UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT ON ...1 UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT ON “Velocity of Ultrasonic waves in Pharmaceutical Solutions” (Financial Assistance Ref. No. MRP(S)-043/13-14/KAGU

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UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT

ON

“Velocity of Ultrasonic waves in Pharmaceutical Solutions”

(Financial Assistance Ref. No. MRP(S)-043/13-14/KAGU 028/UGC-SWRO Dated28 March 2014 (XI plan)

Submitted to

University Grants CommissionSouth Western Regional office

P. K. Block Palace RoadBengaluru - 560 009.

By

DR. M. PRABHUGOUDAAssociate Professor

Dept. of PhysicsVijayanagar College

Hosapete-583201

VIJAYANAGAR COLLEGE(Affiliated to Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Bellary)

Re – Accredited by NAAC with A gradeHosapete-583201

Tel: 08394-228431E mail: [email protected]

Web: www.vijayanagarcollege.edu.in

March -2016

http://www.pdfonline.com/easypdf/?gad=CLjUiqcCEgjbNejkqKEugRjG27j-AyCw_-AP

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank the University Grants Commission (UGC) for providing encouragement

and financial assistance to carry out this minor Research project entitled Velocity

of Ultrasonic waves in Pharmaceutical Solutions in our College.

My honest thanks to the Management of V.V. Sangha Ballari and the Management

of Vijayanagar College, Hosapete who encouraged my research work

continuously.

My Sincere thanks are due to Prof. S.B. Bellad, Principal, Vijayanagara College,

Hosapete. I thank Mittel enterprises New Delhi for the supply of Ultrasonic

Interferometer for liquids (Research model) of frequency range 1- 8 MHz.

I also thank our M.Sc., Physics students Kum. Raza khanum, Shreen Taj, Sridevi,

Niharika , Kotresh who helped and carried out the measurements in this field as a

part of their Project work in the IV semester of the course.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to Colleagues of our Physics Department. I also thank

other Staff of Vijayanagar College, Hosapete, who have encouraged and helped me

in carrying out this Minor Research Project.

Dr. M. PRABHUGOUDA


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Contents

Title Page No

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 04 - 21

1.1 Ultrasonics

1.11 Different Modes of Ultrasonic Waves

1.12 Ultrasonic Transducers

1.13. Ultrasonic Interferometer

1.14. Ultrasonic Interferometer Instrument Description

1.2 Density and Viscosity

1.21 Density Measurement

1.22 Viscosity Measurement

1.3 Details of Pharmaceutical Solutions Used

1.4 Acoustic Parameters

CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENTAL 22 - 106

2.1 Density Measurement

2.2 Viscosity Measurement

2.3 Ultrasonic Velocity Measurement

2.4 Determination of Acoustic Parameters

2.5 Cital at Different Concentrations

2.6 Variation of Acoustic Parameters with Concentration of Cital.

2.7 Variation of Acoustical Parameters with Ultrasonic

Velocities for Different Samples

CHAPTER 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 106 - 107

CHAPTER 4: BIBLIOGRAPHY 108 – 109

CHAPTER 5: ADDITIONAL WORK 110 - 121


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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Now a day the measurement of ultrasonic velocity has been effectively used in understanding the

nature of molecular interaction in pure liquids and in solutions. The intermolecular and intra

molecular association, dipolar interactions, complex formations and related structural changes

affect the compressibility of the system which in turn produces corresponding variations in the

ultrasonic velocity, for that the acoustical parameters give valuable information regarding the

behavior of liquid systems. The acoustical and thermo dynamical parameters obtained in

ultrasonic study show that the ion solvation accompanied by the destruction or enhancement of

the solvent structure. The study of ultrasonic velocity provides lots of information about the state

of solution (N.Karunanidhi, et.al. 1999). The measurement of ultrasonic velocity in a substance

is now become a basic test to study the properties of the substance (S.C. Bhat, et. al. 1999). The

measurement of ultrasonic velocity and the determination of acoustical parameters in the solution

are of significant interest in understanding the intermolecular interactions in solute-solvent

mixture (Rita Mishra, et. al. 2000 and Pankaj K. Singh, et. al. 2010). It also gives valuable

information regarding the nature and strength of molecular interaction, formation of hydrogen

bond etc. (V. Lalitha, et. al. 2000).

Properties of liquid –liquid mixtures are thermodynamically very important as a part of studies of

thermodynamic, acoustic and transport aspects. The compositional dependence of

thermodynamic properties are very useful in understanding the nature and extent of pattern of

molecular aggregation resulting from intermolecular interaction between components. This type

of study is very useful of characterizing the various aspects of physico chemical behavior of

liquid mixtures and studying the interaction between molecules (Nikkim P.S. et. al. 1997 and

Oswal S. L. et. al. 1995)


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1.1 Ultrasonics

Ultrasonic waves are a branch of sound waves and it exhibits all the characteristic properties of

sound waves. Ultrasound waves are not electromagnetic radiations. In nature, ultrasonic waves

are mechanical vibrations with different wavelengths, when it is propagated through a medium.

The change in wavelength of ultrasonic waves in different mediums is due to the elastic

properties and the induced particle vibrations in the medium. Further, the wavelength of the

ultrasonic waves is small and hence, exhibits some unique phenomena in addition to the

properties of sound waves.

Unlike audible sound waves, the ultrasound waves are not sensed by human ear. This is due to

the limitations on the reception of vibrations of high frequency and energies by the membrane.

Similar to sound waves, the ultrasonic waves are transferred from one end to other end by means

of vibrating particles. Therefore, a medium is essential for the propagation of the ultrasound.

1.12 ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS

An ultrasonic transducer is a device capable of converting electrical energy into high frequency

sound waves, and also converting sound waves back into electrical energy. A transducer is an

essential element of an ultrasonic system. The desired type of energy with respect to frequency,

wave type and directional characteristics depends on the transducer. Interaction of the ultrasonic

waves with the internal structure of the material being examined is assessed on the basis of signal

output and the transducer.

Ultrasonic waves can be generated in many different ways such as whistles, sirens, spark gaps,

piezoelectric, electrostatic and electromagnetic transduction principles. Laser techniques are also

being used for ultrasonic wave generation and detection. A recent addition to the piezoelectric

transducer material is polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF . New developments in transducer materials

include composites, semiconductors, and superconductors for very high frequency applications

and special materials for applications in harsh environments. However, a major portion of

ultrasonics transducers is based on piezoelectric ceramic transducers. Presently, these transducers

account for more than 90% of the transducer market share for low and high temperature


6

ultrasound measurements and applications. Piezoelectric transducers are called reciprocal

devices because they are used to generate and detect ultrasonic waves.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOURCES OF ULTRASOUND:

Basically, ultrasonic waves can be generated by the following methods:

i. Mechanical

ii. Electrostatic

iii. Electrodynamic

iv. Magnetostrictive

v. Electromagnetic

vi. Piezoelectric and

vii. Laser

In all the above methods, the principle of conservation of energy is used i.e, one form of energy

is converted to another form. For example, in mechanical method, the mechanical energy is

converted to ultrasonic energy. In piezoelectric method, electrical energy is getting converted

into mechanical energy following the principle of piezoelectricity. In laser method, laser

energy(electromagnetic energy) or thermoelastic energy is converted to mechanical energy.

In the current experiment piezoelectric method is used.

PIEZOELECTRIC METHOD:

In this effect, when the opposite faces of a crystal such as quartz, tourmaline, rochelle salt, etc.,

is subjected to squeezing (crushing), twisting or bending, a potential difference is developed

across the perpendicular opposite faces. The magnitude of potential difference developed across

the crystal is proportional to the extent of deformation produced. This effect is known as direct

piezoelectric effect. The converse of piezoelectric effect is also true. According to this effect, if

an alternating current (ac) voltage is applied to one pair of faces of the crystal, alternatively

mechanical contractions and expansions are produced and hence, the crystal starts vibrating.

When the frequency of the applied ac voltage is equal to the vibrating frequency of the crystal,

then the crystal will be thrown into resonant vibration and hence, produces ultrasonic waves.


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1.13 ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER[3]

The ultrasonic interferometer is a simple and direct device to determine the ultrasonic velocity

in pure liquids and liquid mixtures with high degree of accuracy. It is known for its easy

operation and reliability. Measurement of ultrasonic velocity is based on accurate determination

of the wavelength of sound waves in the medium.

Working Principle

Ultrasonic waves of known frequency (υ) are produced by a quartz crystal fixed at the bottom of

a diode walled cell. The experimental liquid is taken in this cell and ultrasonic waves are passed

into the medium. A movable metallic plate kept parallel to the quartz crystal reflects the waves.

A fine micrometer screw is provided to raise or lower the reflector plate. When the distance

between the metal reflector and the quartz crystal equals the whole multiples of wavelength,

stationary waves are formed in the medium. The acoustic resonance gives rise to electric reaction

on the generator driving the quartz crystal and maximum anode current flows through the

generator. When the distance is increased or decreased exactly by one half of the wavelength (λ

/2) or integral multiple of it, anode current becomes maximum again. Using the micrometer

screw attached to the reflector, the distance moved can be measured to an accuracy of 0.001 mm

(Fig.). From the measured value of wavelength (λ), the ultrasonic velocity (U) can be calculated

using the relation,

U = ν λ in m/s-------------- (1)

where ‘ v’ is the frequency of the generator .


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1.14 DESCRIPTION: The ultrasonic interferometer consists of two important parts.

They are:

1. The high frequency generator and

2. The measuring cell.

The high frequency generator is designed to excite the quartz crystal fixed at the bottom of the

measuring cell, at its resonant frequency to generate ultrasonic waves in the experimental

solution filled in the measuring cell. A fine micrometer screw of least count 0.01 mm is fixed at

the top to observe the changes in the current flow. Two knobs, namely, adjust and gain ,are

provided on the panel of the high frequency generator to pass the current through micro-ammeter

and the changes in the anode current can be measured from the micro-ammeter. The measuring

cell is a specially designed double walled cylinder for maintaining the temperature of the

experimental liquids constant throughout the experiment. By raising or lowering the reflector

plate using micrometer ,the effective length of the liquid column is varied. The micro-ammeter

show maxima and minima for increase or decrease of distance between the plate and the crystal.

The distance of separation between a successive maxima and minima in the anode current is

equal to half the wavelength of ultrasonic wave in pure liquid or liquid mixture. By noting the

initial and final position of the micrometer for one complete oscillation (maxima and minima),

one can determine the distance (d) moved by the parallel reflector. The number of successive


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maxima and minima (n) are counted as a distance. The distance moved by the micrometer screw

gives the wavelength as;

λ=d/2

Fig. Quartz Crystal plate. Fig. Micrometer scale.

Fig. Movable plate which is parallel to Quartz Crystal plate


10

1.2 DENSITY AND VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS

1.21 DENSITY MEASUREMENTS

The density of the pure liquids, liquid mixtures solutions can be determined by relative

measurement method. Specific gravity bottle was standardized using distilled water. Take the

gravity bottle and measure its mass, in grams. Fill the specific gravity bottle with water either by

pouring carefully or with pipette until the level is as close to 10ml mark .put the gravity bottle

back on the balance. Measure & note down the new mass. Repeat the same procedure for liquid.

The density of liquid and liquid mixtures can be calculated using the formula –

= Where,

is the mass of the liquid or liquid mixtures

is the mass of water

is the density of water.

1.22 VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS

In the present work, Ostwald viscometer is employed. The viscometer is filled with the

experimental solution. This instrument consists of U-shaped glass tube held vertically in a

controlled temperature bath. In one arm of the U is a vertical section of precise narrow bore (the

capillary). Above there is a bulb, with it is another bulb lower down on the other arm. In use,

liquid is drawn into the upper bulb by suction, then allowed to flow down through the capillary

into the lower bulb. Two marks (one above and one below the upper bulb) indicate a known

volume. The time taken for the level of the liquid to pass between these marks is proportional to

the kinematic viscosity. The time required for the test liquid to flow through a capillary of a

known diameter of a certain factor between two marked points is measured. By multiplying the

time taken by the factor of the viscometer, the kinematic viscosity is obtained.


11

The absolute value of coefficient of viscosity of the solution

(η) can be calculated using the formula

= ---------------- (2.4)

where

–density of the liquid

-time of flow of liquid

– density of water

-viscosity of water

-time of flow of water.

1.3 DRUG:

Any substance or combination of substances which may be used in or administered to

human beings either with a view to restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions by

exerting a pharmacological, immunological or metabolic action, or to making a medical

diagnosis.

PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG:

A pharmaceutical drug (medicine or medication and officially medicinal product) is a drug used

in health care. Such drugs aid the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease. Drug

therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science

of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for appropriate management.

Pharmaceutical or drug or medicines are classified in various other groups besides their origin on

the basis of pharmacological properties like mode of action and their pharmacological action or

activity, such as by chemical properties, mode or route of administration, biological

system affected, or therapeutic effects. An elaborate and widely used classification system is

the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC system) [S.C Bhatt

et.al.1999].


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1.31 SAMPLE : WATER (Taken as standard calibration)

Water is a chemical compound with a chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one

oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bond. Water is a liquid at standard

ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and

gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic

surfaces.

Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is tasteless and odorless. The intrinsic

color of water and ice is a very slight blue hue, although both appear colorless in small

quantities. Water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas.

Water is transparent in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. Thus aquatic plants can leave in

water because sunlight can reach them. Infrared light is strongly absorbed by hydrogen-oxygen

or OH bonds.

MOLECULAR FORMULA

H20

IUPAC NAME Oxidane , Water

DENSITY 1000 kg/m3

VISCOSITY 0.000765 Nsm-2

MOLECULAR WEIGHT 18.01258

Molecular structure of Water


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1.32 : ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE)

Cetirizine alone or in fixed combination with pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is used for self-

medication to provide symptomatic relief of seasonal allergic rhinitis (e.g., hay fever) or other

upper respiratory allergies. Cetirizine alone or in fixed combination with pseudoephedrine

hydrochloride also is used for the symptomatic treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. It is

recommended that the fixed combination generally be used only when both the antihistamine and

nasal decongestant activity of the combination preparation are needed concurrently.

MOLECULAR

FORMULA

C21H25ClN2O3

IUPAC NAME 2-[2-[4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-

phenylmethyl]piperazin-1-

yl]ethoxy]acetic acid.

DENSITY 1149.2386 kg/m3

VISCOSITY 0.00443 Ns/m2

MOLECULAR WEIGHT 388.8878g/mol.

Molecular structure of Alergin


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1.33 PICLIN

(SODIUM PICOSULPHATE)

Sodium picosulfate (INN, also known as sodium picosulphate) is a contact laxative used as a

treatment for constipation or to prepare the large bowel before colonoscopy or surgery.

Orally administered sodium picosulfate is generally used for thorough evacuation of the bowel, usually

for patients who are preparing to undergo a colonoscopy. It works very quickly, so access to a toilet at

all times is recommended. It starts off by making bowel movements looser and more frequent, but

within an hour or so of taking it the patient should experience diarrhea.

MOLECULAR

FORMULA

C18H13NNa2O8S2

IUPAC NAME [4-[Pyeidin-2-yl-(4-

sulfonatooxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl]

sulfate disodium salt



MOLECULAR

WEIGHT

481

Molecular structure of Piclin


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1.34 BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE)

Povidone-iodine is an iodophore that is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic mainly for the

treatment of contaminated wounds and pre-operative preparation of the skin and mucous

membranes as well as for disinfection of equipment.

MOLECULAR

FORMULA

C6H9I2NO

IUPAC NAME 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one;molecular

iodine.



MOLECULAR

WEIGHT

364.9507 g/mol.

Molecular structure of Betadine


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1.35 CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE)

Disodium hydrogen citrate, is a sodium acid salt of citric acid (sodium citrate). It is used as an

antioxidant in food as well as to improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an

acidity regulator and sequestrant.

Typical products include gelatin, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder,

wine, and processed cheeses.

MOLECULAR

FORMULA

Na2C6H6O7

IUPAC NAME Disodium hydrogen 2-

hydroxypropane-1,2,3-

tricarboxylate




Molecular structure of Cital


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1.36 ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL)

Salbutamol is typically used to treat bronchospasm (due to any cause, allergen asthma or exercise-

induced), as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Emergency medical practice commonly

treats people presenting with asthma who report taking their salbutamol inhaler as prescribed with

salbutamol. In general, people tolerate large doses well.

As a β2-agonist, salbutamol also finds use in obstetrics. Intravenous salbutamol can be used as

a tocolytic to relax the uterinesmooth muscle to delay premature labor. Salbutamol is used to treat

acute hyperkalemia as it stimulates potassium to flow in cells thus lowering the level in the blood.

MOLECULAR

FORMULA

C13H21NO3

IUPAC NAME 4-[2-(tert-butylamino)-1-

hydroxyehyl]-2-

(hydroxymethyl)phenol




Molecular structure of Asthalin


18

1.37 VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl)

Ondansetron blocks the actions of chemicals in the body that can trigger nausea and vomiting.

Ondansetron is used to prevent nausea and vomiting that may be caused by surgery or by medicine to

treat cancer (chemotherapy or radiation).

Ondansetron is not for preventing nausea or vomiting that is caused by factors other than cancer

treatment or surgery.

MOLECULAR

FORMULA

C18H19N3O.HCl.2H2O

IUPAC NAME 1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-9-methyl-

3-[(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-

yl)methyl]-4Hcarbazol-4-one




Molecular structure of Vensetron


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1.38 XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE)

A nasal vasoconstricting decongestant drug which acts by binding to the same receptors as

adrenaline. It is applied as a spray or as drops into the nose to ease inflammation and congestion

of the nasal passageways. It binds alpha-adrenergic receptors to activate the adrenal system

which causes systemic vasoconstriction, thereby easing nasal congestion.

MOLECULAR

FORMULA

C16H24N2

IUPAC NAME 2- [(4-tert-butyl-2,6-

dimethylphenyl)methyl]-4,5-

dihydro-1H-imidazole.



MOLECULAR WEIGHT 244.3752 g/mol.

Molecular structure of Xylomist


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1.4 ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS

The ultrasonic velocity measurement is extensively used to study the physic-chemical behavior

of liquids. With the help of measurements of density and viscosity the following parameters like

ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility, acoustic impedance, relaxation time, free length,

free volume and ultrasonic attenuation are calculated by using the following expressions.

Ultrasonic velocity: Ultrasonic velocity is the speed in which sound travels through a given

material. Velocity remains constant in a given material.

It is given by,

= in ms-1

Adiabatic compressibility (β): The adiabatic compressibility is the fractional decrease

of volume per unit increase of pressure, when no heat flows in or out.

It can also be calculated from the speed of sound (v) and the density of the

medium (ρ )

Using the equation of Newton Laplace as,

= in Nm-2

Acoustic impedance(Z): The acoustic impedance is the measure of the opposition that a system

presents to the acoustic flow resulting of an acoustic pressure applied to the system.

It is given by,

= in Kgm-2s-1

Relaxation time (τ):Relaxation time is the time taken for the excitation energy to appear as

translational energy and it depends on temperature and on impurities.

The dispersion of the ultrasonic velocity in binary mixture reveals information about the

characteristic time of the relaxation process that causes dispersion. The relaxation time (τ) can

be calculated from the relation.


21

It is given by,

= = second

Free length(Lf): The distance between the centre of attraction coincide with the geometrical

centre of molecules of liquid and the distance between surfaces of the molecules is called

intermolecular free length.

It is given by,

= / in Å

Free Volume (Vf): The free volume is the effective volume in which particular molecule of the

liquid can move and obey perfect gas laws.

Free volume in terms of Ultrasonic velocity (U) and the Viscosity of the liquid (η) as

Vf =( �

) in m3/mole

Ultrasonic attenuation(α/f2): Attenuation is a measure of the energy loss of sound

propagation in media. Most media have viscosity, and are therefore not ideal media. When sound

propagates in such media, there is always thermal consumption of energy caused by viscosity.

For inhomogeneous media, besides media viscosity, acoustic scattering is another main reason

for removal of acoustic energy.

It is given by,

= in dB


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CHAPTER - 2

EXPERIMENTAL

2.1 DENSITY MEASUREMENTS FOR LIQUIDS:

LIQUIDS Mass of

empty bottle,

Mbott

in gm

Mass of

water +bottle,

M(l+bott)

in gm

Mass of the

liquid, Ml =

M(l+bott) - Mbott

in gm

Density ,

= in kg m-3

Water 12 23.32 11.32 1149.2386

Alergin 12 23.32 11.32 1149.2386

Piclin 12 23.33 11.33 1150.2540

Betadine 12 21.84 9.84 998.9850

Cital 12 23.66 11.66 1183.7560

Vensetron 12 22.26 10.26 1041.6244

Asthalin 12 23.76 11.76 1193.91

Xylomist 12 22.00 10.00 1015.2284


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2.2 VISCOCITY MEASUREMENT OF LIQUIDS:

LIQUIDS DENSITY

in Kgm-3

TIME OF FLOW

in seconds

VISCOSITY

= in Nsm-2

I II III Mean

Water 1000 100 101 100 100.33 0.7650 x 10-3

Alergin 1149.24 515 521 513 516.33 4.4298 x 10-3

Piclin 1150.25 363 360 357 360 3.1574 x 10-3

Betadine 998.99 94 95 90 93 0.6936 x 10-3

Cital 1183.76 283 291 287 287 2.5363 x 10-3

Vensetron 1041.62 227 216 227 223.33 1.7737 x 10-3

Asthalin 1193.91 457 465 464 462 4.2058 x 10-3

Xylomist 1015.23 91 91 91 91 6.4937x10-3


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2.3 MEASUREMENT OF ULTRASONIC VELOCITY IN:

2.31 WATER:

TABLE 2.311: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter reading

of water at 1MHz

Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading

corresponding Max/Min in µA

1 0.16 292 0.23 153 0.68 294 1.05 185 1.68 306 1.79 177 2.42 308 2.52 219 3.18 3110 3.25 1611 3.901 3112 4.00 1613 4.69 3114 4.77 1615 5.42 3216 5.52 1817 6.31 3018 6.98 1919 7.08 3120 7.72 1921 7.88 31

05

101520253035

0 2 4 6 8 10

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA

micrometer reading in mm


25


of water at 2MHz



1 0.196 452 0.24 153 0.57 464 0.60 165 0.95 466 0.99 167 1.34 488 1.36 179 1.71 5010 1.74 1711 2.06 4912 2.12 1913 2.47 5014 2.50 2015 2.85 5016 2.88 2017 3.21 5018 3.25 1819 3.61 5020 3.63 1621 3.99 5022 4.05 16

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 1 2 3 4 5

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA

Micrometer reading in mm


26


of water at 3MHz



1 0.15 372 0.17 103 0.41 384 0.42 125 0.65 386 0.67 127 0.90 388 0.92 129 1.15 3910 1.16 1311 1.41 4012 1.43 1313 1.66 4014 1.68 1315 1.91 4116 1.94 1417 2.16 4218 2.18 1319 2.42 4020 2.44 1721 2.67 4122 2.70 17

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA

micometer reading in mm


27

TABLE 2.314: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter readingof water at 4MHz



1 0.04 432 0.09 233 0.23 474 0.26 245 0.42 476 0.48 207 0.60 478 0.661 209 0.80 4710 0.83 2611 0.98 4512 1.04 2713 1.18 4314 1.25 2715 1.36 4716 1.40 2717 1.55 4718 1.60 2819 1.74 4620 1.79 2721 1.93 4622 1.98 28

05

101520253035404550

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



28


of water at 5MHz



1 0.04 462 0.23 183 0.24 464 0.38 195 0.39 456 0.53 177 0.54 458 0.67 179 0.69 4310 0.83 1611 0.85 4412 0.97 1513 0.99 4314 1.12 1715 1.14 4216 1.27 1617 1.30 4218 1.42 1519 1.45 3920 1.54 1521 1.59 3922 1.72 16

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Curr

ent m

eter

read

ing

in μ

A

Micrometer reading in mm


29


of water at 6MHz



1 0.04 412 0.16 233 0.20 404 0.29 235 0.33 416 0.40 237 0.46 408 0.52 239 0.58 4010 0.64 2311 0.71 3912 0.77 2313 0.83 3914 0.91 2215 0.96 3916 1.04 2217 1.08 3618 1.14 2219 1.21 3520 1.29 1921 1.33 3622 1.42 19

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



30


of water at 7MHz

Obs no Micrometer reading in mm Current meter reading corresponding

Max/Min in µA

1 0.03 212 0.08 453 0.14 234 0.19 445 0.25 236 0.29 407 0.35 238 0.40 449 0.46 2410 0.53 4211 0.59 2412 0.64 4213 0.68 2414 0.73 4515 0.80 2316 0.87 4217 0.91 2418 0.98 4219 1.00 2320 1.05 4421 1.13 2522 1.18 40

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



31

TABLE 2.318: Tabular column for micrometer with corresponding current meter readingof water at 8MHz


Max/Min in µA

1 0.04 92 0.09 443 0.14 94 0.19 425 0.23 86 0.28 457 0.32 88 0.38 409 0.42 910 0.48 3911 0.51 912 0.56 4313 0.61 814 0.66 4215 0.70 816 0.75 4117 0.79 818 0.85 4219 0.88 820 0.94 4121 0.98 622 1.03 39

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



32

2.32 PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS:


of ALERGIN(CETRIZINE) at 1MHz


Max/Min in µA

1 0.17 362 0.23 113 1.02 364 1.09 145 2.42 366 2.48 137 3.31 368 3.36 129 4.16 3610 4.22 1111 5.02 3512 5.10 1213 5.90 3514 5.98 1415 6.76 3516 6.83 1617 7.17 3518 7.22 1519 8.01 3020 8.10 1021 9.41 2922 9.48 8

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



33


of ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE) at 2MHz



1 0.02 102 0.43 313 0.45 104 0.86 315 0.89 116 1.29 317 1.32 118 1.71 319 1.75 1110 2.15 3111 2.19 1012 2.59 3113 2.63 1114 3.03 3215 3.07 1216 3.47 3117 3.50 1218 3.90 3219 3.93 1320 4.34 2921 4.37 1322 4.73 32

-505

101520253035

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



34





1 0.03 142 0.27 373 0.33 184 0.57 415 0.61 196 0.66 427 0.90 188 1.14 409 1.20 2110 1.44 4011 1.50 1812 1.73 4113 1.77 1714 2.03 3915 2.07 1716 2.30 4117 2.36 1718 2.54 3819 2.64 1920 2.90 3821 2.93 1822 3.19 43

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



35





1 0.07 402 0.14 223 0.29 404 0.35 215 0.55 416 0.59 207 0.73 418 0.79 229 0.95 4110 1.01 2011 1.20 4212 1.22 2013 1.40 3814 1.46 2115 1.61 4116 1.65 2117 1.82 4218 1.91 2019 2.05 3920 2.09 2121 2.25 3922 2.37 21

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



36





1 0.12 182 0.16 393 0.30 174 0.32 425 0.46 166 0.50 417 0.64 158 0.66 429 0.80 1510 0.84 3811 0.98 1512 1.02 4013 1.15 1514 1.20 4015 1.32 1916 1.36 4217 2.00 1918 2.05 4319 2.18 1920 2.22 4321 2.36 1922 2.40 42

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



37





1 0.12 382 0.20 223 0.26 394 0.36 225 0.41 426 0.49 227 0.55 408 0.64 229 0.70 4010 0.79 2211 0.84 3812 0.92 2213 0.99 4114 1.08 2215 1.13 4016 1.21 2217 1.27 4018 1.37 2219 1.42 3920 1.51 2221 1.56 3922 1.65 22

05

1015202530354045

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



38





1 0.04 92 0.10 283 0.17 104 0.23 315 0.30 126 0.36 317 0.43 128 0.49 359 0.50 1310 0.61 3311 0.68 1212 0.73 3213 0.81 1514 0.85 3215 0.93 1516 0.98 3217 1.04 1218 1.10 3219 1.16 1520 1.22 3121 1.29 1422 1.35 33

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



39





1 0.08 412 0.11 253 0.20 404 0.22 255 0.30 406 0.34 257 0.41 408 0.45 259 0.52 4010 0.54 2511 0.63 4212 0.67 2513 0.73 4114 0.77 2515 0.84 4216 0.87 2517 0.95 4018 0.99 2219 1.06 4220 1.09 2321 1.17 4222 1.20 23

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



40


of PICLIN ( SODIUM PICOSULPHATE) at 1MHz



1 0.51 292 0.68 83 1.40 364 1.46 65 2.24 286 2.32 57 3.11 278 3.17 39 3.48 2110 4.03 311 4.84 2012 4.89 313 5.68 2014 5.74 515 6.54 2016 6.58 317 6.92 1918 7.42 219 8.25 2020 8.28 521 9.09 2222 9.13 2

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



41




Max/Min in µA

1 0.34 392 0.36 83 0.76 414 0.78 105 1.18 426 1.20 97 1.61 428 1.63 99 2.04 4210 2.05 811 2.46 4212 2.48 913 2.88 4214 2.90 915 3.31 4416 3.33 1017 3.73 4418 3.75 1019 4.16 4420 4.18 1021 4.53 4422 4.60 10

-100

1020304050

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA

micrometer reading


42




Max/Min in µA

1 0.18 412 0.22 153 0.47 414 0.51 155 0.76 426 0.79 157 1.04 438 1.07 169 1.33 4310 1.36 1611 1.61 4312 1.63 1813 1.90 4414 1.94 1815 2.17 4416 2.22 1817 2.46 4518 2.48 1919 2.74 4520 2.77 1921 3.02 4522 3.08 20

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



43




Max/Min in µA

1 0.02 312 0.04 133 0.21 304 0.26 125 0.45 306 0.47 127 0.64 308 0.68 129 0.85 3110 0.89 1211 1.06 3112 1.10 1213 1.28 3114 1.33 1215 1.50 3116 1.54 1217 1.72 2918 1.79 1219 1.94 2920 1.96 1121 2.15 2822 2.18 12

05

101520253035

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e re

adin

g in

µA



44




Max/Min in µA

1 0.05 412 0.22 233 0.24 404 0.39 235 0.40 406 0.55 237 0.57 398 0.64 249 0.73 3910 0.89 2311 0.91 3912 1.05 2313 1.08 3914 1.23 2315 1.25 4016 1.40 2317 1.42 4018 1.58 2319 1.59 4020 1.74 2321 1.77 3922 1.81 23

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



45




Max/Min in µA

1 0.04 502 0.13 153 0.18 474 0.28 155 0.32 466 0.41 157 0.46 458 0.55 159 0.61 4410 0.69 1411 0.75 4312 0.84 1413 0.89 4314 0.99 1815 1.03 4416 1.13 1817 1.17 4518 1.26 1419 1.31 4220 1.42 1321 1.46 4222 1.56 13

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



46




Max/Min in µA

1 0.05 422 0.13 203 0.18 404 0.24 205 0.30 396 0.36 207 0.43 388 0.50 209 0.56 3810 0.61 1911 0.67 3912 0.73 1913 0.79 4014 0.85 2015 0.92 3816 0.98 2017 1.04 3818 1.10 2019 1.17 3820 1.23 2021 1.27 3922 1.32 21

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



47




Max/Min in µA

1 0.05 192 0.09 413 0.15 184 0.20 415 0.25 196 0.30 427 0.36 198 0.41 419 0.46 1910 0.53 4211 0.56 1612 0.63 4513 0.68 2014 0.73 4515 0.79 2116 0.84 4517 0.89 2218 0.95 4219 1.00 2120 1.06 4321 1.10 2222 1.16 47

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



48


of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) at 1MHz



1 0.26 312 0.33 153 0.54 314 0.60 145 1.32 326 1.40 157 1.57 328 1.64 149 1.87 3110 1.93 1311 2.17 3212 2.22 1313 2.93 3114 3.00 1315 3.75 3116 3.81 1317 4.00 3018 4.09 1219 4.80 3120 4.89 1221 5.09 3122 5.15 10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



49





1 0.35 472 0.39 43 0.76 484 0.78 55 1.13 486 1.16 67 1.52 478 1.55 89 1.91 4910 1.95 911 2.31 4812 2.33 813 2.70 4514 2.73 715 3.09 4716 3.11 717 3.48 4718 3.51 919 3.88 4820 3.89 1021 4.26 4922 4.29 10

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



50





1 0.04 352 0.07 103 0.30 354 0.34 115 0.56 406 0.59 127 0.83 408 0.86 129 1.08 4010 1.11 1111 1.34 4212 1.38 1113 1.54 4214 1.62 1115 1.86 4316 1.89 1217 2.12 4518 2.15 1219 2.87 4520 2.91 1321 3.14 4522 3.18 13

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



51





1 0.01 442 0.05 143 0.20 444 0.26 155 0.39 456 0.45 157 0.59 438 0.63 189 0.78 4610 0.86 2111 0.97 4512 1.06 2113 1.16 4514 1.21 2215 1.37 4416 1.41 2117 1.56 4418 1.62 1819 1.75 4620 1.81 2221 1.95 4522 2.00 22

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



52





1 0.07 62 0.09 373 0.23 44 0.25 405 0.39 46 0.41 357 0.55 58 0.57 359 0.67 710 0.72 3411 0.84 712 0.87 3413 1.01 514 1.04 3015 1.17 416 1.19 3317 1.33 418 1.36 3119 1.47 420 1.51 3021 1.64 422 1.66 35

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



53


of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) of at 6MHz



1 0.08 102 0.13 353 0.22 104 0.26 365 0.34 86 0.39 357 0.47 88 0.53 349 0.60 710 0.65 3511 0.72 812 0.79 3413 0.87 714 0.91 3415 0.99 716 1.04 3117 1.12 518 1.17 3019 1.25 520 1.30 3021 1.35 622 1.42 30

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



54





1 0.04 452 0.07 123 0.13 424 0.18 155 0.24 436 0.28 157 0.35 448 0.40 149 0.46 4510 0.51 1511 0.58 4812 0.62 1513 0.68 4714 0.75 1915 0.80 4816 0.84 1917 0.91 4718 0.96 2019 1.02 5020 1.06 2021 1.13 4622 1.18 21

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



55





1 0.04 122 0.09 363 0.14 124 0.19 375 0.24 126 0.29 377 0.34 118 0.39 379 0.44 1210 0.49 3611 0.53 1112 0.58 3613 0.63 1114 0.68 3315 0.72 1216 0.77 3817 0.83 1218 0.87 3919 0.92 1120 0.97 4121 1.03 1322 1.07 40

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



56


of CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 1MHz



1 0.06 322 0.12 113 0.91 334 0.97 105 1.75 336 1.80 67 2.60 348 2.67 99 3.45 3310 3.52 1011 4.32 3312 4.36 1013 5.12 3414 5.22 1215 5.97 3416 6.07 1117 6.38 3418 6.41 1019 7.17 3320 7.24 1221 7.54 3422 7.62 10

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



57





1 0.30 382 0.31 113 0.71 394 0.74 115 1.13 396 1.16 117 1.56 388 2.08 129 2.48 3810 2.50 1111 2.90 3812 2.93 913 3.32 3714 3.35 1115 3.74 3816 3.77 1317 4.17 3918 4.19 1219 4.59 3820 4.62 1421 5.01 3722 5.04 14

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



58





1 0.14 412 0.17 233 0.42 434 0.46 235 0.70 416 0.73 237 0.99 428 1.03 239 1.27 4410 1.31 2411 1.55 4412 1.58 2413 1.84 4314 1.87 2415 2.10 4516 2.15 2417 2.39 4418 2.43 2519 2.63 4520 2.71 2421 2.96 4422 3.01 26

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



59





1 0.16 442 0.21 233 0.37 444 0.41 245 0.57 456 0.64 247 0.77 448 0.85 259 1.00 4510 1.08 2611 1.21 4512 1.28 2513 1.42 4414 1.47 2515 1.63 4516 1.69 2517 1.84 4418 1.90 2419 2.06 4420 2.10 2521 2.25 4422 2.33 25

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



60





1 0.13 152 0.17 363 0.27 214 0.34 365 0.48 226 0.50 367 0.64 228 0.66 359 0.82 2210 0.84 3511 0.98 2112 1.01 3513 1.15 2214 1.18 3615 1.29 2316 1.34 3517 1.99 2218 2.01 3519 2.14 2020 2.18 3521 2.27 1522 2.35 29

0

10

20

30

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



61





1 0.07 102 0.12 403 0.21 94 0.26 415 0.35 96 0.40 417 0.49 98 0.55 409 0.62 910 0.68 4011 0.77 912 0.82 3913 0.91 914 0.97 3815 1.06 916 1.11 3817 1.19 918 1.25 3819 1.33 820 1.38 3821 1.48 822 1.53 38

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



62





1 0.05 112 0.12 293 0.16 114 0.24 305 0.29 126 0.36 307 0.41 128 0.48 309 0.53 1210 0.60 3011 0.65 1212 0.72 3113 0.78 1314 0.86 2915 0.90 1316 0.98 2917 1.02 1318 1.10 2919 1.15 1520 1.20 3121 1.26 1422 1.36 29

-505

101520253035

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



63





1 0.06 472 0.08 223 0.15 474 0.20 225 0.25 486 0.30 237 0.36 488 0.41 239 0.46 4710 0.51 2311 0.57 4812 0.62 2313 0.68 4714 0.72 2315 0.78 4816 0.83 2317 0.89 4718 0.93 2319 0.99 4720 1.04 2321 1.10 4722 1.14 23

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



64


of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL) at 1MHz



1 0.08 392 0.16 143 1.46 404 1.51 145 2.31 416 2.37 117 3.13 418 3.23 159 4.03 4110 4.07 1411 4.88 3912 4.95 1413 5.74 4014 5.80 1515 6.57 4016 6.65 1317 7.45 3918 7.51 1419 8.28 3920 8.38 1621 9.16 3822 9.23 15

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



65





1 0.35 382 0.37 103 0.76 394 0.80 95 1.21 386 1.23 87 1.64 388 1.66 89 2.06 3910 2.08 911 2.46 4012 2.51 1013 2.90 3914 2.94 815 3.33 4016 3.37 1017 3.77 3918 3.79 1119 4.16 4120 4.22 1221 4.61 3822 4.65 11

-10-505

1015202530354045

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



66





1 0.20 362 0.24 53 0.48 354 0.52 55 0.77 366 0.81 37 1.06 318 1.09 49 1.34 3310 1.38 311 1.63 3312 1.66 413 1.92 3414 1.95 315 2.20 3116 2.23 217 2.48 3218 2.53 519 2.77 3420 2.80 421 3.05 3422 3.09 4

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



67


of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL)at 4MHz



1 0.03 392 0.08 133 0.23 384 0.28 145 0.45 406 0.49 127 0.65 408 0.72 159 0.87 3910 0.93 1411 1.08 4012 1.14 1513 1.29 4114 1.35 1515 1.51 4316 1.56 1517 1.72 4018 1.77 1619 1.93 4320 1.99 1621 2.15 4422 2.21 16

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



68



Obs no Micrometer reading in

mm

Current meter reading


1 0.06 242 0.08 423 0.23 244 0.24 445 0.40 236 0.42 437 0.56 248 0.59 429 0.74 24

10 0.76 4411 0.91 2412 0.93 4213 1.07 2414 1.10 4315 1.25 2416 1.27 4017 1.42 2318 1.46 4019 1.60 2320 1.63 3821 1.76 2322 1.79 37

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



69





1 0.04 432 0.13 223 0.19 424 0.26 225 0.33 406 0.41 227 0.47 418 0.54 229 0.61 4110 0.66 2211 0.76 3812 0.83 2213 0.90 4014 0.97 2215 1.03 3816 1.10 2217 1.19 3918 1.25 2219 1.33 4020 1.38 2221 1.46 3822 1.53 22

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



70





1 0.06 352 0.12 213 0.18 354 0.24 235 0.31 366 0.35 227 0.43 378 0.48 229 0.55 3510 0.60 2211 0.67 3612 0.72 2213 0.79 3914 0.84 2215 0.91 3816 0.98 2217 1.04 3918 1.09 2319 1.16 3920 1.21 2321 1.28 3822 1.34 24

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



71





1 0.03 222 0.10 443 0.14 254 0.21 465 0.26 256 0.32 457 0.36 248 0.42 459 0.47 2410 0.53 4411 0.58 2412 0.64 4113 0.69 2514 0.74 4115 0.79 2416 0.85 4317 0.90 2318 0.96 4019 1.00 2320 1.06 4221 1.11 2322 1.16 37

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



72


of VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl) at 1MHz



1 0.30 122 0.98 303 1.07 114 1.79 315 1.84 96 2.58 307 2.63 108 3.32 299 3.40 1410 4.12 3011 4.19 1112 4.90 2913 4.97 1014 5.64 3015 5.76 1116 6.94 2917 7.04 918 7.20 2919 7.30 1220 8.00 2921 8.09 922 8.83 30

-505

101520253035

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



73





1 0.33 452 0.36 123 0.72 454 0.75 135 1.09 436 1.14 127 1.48 438 1.52 119 1.82 4310 1.91 1211 2.23 4312 2.30 1213 2.66 4114 2.69 815 3.06 4316 3.08 1117 3.44 4218 3.47 719 3.84 4120 3.86 721 4.20 4022 4.25 10

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



74





1 0.03 392 0.06 133 0.29 414 0.32 145 0.54 386 0.57 117 0.79 388 0.83 99 1.04 3610 1.10 911 1.33 3812 1.36 1013 1.56 3814 1.63 1115 1.83 3916 1.89 1017 2.11 3818 2.15 1119 2.35 3920 2.39 1021 2.63 4022 2.66 11

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



75





1 0.03 232 0.16 383 0.22 224 0.37 395 0.41 226 0.50 387 0.61 228 0.75 399 0.81 2310 0.95 3911 1.01 2312 1.13 3813 1.19 2314 1.33 3915 1.40 2416 1.52 3817 1.60 2418 1.74 3919 1.79 2320 1.83 3921 1.97 2422 2.13 38

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



76





1 0.08 442 0.21 213 0.26 424 0.34 195 0.40 446 0.53 217 0.55 418 0.64 229 0.71 4310 0.80 2211 0.87 4112 1.00 1813 1.03 4014 1.15 1815 1.17 4216 1.30 2117 1.33 4318 1.45 2119 1.49 4220 1.60 2221 1.65 4222 1.78 18

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



77


of VENSETRON ( ONDANSETRON HCl) at 6MHz



1 0.04 112 0.11 403 0.17 74 0.24 415 0.31 86 0.37 417 0.45 88 0.50 399 0.58 710 0.63 3911 0.70 712 0.76 4113 0.84 714 0.89 3915 0.92 616 1.02 3817 1.10 618 1.15 4119 1.23 720 1.27 3821 1.37 622 1.41 39

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



78




Max/Min in µA

1 0.03 402 0.04 173 0.12 394 0.15 175 0.25 426 0.27 187 0.36 418 0.38 229 0.45 4210 0.49 1911 0.51 4112 0.60 1813 0.67 4114 0.70 1915 0.78 3916 0.82 1917 0.90 4218 0.94 2219 1.01 4120 1.05 2121 1.14 4322 1.16 22

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



79




Max/Min in µA

1 0.04 242 0.08 383 0.13 244 0.18 385 0.23 256 0.27 387 0.33 248 0.338 409 0.42 2510 0.47 4011 0.54 2512 0.57 4013 0.61 2414 0.67 4015 0.71 2516 0.77 3917 0.82 2418 0.86 4119 0.91 2420 0.98 4021 1.00 2522 1.06 39

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



80


of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE)at 1MHz



1 0.36 342 0.42 103 1.12 354 1.19 125 1.92 356 1.96 127 2.67 358 2.73 129 3.43 3610 3.98 911 4.70 3612 4.76 1213 5.45 3614 5.53 1015 6.14 3516 6.29 1017 7.00 3718 7.05 1019 7.75 3720 8.33 921 9.00 3622 9.09 8

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



81


of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE) at 2MHz



1 0.17 362 0.20 143 0.55 374 0.59 155 0.95 356 0.97 177 1.27 378 1.35 169 1.70 3710 1.74 1611 2.03 3712 2.11 1413 2.47 3814 2.50 1615 2.85 3816 2.87 1817 3.23 3818 3.27 1919 3.63 3720 3.67 1921 4.00 3722 4.03 15

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



82





1 0.10 332 0.17 223 0.36 364 0.41 215 0.61 356 0.68 207 0.87 358 0.93 209 1.13 3610 1.19 2011 1.37 3412 1.44 2013 1.64 3614 1.69 2115 1.92 3516 1.95 2017 2.17 3518 2.25 2219 2.41 3720 2.47 2221 2.66 3722 2.72 22

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



83





1 0.10 332 0.12 153 0.27 354 0.32 175 0.47 356 0.50 157 0.63 378 0.69 159 0.87 3710 0.89 1611 1.05 3712 1.09 1713 1.24 3514 1.27 1515 1.44 3616 1.48 1617 1.63 3518 1.65 1619 1.80 3420 1.85 1621 1.99 3722 2.04 15

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



84





1 0.11 182 0.13 423 0.26 184 0.28 415 0.42 186 0.44 417 0.54 198 0.59 429 0.70 1710 0.74 4111 0.88 1812 0.90 4313 1.01 1814 1.05 4215 1.16 1816 1.22 4017 1.33 1518 1.36 4019 1.46 1820 1.51 4021 1.64 1722 1.66 39

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



85





1 0.08 482 0.16 43 0.21 494 0.30 35 0.34 486 0.44 27 0.46 488 0.55 19 0.60 5010 0.69 411 0.74 4812 0.76 113 0.85 4714 0.94 115 0.98 4816 1.04 117 1.06 4818 1.18 119 1.23 4520 1.34 221 1.36 4822 1.45 2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



86





1 0.04 122 0.06 303 0.08 244 0.10 425 0.14 126 0.16 307 0.18 258 0.21 409 0.23 1810 0.25 3811 0.28 2912 0.32 4213 0.36 1814 0.43 4315 0.46 1816 0.56 4617 0.58 1818 0.65 4419 0.68 1920 0.78 4621 0.88 1822 0.96 42

05

101520253035404550

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



87





1 0.04 422 0.10 223 0.14 434 0.18 215 0.22 466 0.26 287 0.33 458 0.36 289 0.44 4610 0.45 2811 0.55 4612 0.58 2613 0.75 4414 0.78 2815 0.88 4616 0.92 3017 1.08 4418 1.12 2419 1.22 4620 1.36 2621 1.38 44

05

101520253035404550

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



88

2.4 DETERMINATION OF ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS

2.41 Acoustic parameters of Water (Oxidane) at different frequencies

Freq,f

(MHz)

UltrasonicVelocity

V(m/s)

Adiabatic compressIbility, β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic impedance, z

(Kg/m/s) x106

Relaxation

Time τ

(s) x 10-13

Free length

, Lf

(Å)

Free volumeVf x 10-8

(m3/mole)

Ultrasonic attenuation, (α/f2)

(dB)x10-13

1 1544 4.2171 1.5360 4.2115 0.4066 2.5560 0.05542 1517.6 4.3651 1.5096 4.3593 0.4137 2.4906 0.05673 1512 4.3975 1.5039 4.3916 0.4152 2.4769 0.05734 1512 4.3975 1.5039 4.3916 0.4152 2.4769 0.05735 1550 4.1845 1.5418 4.1789 0.4050 2.5708 0.05306 1548 4.1953 1.5398 4.1897 0.4055 2.5708 0.05307 1540 4.2390 1.5318 4.2333 0.4077 2.5459 0.05438 1504 4.4440 1.4960 4.4385 0.4174 2.4572 0.0583

2.42 Acoustic parameters of ALERGIN (CETIRIZINE) at different frequencies

Freq,f

(MHz)

UltrasonicVelocity

V(m/s)

Adiabatic compressibility, β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic impedance, z

(Kg/m/s) x106

Relaxation

Time τ

(s) x 10-13

Free length

, Lf

(Å)


(m3/mole)


(dB)x10-13

1 1728.6 2.9121 1.9866 17.1999 0.3379 6.6647 0.19642 1720 2.9413 1.9767 17.3724 0.3396 6.6238 0.19943 1762.5 2.8011 2.0255 16.5447 0.3314 6.8737 0.18534 1744 2.8609 2.0043 16.8976 0.3349 6.7654 0.19135 1722 2.9344 1.9789 17.3321 0.3392 6.6379 0.19876 1728 2.9141 1.9859 17.2119 0.3379 6.6728 0.19667 1750 2.8413 2.0117 16.7819 0.3338 6.8006 0.18938 1744 2.8609 2.0043 16.8976 0.3349 6.7657 0.1913


89

2.43 Acoustic parameters of PICLIN ( SODIUM PICOSULPHATE) at different

frequencies

Freq,f

(MHz)

UltrasonicVelocity

V(m/s)

Adiabatic compressibility,β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic impedance,z

(Kg/m/s) x106

Relaxation

Time τ

(s) x 10-13

Free length

, Lf

(Å)

Free volume

Vf x 10-41

(m3/mole)


(dB)x10-13

1 1716 2.9524 1.9738 12.4394 0.3402 3.2301 0.14312 1696 3.0224 1.9508 12.7344 0.3442 3.1739 0.14823 1704 2.9941 1.9600 12.6151 0.3426 3.1964 0.14614 1704 2.9941 1.9600 12.6151 0.3426 3.1964 0.14615 1720 2.9387 1.9784 12.3817 0.3394 3.2415 0.14216 1704 2.9941 1.9600 12.6151 0.3426 3.1963 0.14617 1708 2.9801 1.9646 12.5561 0.3418 3.2076 0.14518 1712 2.9662 1.9692 12.4975 0.3410 3.2188 0.1441

2.44 Acoustic parameters of BETADINE (POVIDONE IODINE) at different frequencies

Freq,f

(MHz)

UltrasonicVelocity

V(m/s)


(N/m2) x 10-10


(Kg/m/s) x106

Relaxation

Time τ

(s) x 10-13

Free length

, Lf

(Å)


(m3/mole)

Ultrasonic attenuation, (α/f2)(dB) x10-13

1 1590 3.9596 1.5884 3.6617 0.3939 86.4253 0.045462 1564 4.0923 1.5624 3.7844 0.4005 84.3141 0.047763 1566.66 4.0784 1.5651 3.7716 0.3999 84.5293 0.047524 1555.56 4.1368 1.5539 3.8256 0.4027 83.6325 0.048545 1570 4.0611 1.5684 3.7555 0.3990 84.7997 0.047226 1560 4.1133 1.5584 3.8039 0.4016 83.9908 0.048137 1526 4.2987 1.5245 3.9752 0.4105 81.2599 0.051428 1568 4.0714 1.5664 3.7651 0.3995 84.6378 0.04739


90

2.45 Acoustic parameters of CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at different

frequencies

Freq,f

(MHz)

Ultrasonic

VelocityV

(m/s)


(N/m2) x 10-10


(Kg/m/s) x106

Relaxation

Time τ

(s) x 10-13

Free length

, Lf

(Å)


(m3/mole)


dBx10-13

1 1675 3.0109 1.9828 10.1823 0.3436 6.9530 0.11992 1684.4 2.9775 1.9940 10.0691 0.3417 8.2414 0.11793 1692 2.9508 2.0029 9.9788 0.3401 7.0591 0.11644 1672 3.0218 1.9792 10.1487 0.3442 6.9343 0.12065 1677.77 3.0011 1.9861 9.9979 0.3442 6.9703 0.11946 1692 2.9508 2.0029 9.4793 0.3401 7.0591 0.11647 1736 2.8031 2.0050 10.3174 0.3315 7.3363 0.10788 1664 3.0509 1.9698 10.0467 0.3459 6.8846 0.1224

2.46 Acoustic parameters of ASTHALIN ( SALBUTAMOL) at different frequencies

Freq,f

(MHz)

UltrasonicVelocity

V(m/s)

Adiabatic compressibilit

yβ(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic impedanc

ez(Kg/m/s)

x106

Relaxation

Time τ

(s) x 10-13

Free length

, Lf

(Å)


(m3/mole)


(dB)(x10-13

1 1720 2.8312 2.0535 15.8774 0.3332 3.4577 0.18222 1704 2.8846 2.0344 16.1769 0.3363 3.4088 0.18743 1710 2.8644 2.0416 16.0636 0.3351 3.4277 0.18544 1696 2.9119 2.0248 16.3299 0.3379 3.3856 0.19015 1710 2.8644 2.0416 16.0636 0.3351 3.4276 0.18546 1704 2.8846 2.0344 16.1769 0.3363 3.4095 0.18747 1764 2.6917 0.1060 15.0952 0.3248 3.5909 0.16898 1696 2.9119 2.0249 16.3299 0.3379 3.3856 0.1901


91

2.47 Acoustic parameters of VENSETRON( ONDANSETRON HCl) at different

frequencies

Freq,f

(MHz)

Ultrasonic

VelocityV

(m/s)


(N/m2) x 10-10


(Kg/m/s) x106

Relaxation

Time τ

(s) x 10-13

Free length

, Lf

(Å)

Free volume

Vf x 10-25

(m3/mole)


(dB)x10-13

1 1562.5 3.9323 1.6275 9.2999 0.3926 1.1491 1.11752 1548 4.0063 1.6124 9.4749 0.3963 1.1384 0.12083 1560 3.9449 1.6249 9.3297 0.3933 1.1473 0.11814 1552 3.9857 1.6166 9.4261 0.3953 1.1414 0.11995 1570 3.8948 1.6353 9.2112 0.3908 1.1546 0.11586 1560 3.9449 1.6249 9.3297 0.3933 1.1473 0.11817 1568 3.9048 1.6333 9.2347 0.3913 1.1531 0.11638 1568 3.9048 1.6333 9.2347 0.3913 1.1531 0.1163

2.48 Acoustic parameters of XYLOMIST(XYLOMETAZOLINE) at different

frequencies

Freq,f

(MHz)

Ultrasonic

VelocityV

(m/s)


(N/m2) x 10-10


(Kg/m/s) x106

Relaxation

Time τ

(s) x 10-13

Free length

, Lf

(Å)


(m3/mole)


(dB)x10-13

1 1535 4.1804 1.5584 3.5915 0.4048 45.3020 0.04652 1540 4.1533 1.5635 3.5961 0.4035 45.5236 0.04613 1536 4.1749 1.5594 3.6148 0.4046 45.3463 0.04654 1533.33 4.1895 1.5567 3.6274 0.4053 45.2281 0.04675 1530 4.2078 1.5533 3.6432 0.4062 45.0808 0.04746 1536 4.1749 1.5594 3.6148 0.4046 45.3463 0.04657 1536.33 4.0303 1.5871 3.4896 0.3975 45.3609 0.04418 1520 4.2633 1.5431 3.6913 0.4088 44.6396 0.0479


92

2.5 CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at different concentrations


of 0.4238M conc.CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 2MHz



1 0.22 822 0.26 843 0.60 824 0.64 845 0.92 826 1.00 847 1.36 828 1.40 849 1.72 8210 1.78 8411 2.14 8212 2.20 8413 2.53 8214 2.58 8415 2.86 8216 2.94 8417 3.23 8218 3.34 8419 3.65 8220 3.69 8421 4.06 8222 4.14 84

81.582

82.583

83.584

84.5

0 1 2 3 4 5

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



93


of 0.8471M conc. CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE) at 2MHz



1 0.26 802 0.28 823 0.64 804 0.69 825 1.03 806 1.06 827 1.40 808 1.45 829 1.80 8010 1.85 8211 2.15 8012 2.21 8213 2.57 8014 2.62 8215 2.93 8016 2.98 8217 3.34 8018 3.36 8219 3.70 8020 3.75 8221 4.03 8022 4.10 82

79.5

80

80.5

81

81.5

82

82.5

0 1 2 3 4 5

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



94





1 0.31 782 0.33 803 0.70 784 0.73 805 1.03 786 1.11 807 1.47 788 1.50 809 1.85 7810 1.89 8011 2.24 7812 2.29 8013 2.63 7814 2.69 8015 3.02 7816 3.10 8017 3.44 7818 3.50 8019 3.71 7820 3.84 8021 4.21 7822 4.36 80

77.5

78

78.5

79

79.5

80

80.5

0 1 2 3 4 5

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



95





1 0.25 622 0.35 603 0.56 624 0.85 605 0.93 626 1.16 607 1.41 628 1.54 609 1.73 6210 1.96 6011 2.14 6212 2.43 6013 2.59 6214 2.79 6015 2.96 6216 3.16 6017 3.33 6218 3.53 6019 3.74 6220 3.93 6021 4.17 6222 4.39 60

59.560

60.561

61.562

62.5

0 1 2 3 4 5

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



96





1 0.32 782 0.44 823 0.73 784 0.79 825 1.11 786 1.19 827 1.50 788 1.59 829 1.87 7810 2.00 8211 2.32 7812 2.37 8213 2.70 7814 2.83 8215 3.12 7816 3.18 8217 3.52 7818 3.55 8219 3.89 7820 3.96 8221 4.38 7822 4.87 82

77.578

78.579

79.580

80.581

81.582

82.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

anod

e cu

rren

t in

µA



97

2.6 DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN

CITRATE) AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS:

Concentration Density in Kgm-3 Viscosity in Nsm-2 x 10-3

0.4238M 1015.2284 0.8286

0.8471M 1034.5177 0.8675

1.2707M 1044.6700 0.9306

1.6943M 1068.0204 1.0285

2.1179M 1081.2183 1.0842

2.7 ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS OF CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN

CITRATE) AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS:

ConcC in M

Ultrasonic

VelocityV

(m/s)

Adiabatic compressIbility,β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic impedance

Z(Kg/m/s)

x106

RelaxationTime

τ(s) x 10-13

Free lengthLf (Å)


(m3/mole)


(dB)x10-13

0.4238M 1524.44 4.2385 1.4765 4.6828 0.4074 32.3280 0.0606

0.8471M 1572 3.9116 1.6263 4.5246 0.3916 31.6022 0.0568

1.2707M 1612 3.6837 1.6840 4.5709 0.3800 29.5340 0.0597

1.6943M 1645 3.4601 1.7569 4.7449 0.3683 26.2050 0.0569

2.1179M 1664 3.3463 1.7992 4.8374 0.3622 24.6340 0.0573


98

2.61 VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH CONCENTRATION OF CITAL (DISODIUM

HYDROGEN CITRATE):

2.62 VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH CONCENTRATION OF CITAL (DISODIUM

HYDROGEN CITRATE):

1000

1020

1040

1060

1080

1100

0 2 4 6

Den

sity

in ρ

in k

g m

-3

Conc. C in M

0.0008

0.00085

0.0009

0.00095

0.001

0.00105

0.0011

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Visc

osity

in in

Nsm

-2

Conc. C in M


99

2.63 VARIATION OF ULTRASONIC VELOCITY WITH CONCENTRATION OF

CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE)

2.64 VARIATION OF ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY WITH CONCENTRATION

OF CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE):

1500

1550

1600

1650

1700

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5ultr

ason

ic v

eloc

ity in

m/s

conc.c in M

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5adia

batic

com

pres

sibi

lity

conc. c in M


100

2.65 VARIATION OF ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE WITH CONCENTRATION OF

CITAL (DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE):

2.66 VARIATION OF RELAXATION TIME WITH CONCENTRATION OF CITAL

(DISODIUM HYDROGEN CITRATE):

1.21.31.41.51.61.71.81.9

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Acou

stic

impe

danc

e

conc. c in M

4.54.55

4.64.65

4.74.75

4.84.85

4.9

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Rela

xatio

n tim

e

conc. c in M


101

2.67 VARIATION OF FREE LENGTH WITH CONCENTRATION OF CITAL


2.68 VARIATION OF FREE VOLUME WITH CONCENTRATION OF CITAL


0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

0.41

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Free

leng

th in

Å

conc. in M

20

25

30

35

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5Free

vol

ume

in m

3/m

ole

conc. c in M


102

2.69 VARIATION OF ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION WITH CONCENTRATION OF


2.70 VARIATION OF RELATIVE ASSOCIATION WITH CONCENTRATION FOR


0.056

0.057

0.058

0.059

0.06

0.061

20 25 30 35 40ultr

ason

ic a

tten

uatio

n

concentration in M


103

2.71 VARIATION OF ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY AT DIFFERENT

ULTRASONIC VELOCITY

2.72 VARIATION OF ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE AT DIFFERENT ULTRASONIC

VELOCITY


104

2.73 VARIATION OF RELAXATION TIME AT DIFFERENT ULTRASONIC VELOCITY

2.74 VARIATION OF FREE LENGTH AT DIFFERENT ULTRASONIC VELOCITY


105

2.75 VARIATION OF ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION AT DIFFERENT ULTRASONIC

VELOCITY:

2.76 VARIATION OF FREE VOLUME AT DIFFERENT ULTRASONIC VELOCITY

Where ,

1-Water,2- Asthalin,3- Alergin, 4- Betadine, 5-Cital,6- Piclin,7- Vensetron,8- Xylomist


106

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

With increase in concentration the density and hence the velocity of ultrasonic waves increases in the solutions. This is evident from the table 2.6 and figures 2.61 and 2.62.

The viscosity of the solution and hence the velocity of ultrasonic waves increases with increase in concentration of the solute in solution. This increase appears to be associated with an overall increase in the cohesion in the solution. From the values of ultrasonic velocity, it is apparent that a definite structural re-adjustment of molecular packing is taking place in the solution. The increase of ultrasonic velocity is a consequence of the enhanced bulk modulus of the liquid mixture over and above its value for ideal mixing condition.

With increase in concentration the velocity of ultrasonic waves increase but it shows non linearity. The increase in concentration weakens the molecular forces and hence change in velocity is observed. This is evident from the table 2.7 and figure 2.63.

The values of viscosity increases with increase in concentration of compound in solvent. This increasing trend indicates the existence of molecular interaction occurring in these systems.

The adiabatic compressibility decreases with increase in concentration of the solution. This is evident from the table 2.7 and figure 2.64. This is due to the enhancement of the bond strength with the concentration.

The acoustic impedance increases with increase in concentration. This is evident from the table 2.7 and figure 2.65. This is due to increase in density, viscosity of the solution and also effective due to solute-solvent interactions.

The relaxation time with increase in concentration shows non-linearity, it shows minimum value in between 0.75–1.25 M concentration and then increases with concentration; this is evident from the table 2.7 and figure 2.66 this is similar change found in viscosity, showing the viscous forces play a dominant role in the relaxation process.

The ultrasonic attenuation of the solutions is found to vary non linearly with concentration shows similar trend to that of acoustical relaxation time. This is evident from the table 2.7 and figure 2.69


107

Relative association is a parameter used to assess the association in any solution relative to the association existing in water at 00 C. The addition of small quantities of strong structure breakers of water generally seems to increase the cohesion among the molecules by breaking the open structure.

The increase of relative association with concentration suggests that salvation increases the cohesion among the molecules. Relative association increases non linearly with increase in concentration which is evident from table 2.7 and figure 2.70

Free volume increases linearly with increase in concentration which is evident from table 2.7 and figure 2.68

Free length and acoustic impedance increases non linearly with increase in concentration. It is evident from table 2.7 and figures 2.67 and 2.65 respectively.


108

4. BIBLIOGRAPHY :

N.karunanidhi, D.Subramanian and P.Aruna. (1999). Acoustical Parameters of binary

liquid mixtures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 27, 305-307.

Nikam P.S, Jadav M.C and Hasan.M. (1997). Molecular interaction in mixtyres of

dimethylsulfoxide with some alkanols. Acustica, 83, 86.

Oswal S.L and Patel A.T. (1995). Speeds of sounds; isentropic compressibilities and

excess volumes of binary mixtures-2-mono-n-alkyl amines with cyclohexane and

benzene. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 40,194.

Rita Mehra and Rekha Israni. (2000). Application of theoretical models of liquid

mixtures to systems of hexadecane with butanol and hexanol at varying

temperatures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 28,279-282.

S.C Bhatt, R.S Rawat and B.S Semwal. (1999). Acoustical investigation on some

organic liquids. Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 27, 297-300.

V.Lalitha and K.Vijayalakshmi. (2000). Ultrasonic study of molecular interaction in

binary and ternary mixtures of methanol-dioxane-lactic acid. Journal of the Acoustical

Society of India, 28, 317-320.

C.Shanmuga Priya, S.Nithya, G. Velraj and A.N. Kanappan(2010).Molecular

interactions studies in liquid mixture using Ultrasonic technique. International Journal

of Advanced Science and Technology, Vol 18,May,2010


109

Sunanda S.Aswale, Shashikant R.Aswale, Aparna B. Dhote. Ultrasonic studies of

aspirin by relative association, relaxation time and free volume. International Journal

of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 4,Issue 4, 2012

[1][2][3]Baldev Raj, V Rajendran and P Planichamy. Science and Technology of

ultrasonics, Narosa Publishing House.

http://www.wikipedia.com

[5]http://www.pubchem.com/org

http://www.medication.com

http://www.nelist.com

http://www.nde.ed.org

http://www.wikiradiography.net

http://www.bats.ac.in

http://antione.frethrg.edes

http://[email protected]


110

CHAPTER-5

ADDITIONAL WORK

ULTRASONIC VELOCITY WITH DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUP ON BENZENE

INTRODUCTION

To unearth the role of functional groups on benzene ring in the molecular interaction in pure

liquids and in solution, the work is undertaken for eight different aromatic organic liquids of

different functional group on benzene are taken. These eight liquids are Benzene,

Chlorobenzene, Bromobenzene, Nitrobenzene, Aniline, o-cresol, p-cresol and benzyldehyde. The

discussion is made on the variation of Acoustic parameters such as Ultrasonic Velocity,

Adiabatic Compression, Relaxation time, Acoustic impedance and relative association with

functional group on benzene.

The measured values of ultrasonic velocities, densities and viscosities of these solvents were

reported in this work. These measurements were vital to understand the intra and intermolecular

interactions between the molecules of components. Excess thermodynamic parameters are

calculated and reported. For the ultrasonic velocity measurement the instrument used was

supplied by Mittal enterprises New Delhi. This instrument used for liquids can able to generate

ultrasonic waves of frequency 1MHz to 8 MHz from piezo-electric crystals. The wavelength of

standing pattern of ultrasonic waves is measured by taking the distances between two successive

positions of interferometer which gives peak values. The variation acoustical parameters with

ultrasonic velocity in these organic solvents were determined and effort is made to link them

with the functional group on benzene.

To find the effect binary liquid mixtures the work undertaken by dissolving different quantity of

p-cresol in ethanol (at different concentration).this results were also reported in the result.


EXPERIMENTAL

The density of these ten organic solvents was measured using specific gravity bottle of capacity

10 ml at room temperature. For standardization measurement for water is also taken.

Table No.1. The details of the solvents taken for our work

Sl

no

.

liquidsMolecular

formula

1. Benzene C₆H

2. Nitrobenzene C₆H₅NO

3. Benzaldehyde C6H5CHO

4. Aniline C₆H₅NH

5. chlorobenzene C₆H₅

6. o-cresol CH3C6H4

7. Bromobenzene C₆H₅Br

8. p-cresol CH3C6H4


For standardization measurement for water is also taken.

of the solvents taken for our work

Molecular

formula

Molar

mass

in g/mol

Boiling

point in IUPAC name

H₆ 78.11 80.1 benzene

NO₂ 123.06 210.9 nitrobenzene

CHO 106.121 178.1 benzaldehyde

NH₂ 93.13 184.1 phenylamine

₅Cl 112.56 131 chlorobenzene

4(OH) 108.14 191 2-methyl phenol

Br 157.0079 156 bromobenzene

4(OH) 108.13 201.8 4-methyl phenol

111


For standardization measurement for water is also taken.

Structural

formula


112

Table No.2. The density and measured values of viscosity of the solvents taken for our work

LIQUIDS DENSITY

in Kgm-3

TIME OF FLOW

in seconds

VISCOSITY

= in

I II III Mean

Water 1000 100 101 100 100.33 7.650

Benzene 869.03 90 89 89 89.33 5.6127

Aniline 1015.22 331 320 334 328.33 24.623

Benzaldehyde 1068.02 189 194 190 191 14.74

Chlorobenzene 1098.47 79 79.4 79 79.13 6.637

Bromobezene 1487.3 88 89 87 89 9.5705

Nitrobenzene 1193.9 148 150 151 149.66 13.613

O-cresol 1041.62 1068 1068 1067.3 1067.7 80.413

P-cresol 1028.42 346 345 345 345.33 25.67

Figure. 1. Graph showing the variation micrometer reading v/s current meter reading for

bromobenzene at 1MHz

05

1015202530

0 5 10 15 20curr

ent m

eter

read

ing

in

μA



113

Table 3. Acoustic parameters Bromobenzene at different frequencies

Freq,

f

(MH

z)

Ultrasonic

Velocity,V

(m/s)

Adiabatic

compressibility,β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic

impedance,z

(Kg/m/s)

x106

Relaxation

Time ,τ

(s) x 10-13

Free

length, Lf

(Å)

Free

volume,

Vfx10-3

(m3/mole)

Ultrasonic

attenuation,

(α/f2) x10-13

1 1102.2 5.5345 1.6393 7.0624 0.4658 8.6837 0.1264

2 1113.3 5.4247 1.6558 6.9222 0.4611 8.8148 0.1227

3 1113.3 5.4247 1.6558 6.9222 0.4611 8.8148 0.1227

4 1111.1 5.4462 1.6525 6.9497 0.4620 8.7787 0.1234

5 1122.2 5.3390 1.6690 6.8129 0.4575 8.9207 0.1198

6 1120 5.3600 1.6657 6.8397 0.4584 8.8945 0.1205

7 1104.4 5.5125 1.6425 7.0343 0.4648 8.7093 0.1257

8 1100.8 5.5486 1.6372 7.0804 0.4663 8.6668 0.1269

Table 4. Acoustic parameters of Benzaldehyde at different frequencies

Freq, f

(MHz)

Ultrasonic

Velocity,V

(m/s)

Adiabatic

compressibility,β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic

impedance,z

(Kg/m/s)

x106

Relaxation

Time ,τ

(s) x 10-13

Free

length, Lf

(Å)

Free

volume,

Vf x10-3

(m3/mole)

Ultrasonic

attenuation,

(α/f2) x10-13

1 1444.4 4.4879 1.5426 8.9261 0.4194 3.7872 0.1219

2 1456 4.4166 1.5550 8.7845 0.4161 3.8329 0.1190

3 1446.6 4.4742 1.5449 8.8990 0.4188 3.7958 0.1214

4 1440 4.5153 1.5379 8.9808 0.4207 3.7699 0.1231

5 1455.5 4.4197 1.5545 8.7905 0.4162 3.8309 0.1192

6 1453.2 4.4337 1.5520 8.8184 0.4169 3.8218 0.1197

7 1453.9 4.4294 1.5527 8.8099 0.4167 3.8246 0.1196

8 1448 4.4656 1.5464 8.8818 0.4184 3.8346 0.1210


114

Table 5. Acoustic parameters of at Nitrobenzene at different frequencies

Freq, f

MHz

Ultrasonic

Velocity,

V

(m/s)

Adiabatic

compressibility

β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic

impedance,z

(Kg/m/s)

x106

Relaxatio

n

Time ,τ

(s) x 10-13

Free

length,

Lf (Å)

Free volume, Vf

x 10-3 (m3/mole)

Ultrasonic

attenuation,

(α/f2) x10-13

1 1460 3.9294 1.7430 7.1321 0.3924 5.4151 0.0964

2 1444.4 4.0147 1.7244 7.2870 0.3967 5.3285 0.0995

3 1493.3 3.7561 1.7828 6.8175 0.3873 5.6014 0.0901

4 1452.8 3.9684 1.7344 7.2029 0.3944 5.3751 0.0978

5 1450 3.9837 1.7311 7.2308 0.3951 5.3596 0.0984

6 1453.2 3.9662 1.7349 7.1990 0.3943 5.3773 0.0977

7 1461.6 3.9208 1.7450 7.1165 0.3920 5.4240 0.0961

8 1457.6 3.9423 1.7402 7.1556 0.3931 5.4017 0.0969

Table 6. Acoustic parameters of at Aniline at different frequencies

Freq,

f

MHz

Ultrasonic

Velocity,

V

(m/s)

Adiabatic

compressibility,β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic

impedance,z

(Kg/m/s)

x106

Relaxation

Time ,τ

(s) x 10-13

Free

length,

Lf (Å)

Free

volume,

Vf x10-3

(m3/mole)

Ultrasonic

attenuation,

(α/f2) x10-13

1 1602 3.8380 1.6263 12.600 0.3878 1.6844 0.1552

2 1600 3.8470 1.6243 12.632 0.3883 1.6812 0.1558

3 1612.8 3.7868 1.6373 12.432 0.3853 1.7014 0.1521

4 1617.6 3.7644 1.6422 12.358 0.3841 1.7090 0.1508

5 1600 3.8470 1.6243 12.632 0.3883 1.6812 0.1558

6 1612.8 3.7868 1.6373 12.432 3.8530 1.7014 0.1521

7 1617 3.7672 1.6416 12.368 0.3843 1.7080 0.1509

8 1617.6 3.7644 1.6422 12.358 0.3841 1.7090 0.1508


115

Table 7. Acoustic parameters of at Chlorobenzene at different frequencies

Freq, f

(MHz)

Ultrasonic

Velocity,V

(m/s)

Adiabatic

compressibility,

β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic

impedance,z

(Kg/m/s)

x106

Relaxation

Time ,τ

(s) x 10-13

Free

length,

Lf (Å)

Free

volume,

Vf x10-3

(m3/mole)

Ultrasonic

attenuation,

(α/f2) x10-13

1 1232 5.9977 1.3533 5.3070 0.4849 0.1078 0.0885

2 1248.8 5.8374 1.3717 5.1657 0.4783 0.1107 0.0816

3 1221 6.1063 1.3412 5.4036 0.4892 0.1064 0.0873

4 1235.5 5.9638 1.3571 5.2776 0.4835 0.1083 0.0843

5 1205 6.6269 1.3236 5.5481 0.5097 0.1043 0.0908

6 1236 5.9590 1.3577 5.2733 0.4833 0.1083 0.0842

7 1218 6.1364 1.3379 5.4303 0.4904 0.1060 0.0880

8 1226.6 6.0507 1.3473 5.3544 0.4870 0.1071 0.0861

Table 8. Acoustic parameters of at o-Cresol at different frequencies

Freq, f

MHz

Ultrasonic

Velocity,

V

(m/s)

Adiabatic

compressibility,β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic

impedance,z

(Kg/m/s)

x106

Relaxation

Time ,τ

(s) x 10-13

Free

length,

Lf (Å)

Free

volume,

Vfx 10-4

(m3/mole)

Ultrasonic

attenuation,

(α/f2) x10-13

1 1492 4.3127 1.5540 46.240 0.4111 3.2097 0.6117

2 1488 4.3359 1.5449 46.488 0.4122 3.1968 0.6167

3 1485 4.3534 1.5468 46.676 0.4131 3.1872 0.6204

4 1492 4.3127 1.5540 46.240 0.4111 3.2097 0.6117

5 1490 4.3243 1.5520 46.364 0.4117 3.2033 0.6142

6 1488 4.3359 1.5449 46.488 0.4122 3.1968 0.6167

7 1498 4.2782 1.5603 45.870 0.4095 3.2291 0.6044

8 1488 4.3359 1.5449 46.488 0.4122 3.1968 0.6167


116

Table 9. Acoustic parameters of Benzene at different frequencies

Freq, f

MHz

Ultrasonic

Velocity,

V

(m/s)

Adiabatic

compressibility

β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic

impedance,z

(Kg/m/s)

x106

Relaxatio

n

Time ,τ

(s) x 10-13

Free

length,

Lf (Å)

Free

volume, Vf

x 10-3

(m3/mole)

Ultrasonic

attenuation,

(α/f2) x10-13

1 1290 6.9148 1.1210 5.1748 0.5206 8.5904 0.0791

2 1252 7.3410 1.0802 5.4937 0.5364 8.2137 0.0866

3 1269 7.1456 1.1027 5.3475 0.5292 8.3815 0.0831

4 1280 7.0233 1.1123 5.2560 0.5247 8.4903 0.0810

5 1290 6.9148 1.1210 5.1748 0.5206 8.5904 0.0791

6 1293.3 6.8796 1.1239 5.1484 0.5193 8.6234 0.0785

7 1244.4 7.4309 1.0814 5.5610 0.5397 8.1390 0.0882

8 1280 7.0233 1.1123 5.2560 0.5247 8.4907 0.0810

Table 10. Acoustic parameters of p-Cresol system at different frequencies

Freq, f

MHz

Ultrasonic

Velocity,

V

(m/s)

Adiabatic

compressibility,β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic

impedance,z

(Kg/m/s)

x106

Relaxation

Time ,τ

(s) x 10-13

Free

length,

Lf (Å)

Free

volume,

Vf x 10-3

(m3/mole)

Ultrasonic

attenuation,

(α/f2) x10-13

1 1462.2 4.5479 1.5037 15.566 0.4222 1.7263 0.2101

2 1460 4.5616 1.5014 15.612 0.4228 1.7224 0.2110

3 1464 4.5367 1.5056 15.527 0.4217 1.7294 0.2093

4 1464 4.5367 1.5056 15.527 0.4217 1.7924 0.2093

5 1460 4.5616 1.5019 15.613 0.4228 1.7224 0.2110

6 1440 4.6892 1.4809 16.049 0.4287 1.6871 0.2200

7 1456 4.5867 1.4973 15.698 0.4240 1.7153 0.2128

8 1445.6 4.6530 1.4866 15.925 0.4271 1.6969 0.2174


117

Table.11.Acoustic parameters p-cresol - ethanol at frequency 2MHz:

Mole

fraction of

first

component

Ultrasonic

Velocity,

V

(m/s)

Adiabatic

compressibility,β

(N/m2) x 10-10

Acoustic

impedance,z

(Kg/m/s)

x106

Relaxation

Time ,τ

(s) x 10-13

Free

length,

Lf (Å)

Free

volume, Vf

x 10-3

( m3/mole)

Ultrasonic

attenuation,

(α/f2)

x10-13

0.309 1426 5.6131 1.2493 31.171 0.4691 0.8044 0.4314

0.544 1372 6.3371 1.1501 19.467 0.4984 1.845 0.2800

0.729 1308 7.3254 1.0436 15.139 0.5358 3.113 0.2284

0.878 1224 8.8784 0.9202 12.559 0.5899 4.975 0.2025

1.000 1132 9.8907 0.8931 11.750 0.6226 5.750 0.2048

Figure 2. Variation of ultrasonic velocity with concentration

Figure 3. Variation of adiabatic compressibility with concentration

0200400600800

1000120014001600

1 2 3 4 5

ultr

ason

ic v

eloc

ity

concentration in M

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 2 3 4 5

adia

batic

com

pres

sebi

lity

concentration


118

Figure 4. Variation of acoustic impedance with concentration

Figure 5. Variation of relaxation time with concentration

Figure 6. Variation of ultrasonic attenuation with concentration

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1 2 3 4 5

acou

stic

impe

danc

e

concentration

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

1 2 3 4 5

rela

xatio

n tim

e

concentration

012345

1 2 3 4 5

ultr

ason

ic a

tten

uatio

n

concentration


119

Table No 12. Comparison of density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity of liquids with different functional group on benzene

Figure 7. The plot of ultrasonic velocity with density of liquids with different functional

group on benzene

Figure 8. Plot showing the variation of ultrasonic velocity with viscosity of solvents

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

ultr

ason

ic v

eloc

ity

Density of the solvent

LIQUIDS Functional group

ULTRASONIC VELOCITY

DENSITY VISCOSITY

Aniline -NH3 1609.9 1015.22 24.623o-cresol OH-CH3 1490.1 1041.62 80.413Nitrobenzene -NO2 1459.1 1193.9 13.613p-cresol OH-CH3 1456.5 1028.42 25.67Benzaldehyde -CHO 1449.7 1068.02 14.74Benzene - 1274.8 869.03 5.6127Chlorobenzene -Cl 1227.9 1098.47 6.637bromobenzene -Br 1110.9 1487.3 9.5705

100011001200130014001500160017001800

0 20 40 60 80 100

ultr

ason

ic v

eloc

ity

viscosity


120

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

From the Table No. 12 and from Figure 7 and Figure 8, it is clear that the functional

group on benzene are playing vital role in the molecular interaction, for that the

ultrasonic velocity and acoustic parameters are different with functional group.

With increase in concentration of p-cresol in ethanol the density and viscosity of the

solution decreases, for that the ultrasonic velocity decreases with the concentration of p-

cresol in ethanol. The variation represented in Table 11 and in Figure 2.

The adiabatic compressibility increases with increase in concentration of p-cresol in

ethanol solution. This was represented in Table 11 and figure 3.

The acoustic impedance decreases with increase in concentration of p-cresol in ethanol

solution. This was represented in Table 11 and figure 4.

The relaxation time decreases with increase in concentration of p-cresol in ethanol


The ultrasonic attenuation decreases with increase in concentration of p-cresol in ethanol



121

REFERENCES

[1].N. Karunanidhi, D. Subramanian and P.Aruna. (1999). Acoustical Parameters of binary

liquid mixtures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 27, 305-307.

[2].Rita Mehra and Rekha Israni. (2000). Application of theoretical models of liquid

mixtures to systems of hexadecane with butanol and hexanol at varying temperatures.

Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 28,279-282.

[3].S.C Bhatt, R.S Rawat and B.S Semwal. (1999). Acoustical investigation on some organic

liquids. Journal of the Acoustical Society of India, 27, 297-300.

[4].V.Lalitha and K.Vijayalakshmi. (2000). Ultrasonic study of molecular interaction in

binary and ternary mixtures of methanol-dioxane-lactic acid. Journal of the Acoustical

Society of India, 28, 317-320.


UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT ON ...1 UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT ON “Velocity of Ultrasonic waves in Pharmaceutical Solutions” (Financial Assistance Ref. No. MRP(S)-043/13-14/KAGU

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