Low 12 14 12 14
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
91
Table No: 5.4.3.(d): Level of economic empowerment: Individual and family health
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.3.(d): Level of economic empowerment: Individual and family health
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of economic empowerment:
individual and family health. In case of SKDRDP, 31 percent respondent said very high, 43
percent said high, 23 percent marked moderate and 3 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, 29 percent respondent said very high, 44 percent said high, 23 percent marked
moderate and 4 percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 31 29 31 29
High 43 44 43 44
Moderate 23 23 23 23
Low 3 4 3 4
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
92
Table No: 5.4.3.(e): Level of economic empowerment: Living condition
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.3.(e): Level of economic empowerment: Living condition
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of economic empowerment:
living condition. In case of SKDRDP, 23 percent respondent said very high, 53 percent said high,
20 percent marked moderate, 3 percent opted for low and 1 percent marked for very low. Whereas
in case of Kudumbasree, 20 percent respondent said very high, 59 percent said high, 17 percent
marked moderate, 2 percent opted for low and 2 percent marked for very low. No response for
very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 22 20 22 20
High 53 59 53 59
Moderate 20 17 20 17
Low 3 2 3 2
Very Low 1 2 1 2
Total 100 100 100 100
93
Table No: 5.4.3.(f): Level of economic empowerment: Economic status
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.3.(f): Level of economic empowerment: Economic status
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of economic empowerment:
economic status. In case of SKDRDP, 22 percent respondent said very high, 46 percent said high,
27 percent marked moderate and 5 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 17
percent respondent said very high, 51 percent said high, 26 percent marked moderate and 6
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 20 17 20 17
High 46 51 46 51
Moderate 27 26 27 26
Low 5 6 5 6
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
94
Table No: 5.4.3.(g): Level of economic empowerment: Social security
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.3.(g): Level of economic empowerment: Social security
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of economic empowerment:
social security. In case of SKDRDP, 21 percent respondent said very high, 58 percent said high,
17 percent marked moderate and 4 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 19
percent respondent said very high, 60 percent said high, 17 percent marked moderate and 4percent
opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 19 19 19 19
High 58 60 58 60
Moderate 17 17 17 17
Low 4 4 4 4
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
95
Table No: 5.4.4.(a): Level of overall empowerment: Income
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.4.(a): Level of overall empowerment: Income
The above table and chart depicts the information level of overall empowerment: income. In case
of SKDRDP, 30 percent respondent said very high, 39 percent said high and 31 percent marked
moderate. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 25 percent respondent said very high, 46 percent
said high and 29 percent marked moderate. No response for low and very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 29 25 29 25
High 39 46 39 46
Moderate 31 29 31 29
Low 0 0 0 0
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
96
Table No: 5.4.4.(b): Level of overall empowerment: Savings
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.4.(b): Level of overall empowerment: Savings
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of overall empowerment:
savings. In case of SKDRDP, 25 percent respondent said very high, 31 percent said high and 44
percent marked moderate. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 28 percent respondent said very
high, 33 percent said high and 39 percent marked moderate. No response for low and very low in
both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 25 28 25 28
High 31 33 31 33
Moderate 44 39 44 39
Low 0 0 0 0
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
97
Table No: 5.4.4.(c): Level of overall empowerment: Expenditure
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.4.(c): Level of overall empowerment: Expenditure
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of overall empowerment:
expenditure. In case of SKDRDP, 25 percent respondent said very high, 25percent said high and
50 percent marked moderate. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 22 percent respondent said very
high, 31 percent said high and 47 percent marked moderate. No response for low and very low in
both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 25 22 25 22
High 25 31 25 31
Moderate 50 47 50 47
Low 0 0 0 0
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
98
Table No: 5.4.4.(d): Level of overall empowerment: Financial management skill
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.4.(d): Level of overall empowerment: Financial management skill
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of overall empowerment:
financial management skill. In case of SKDRDP, 24 percent respondent said very high, 50 percent
said high, 25 percent marked moderate and 1 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, 25 percent respondent said very high, 50 percent said high, 23 percent marked
moderate and 2 percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 24 25 24 25
High 50 50 50 50
Moderate 25 23 25 23
Low 1 2 1 2
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
99
Table No: 5.4.4.(e): Level of overall empowerment: Personal belongings
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.4.(e): Level of overall empowerment: Personal belongings
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding level of overall empowerment:
personal belongings. In case of SKDRDP, 31 percent respondent said very high, 44 percent said
high, 24 percent marked moderate and 1 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,
27 percent respondent said very high, 50 percent said high, 21 percent marked moderate and 2
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 31 27 31 27
High 44 50 44 50
Moderate 24 21 24 21
Low 1 2 1 2
Very Low 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
100
Table No: 5.4.4.(f): Level of overall empowerment: Financial security
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.4.4.(f): Level of overall empowerment: Financial security
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding: level of overall empowerment:
financial security. In case of SKDRDP, 25 percent respondent said very high, 57 percent said
high, 16 percent marked moderate and 2 percent opted for low. Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,
21 percent respondent said very high, 60 percent said high, 15 percent marked moderate and 4
percent opted for low. No response for very low in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Very High 25
21 25 21
High 57
60 57 60
Moderate 16
15 16 15
Low 2
4 2 4
Very Low 0
0 0 0
Total 100
100 100 100
101
5.5. Satisfaction indicators:
Table No: 5.5.1.: Satisfaction towards co-ordination and co-operation of group members
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.5.1.: Satisfaction towards co-ordination and co-operation of group members
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding satisfaction towards co-ordination
and co-operation of group member. In case of SKDRDP, 35 percent respondent said highly
satisfied, 62 percent said satisfied and 3 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied whereas
in case of Kudumbasree, 21 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 75 percent said satisfied and
4 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. No response for dissatisfied and highly
dissatisfied in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Highly Satisfied 35 21 35 21
Satisfied 62 75 62 75
Neither Satisfied nor
Dissatisfied
3 4 3 4
Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0
Highly Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
102
Table No: 5.5.2.: Satisfaction towards institution approach for development
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.5.2.: Satisfaction towards institution approach for development
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding satisfaction towards institution
approach for development. In case of SKDRDP, 37 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 58
percent said satisfied and 5 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, 12 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 79 percent said satisfied and 9 percent
marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. No response for dissatisfied and highly dissatisfied in
both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Highly Satisfied 37 12 37 12
Satisfied 58 79 58 79
Neither Satisfied nor
Dissatisfied
5 9 5 9
Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0
Highly Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
103
Table No: 5.5.3.: Satisfaction towards training and awareness programme conducts by
SHG\NHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.5.3.: Satisfaction towards training and awareness programme conducts by
SHG\NHG
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding: satisfaction towards training and
awareness programme conducts by SHG. In case of SKDRDP, 34 percent respondent said highly
satisfied, 60 percent said satisfied, 5 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied and 1
percent marked dissatisfied .Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 37 percent respondent said highly
satisfied, 59 percent said satisfied , 3 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied and 1
percent marked dissatisfied. No response for highly dissatisfied in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Highly Satisfied 34 37 34 37
Satisfied 60 59 60 59
Neither Satisfied nor
Dissatisfied
5 3 5 3
Dissatisfied 1 1 1 1
Highly Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
104
Table No: 5.5.4.: Satisfaction towards level of economic empowerment
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.5.4.: Satisfaction towards level of economic empowerment
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding: satisfaction towards level of
economic empowerment. In case of SKDRDP, 33 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 58
percent said satisfied and 9 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied .Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree, 30 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 56 percent said satisfied and 14
percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. No response for dissatisfied and highly
dissatisfied in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Highly Satisfied 33 30 33 30
Satisfied 58 56 58 56
Neither Satisfied nor
Dissatisfied
9 14 9 14
Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0
Highly Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
105
Table No: 5.5.5.: Satisfaction towards level of social empowerment
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.5.5.: Satisfaction towards level of social empowerment
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding satisfaction towards level of social
empowerment. In case of SKDRDP, 36 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 59 percent said
satisfied and 5 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied .Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,
33 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 63 percent said satisfied and 4 percent marked neither
satisfied nor dissatisfied. No response for dissatisfied and highly dissatisfied in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRP
Kudumbasree SKDRP
Kudumbasree
Highly Satisfied 36 33 36 33
Satisfied 59 63 59 63
Neither Satisfied nor
Dissatisfied
5 4 5 4
Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0
Highly Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
106
Table No: 5.5.6.: Satisfaction towards overall empowerment
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.5.6.: Satisfaction towards overall empowerment
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding satisfaction towards overall
empowerment. In case of SKDRDP, 35 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 49 percent said
satisfied 12 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied and 4 percent marked dissatisfied
.Whereas in case of Kudumbasree, 32 percent respondent said highly satisfied, 53 percent said
satisfied ,13 percent marked neither satisfied nor dissatisfied and 2 percent said dissatisfied . No
response for highly dissatisfied in both the case.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Highly Satisfied 35 32 35 32
Satisfied 49 53 49 53
Neither Satisfied nor
Dissatisfied
12 13 12 13
Dissatisfied 4 2 4 2
Highly Dissatisfied 0 0 0 0
Total 100 100 100 100
107
Table No: 5.5.7.(a): Reduction in poverty after joining SHG
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.5.7.(a): Reduction in poverty after joining SHG
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding reduction in poverty after joining
SHG .In case of SKDRDP, 4 percent respondent strongly disagree, 10 percent said disagree 21
percent marked netural,38 percent marked agree and 27 percent strongly agree .Whereas in case
of Kudumbasree, 3 percent respondent strongly disagree, 6 percent said disagree 26 percent
marked netural,43 percent marked agree and 22 percent strongly agree.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Strongly Disagree 4 3 4 3
Disagree 10 6 10 6
Neutral 21 26 21 26
Agree 38 43 38 43
Strongly Agree 27 22 27 22
Total 100 100 100 100
108
Table No: 5.5.7.(b): Self dependence after joining the group
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.5.7.(b): Self dependence after joining the group
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding self dependence after joining the
group .In case of SKDRDP, 3 percent respondent strongly disagree, 6 percent said disagree 20
percent marked neutral, 39 percent marked agree and 32 percent strongly agree .Whereas in case
of Kudumbasree, 2 percent respondent strongly disagree, 5 percent said disagree 26 percent
marked neutral, 38 percent marked agree and 29 percent strongly agree.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Strongly Disagree 3 2 3 2
Disagree 6 5 6 5
Neutral 20 26 20 26
Agree 39 38 39 38
Strongly Agree 32 29 32 29
Total 100 100 100 100
109
Table No: 5.5.7.(c): Increase in living standard
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.5.7.(c): Increase in living standard
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding increase in living standard .In case of
SKDRDP, 3 percent respondent strongly disagree, 6 percent said disagree 30 percent marked
netural,35 percent marked agree and 26 percent strongly agree .Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree,1 percent respondent strongly disagree, 7 percent said disagree 36 percent marked
netural,32 percent marked agree and 24 percent strongly agree.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Strongly Disagree 3 1 3 1
Disagree 6 7 6 7
Neutral 30 36 30 36
Agree 35 32 35 32
Strongly Agree 26 24 26 24
Total 100 100 100 100
110
Table No: 5.5.7.(d): Easy to repay the debts
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.5.7.(d): Easy to repay the debts
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding easy to repay the debts. In case of
SKDRDP, 9 percent respondent strongly disagree, 14 percent said disagree 31 percent marked
netural,38 percent marked agree and 8 percent strongly agree .Whereas in case of
Kudumbasree,14 percent respondent strongly disagree, 17 percent said disagree 28 percent
marked netural,33 percent marked agree and 8 percent strongly agree.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Strongly Disagree 9 14 9 14
Disagree 14 17 14 17
Netural 31 28 31 28
Agree 38 33 38 33
Strongly Agree 8 8 8 8
Total 100 100 100 100
111
Table No: 5.5.7.(e): Satisfied towards interest rate
Source: Compiled from field data
Chart No: 5.5.7.(e): Satisfied towards interest rate
The above table and chart depicts the information regarding satisfied with the interest rate. In case
of SKDRDP, 11 percent respondent strongly disagree, 10 percent said disagree 25 percent marked
netural,48 percent marked agree and 6percent strongly agree .Whereas in case of Kudumbasree,14
percent respondent strongly disagree, 13 percent said disagree 28 percent marked netural,39
percent marked agree and 6 percent strongly agree.
Particulars No. of respondents Percentage
SKDRDP
Kudumbasree SKDRDP
Kudumbasree
Strongly Disagree 11 14 11 14
Disagree 10 13 10 13
Neutral 25 28 25 28
Agree 48 39 48 39
Strongly Agree 6 6 6 6
Total 100 100 100 100
113
FINDING, SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION
Findings:
1. The study clearly indicates that more number of youngsters are working in SHG groups
which is promoted by SKDRDP when compared with NHG members of Kudumbasree.
2. The study clearly indicates that majority (81%) of members of Kudumbasree NHG groups
are highly educated when compared to SHG members of SKDRDP.
3. Study shows that, in both the group majority (91%) husband is the head of the family.
4. Regarding type of the family majority of respondent are living as nuclear family.
5. About 74% respondents had a monthly income more than RS.7000.
6. The study clearly shows that in both the institution majority of respondent are married.
7. Majority of the respondent belongs to rural area.
8. A great majority of the respondents (80%) had been members of the SHGs\NHG s for
more than three years.
9. Majority of respondent said that interest charged on loan outstanding is 10%-12%.
10. Majority of (70%) of the SKDRDP respondent are highly satisfied with SHG performance
whereas in Kudumbashree majority (49%) respondent are satisfied.
11. Majority (45%) of Kudumbashree member conduct weekly meeting where as in SKDRDP
they conduct meeting at a regular interval.
12. Majority (35%) respondent of SHG and (21%) respondent of NHG are highly satisfied
towards co-ordination and co-operation of the group member.
13. Majority (37%) respondent of SHG and (12%) respondent of NHG are highly satisfied
towards training and awareness programme conducted by their institution.
14. Majority (33%) respondent of SHG and (30%) respondent of NHG are highly satisfied
towards level of economic empowerment after becoming the members of the group.
114
15. Majority (36%) respondent of SHG and (33%) respondent of NHG are highly satisfied
towards level of social empowerment after becoming the members of the group.
16. Majority (35%) respondent of SHG and (32%) respondent of NHG are highly satisfied
towards level of overall empowerment after becoming the members of the group.
17. Majority (27%) respondent of SHG and (22%) respondent of NHG strongly agree that
reduction in poverty resulted after becoming the member of the group.
18. Majority (32%) respondent of SHG and (29%) respondent of NHG strongly agree that self
dependence has been achieved after becoming the member of the group.
19. Majority (26%) respondent of SHG and (24%) respondent of NHG strongly agree that
living standard has increased after becoming the member of the group.
20. Majority (38%) respondent of SHG and (33%) respondent of NHG strongly agree that it is
easy to pay debts after becoming the member of the group
21. Majority (48%) respondent of SHG and (39%) respondent of NHG strongly agree that
they are satisfied with the interest rate charged on the loan borrowed from the group.
22. Majority (34%) respondent of SHG and (37%) respondent of NHG are highly satisfied
towards institutional approach for development of the group activity
23. A great majority of respondent of SHG\NHG said that membership in the group has
helped in the significant reduction of poverty, have made them to feel more independent
and has increased their standard of living.
24. Respondents said that support from the institution helped them to repay the principle
amount along with the interest and they are satisfied with the interest charged on loan
taken from the group.
25. Majority of the respondent agreed that time of association got significant impact on the
benefit derived from SHG\NGH. The longer the duration of membership in the group the
better the benefit they receive from the group.
26. The respondent agreed that SHG\NHG programmes helped them to come forward to
become self dependent and self employed which in turn ensures their well being and
growth. They have also learned to take decision regarding socio-economic matters.
115
27. Majority (93%) respondent of SHG\NGH marked income less 3000 before joining the
SHG\NHG, but after becoming the member in the group they stared earning reasonably.
The awareness of opportunities created by the organization helped them to start their own
ventures which help them to be economically independent and contribute to the household
income.
28. Majority of respondent said that as the income increased, standard of living also increased
which in turn resulted in increase in expenditure.
29. The member‟s respondent that after joining the group their well-being has been raised.
30. From the results indicate that 65% respondent of SHG and 33% respondent of NGH have
rapid the loan on time, 30% and 25% in Advance, while 5% and 42 % have rapid loan
late.
31. Monthly income of majority of sample respondents has increased after joining SHGs.
32. Majority of sample respondents opined that their power has increased in the Self
expression-decision making in community, village and households after joining SHGs.
33. Microfinance has brought economic empowerment among rural women through increase
in income, Improvement in their savings, income generating activities, reduction in
dependency on money lenders and through reduction in poverty.
34. Microfinance brought social empowerment among rural women through various indicators
like free movement, free views expression and free discussion with government, bankers
and NGO‟s.
35. Social empowerment of rural women is experienced through free movement of women
and free expression of their views.
116
Suggestions:
Women empowerment is as important as other factors for achieving the goals of sustainable
development, the challenges that hampers the growth must be eradicated to entitle full
participation of women in social-economic activities which help to bring changes in their income,
saving ,expenditure and standard of living. The institutions should try to motivate more and more
women‟s with entrepreneurship potential to use the loans for entrepreneurial activities which help
them to generate source of income. Apart from the training programs, the institution should
support the group member to exhibit the talent by arranging proper trade fairs and exhibitions
which will turn as a source for entrepreneurial development motivation to rural people
.Government should take necessary steps to provide liberal loans to SHGs members for business
purposes with low rate of interest. Government and Non Government Organisations should
conduct training/seminars to create awareness about the merits of SHGs and provide counseling
to the members to become successful entrepreneur. Misuse of membership in the group and loan
taken should be checked regularly so to avoid violating the norms of the group. Sufficient amount
of subsidiary has to be provided to the units, so that the beneficiaries may not feel any difficulty
in the repayment of loans.
117
Conclusion:
The SHG have made a lasting impact on the lives of the women particularly in the rural areas of
both the state taken for the study, their quality of life has improved a lot. There is an increase in
their income, savings and expenditure this shows an improvement in their standard of living. The
women have gain self-confidence, they got an opportunity to improve their hidden talents after
joining the SHG, they can speak freely in front of large group of peoples, and they got recognition
in the society. SHG have also given women a greater role in household decision making. The
SHG can play its role in various empowerments like, economic, social, and political. There is an
appreciable empowerment in the social space than economic empowerment. The study shows that
the main reason for joining SHG is not merely to get credit, it is an empowerment process. After
joining the SHG the women are, economically and socially empowered. The analysis clearly
reflects that the SHG movement creates a new economic revolution in the lives of poor women by
way of increasing the income and savings of the rural poor. The microfinance-SHGs have a great
bearing on women empowerment. It has become a ladder for the poor, particularly the women to
bring them up not only economically but also socially, mentally, politically, educationally and
attitudinally.
119
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Respected SHG Members,
I PRIYAKUMARI S.V, Assistant Professor, Department of PG Studies in Commerce,
SDM College Ujire and currently undergoing a project work on “A Comparative Study Of Shg
Organised And Promoted by SKDRDP And Kudumbashree In Dakshina Kannada District
And Kollam District ,Towards Empowerment Of Rural Women”. Please be kind enough to
fill the following questions and cooperate by expressing your frank opinion. Since this study is
purely for the academic purpose, I hereby ensure that the data collected will be used for the
research purpose and shall be kept confidential.
“Your cooperation is our success...”
Thanking you…
Name of the Respondent
Name of your village ____________
Name of your SHG group ____________
General Information
1. Age
a) 18-30 years b) 30-40 years c) 40-50 years
d) 50-60 years e) Above 60
2. Educational qualification:
a) Illiterate b) Schooling
c) Under graduation/diploma d) Post graduate
3. Religion
a) Hindu b) Muslim c) Christian
124
4. Community
a) SC\ST b) OBC c) OC
5. Marital status
a) Married b) Unmarried c) Widow d) Divorced
6. Type of family
a) Nuclear b) Joint
7. Number of dependents in your family
a) Nil b) One
c) Two d) Three
e) > 4 members
8. Number of dependents in your family
a) Nil b)One c)Two d)Three e) > 4 members
9. Who is treated as head of your family?
a) Husband b) Self c) father-in-law
10. Place of Residence
a) Rural b) Semi urban c) Urban
11. Purpose for joining SHG
Purpose Response
For getting loan
For accumulate saving
For family commitment
For expansion of business
Settlement of old debts
For social status
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12. Duration of your SHG
a) 1-4 years b) 4 – 5 year
c) 5- 6 year e) 6 year and above
13. How long you are the member of the self help group.
a) 1-4 years b) 4 – 5 year
c) 5- 6 year e) 6 year and above
B. Performance Indicator
14. Monthly income of your family
a) less than 3000 b) 3000-5000
c) 5000-7000 d)Above 7000
15. Change in income after becoming SHG member.
a) Increased b) Neutral c) Decreased
16. What is your monthly saving?
17. Change in saving after becoming SHG member
a) Increased b) Neutral c) Decreased
Savings
Rs.
Response
No saving
Less than 500
500-1000
1000-1500
More 1500
126
18. The amount of loan availed through SHG
a)Not availed b)Below 5000 c) RS 5000-10000
d) Rs 10000- 20000 e) above 20000
19. Purpose for which loan taken
a)Business b)Medical emergency c)Family function
e)Agriculture f) Building new house/renovation g) Settle earlier loan
20. Repayment of loan taken from SHG
a) Repayment on time b) Repayment in advance
c) Repayment not in time d) Not repaid at all
21. Interest charged for loan outstanding
a) Less than 10% b) 10% - 12%
c) 12% - 15% d) more than 15%
22. Are you satisfied with working of SHG?
a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied
c) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied d) Dissatisfied
e) Highly dissatisfied
23. What is the frequency of meeting of members in yours SHG?
a) Weekly once b) Fortnightly c) Monthly
d) At regular intervals e) Not at regular interval
127
24. Are the following basic records regularly maintained by SHG?
Records Yes NO
Attendance registrar
Loan ledger
Cash book
Bank pass book
Individual pass book
Repayment particulars
C. Impact factors
25. Monthly income of the members before and after joining SHGs
Monthly income
Rs.
Before joining
SHG
After joining
SHG
No income
Less than 3000
3000-5000
5000-7000
More than 7000
128
26. Monthly family expenditure of the members before and after joining SHGs
Monthly income
Rs.
Before joining
SHG
After
joining
SHG
Less than 1000
1000-2000
2000-3000
Above 3000
27. Mark the effect of SHG and the time taken for such effect
Time of
association
with SHGs/
Effect of SHG
Increase in
monthly
income
Increase in
monthly
savings
Increase in
monthly
expenditure
Increase in
the living
standards
< 1 year
1-2 years
> 3 years
129
28. Mark how SHG has economically benefited you and the time taken for such benefit.
29. Mark how SHG has socially benefited you and the time taken for such benefit
Time of
association
with SHGs/
Effect of SHG
Social
security
Participation
in social
activities
Access
to
financial
services
Social
awareness
Increase
in
social
relation
< 1 year
1-2 years
> 3 years
Time of
association
with SHGs/
Effect of SHG
Possibility
Total
of savings
Self
employment
Increase
in the
living
standards
Economic
empowerment
Increase
in
income
< 1 year
1-2 years
> 3 years
130
D. Empowerment factors
30. Mark the level of personal empowerment you received after becoming the SHG
member
Personal empowerment
attribute
Level of personal empowerment
Very high High Moderate Low Very
low
Confidence
Independence
Self respect
Mutual respect
Family acceptance
Relatives acceptance
31. Mark the level of social empowerment you received after becoming the SHG member.
Social empowerment
attribute
Level of social empowerment
Very high High Moderate Low Very low
Organizational skill
Group cohesiveness
Interactive skills
Public speaking
Awareness on rights
Acceptance in society
Awareness on social
problems
Participation in social
programmes
Membership in other
organizations
131
32. Mark the level of economic empowerment you received after becoming the SHG
member
32. Mark the level of economic empowerment you received after becoming the SHG
member
Economic empowerment
attribute
Level of economic empowerment
Very
high
High Moderate Low Very low
Employment opportunity
Technical skill
Entrepreneurial skill
Individual/family health
Living conditions
Economic status
Social security
Economic empowerment
attribute
Level of economic empowerment
Very
high
High Moderate Low Very low
Employment opportunity
Technical skill
Entrepreneurial skill
Individual/family health
Living conditions
Economic status
Social security
132
E. Satisfaction indicators
34. Are you satisfied with the coordination and cooperation of your group member to
address socio-economic problems.
a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied
c) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied d) Dissatisfied
e) Highly dissatisfied
35. Are you satisfied with the approach of your institution for the development of your
SHG?
a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied
c) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied d) Dissatisfied
e) Highly dissatisfied
36. Mark the level of satisfaction about the training and awareness programme
conducted by SHG.
a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied
c) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied d) Dissatisfied
e) Highly dissatisfied
37. Mark the level of satisfaction about the economic empowerment taken place after
becoming the member of SHG.
a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied
c) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied d) Dissatisfied
e) Highly dissatisfied
133
38. Mark the level of satisfaction about the social empowerment taken place after
becoming the member of SHG.
a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied
c) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied d) Dissatisfied
e) Highly dissatisfied
39. Mark the level of satisfaction about overall empowerment taken place after
becoming the member of SHG.
a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied
c) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied d) Dissatisfied
e) Highly dissatisfied
40. Mark your opinion regarding benefit you received after joining SHG
Benefits Strongly
disagree
Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
agree
You feel there is
reduction in poverty
after joining the
SHG
Do you feel self
dependent after
joining SHG
Increase in the living
standard of woman
after joining SHG
Is it easy to repay
the principal amount
plus interest
You are satisfied
with the interest rate