UF UF - - IFAS Nitrogen Fertilization and IFAS Nitrogen Fertilization and Management Recommendations for Fresh Tomato Management Recommendations for Fresh Tomato Production in Florida in the BMP Era Production in Florida in the BMP Era Monica Ozores Monica Ozores - - Hampton, Eric Simonne, Eugene McAvoy Hampton, Eric Simonne, Eugene McAvoy, Phil Stansly Phil Stansly , , Sanjay Shukla, Pam Roberts, Fritz Roka, Sanjay Shukla, Pam Roberts, Fritz Roka, Kent Cushman, Morgan Kelly, Darrin Parmenter, Phyllis Kent Cushman, Morgan Kelly, Darrin Parmenter, Phyllis Gilreath and Gilreath and Tom Obreza. Tom Obreza.
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UFUF--IFAS Nitrogen Fertilization and IFAS Nitrogen Fertilization and Management Recommendations for Fresh Tomato Management Recommendations for Fresh Tomato
Production in Florida in the BMP EraProduction in Florida in the BMP Era
Monica OzoresMonica Ozores--Hampton, Eric Simonne, Eugene McAvoyHampton, Eric Simonne, Eugene McAvoy, Phil StanslyPhil Stansly, , Sanjay Shukla, Pam Roberts, Fritz Roka, Sanjay Shukla, Pam Roberts, Fritz Roka, Kent Cushman, Morgan Kelly, Darrin Parmenter, Phyllis Kent Cushman, Morgan Kelly, Darrin Parmenter, Phyllis
Gilreath and Gilreath and Tom Obreza.Tom Obreza.
ObjectivesObjectivesEstablish partnerships with selected southwest Florida Establish partnerships with selected southwest Florida
vegetable growers to evaluate the effects of N nutrient vegetable growers to evaluate the effects of N nutrient applications under commercial growing conditions;applications under commercial growing conditions;
Evaluate the effect of selected N application rates on Evaluate the effect of selected N application rates on plant growth, disease incidences, and production;plant growth, disease incidences, and production;
Determine the optimal N rate for tomato production Determine the optimal N rate for tomato production and evaluate the cost effectiveness of selected N and evaluate the cost effectiveness of selected N application rates;application rates;
Propose, if needed, a change in N recommendation to Propose, if needed, a change in N recommendation to PNOCPNOC
Develop an Extension plan to demonstrate the Develop an Extension plan to demonstrate the updated N recommended rate and facilitate the updated N recommended rate and facilitate the adoption of nutrient BMPs by the industry.adoption of nutrient BMPs by the industry.
Experiment LocationsExperiment Locations
*
Experiment Experiment LocationsLocations
*
Nitrogen RatesNitrogen RatesTrial
numberFarm Season Irrigation type N rate
(lb/acre)zPlot size (acres)
2005-061 1 Fall
Sep 19Seepage 200 to 275
200+C0.17 (CRD)
2 2 FallSept 15
Seepage 200 and 260 5 (CRD)
3 5 FallOct 5
Drip 200 and 300 17
4 2 WinterNov 17
Seepage 200 and 260 3 (CRD)
4 5 WinterNov 14
Drip 200 and 300 25
6 5 WinterNov 18
Seepage 200 and 330 1.5(CRD)
7 3 SpringJan 4
Seepage 200 and 320 0.83(CRD)
8 4 SpringFeb 22
Seepage 20 to 420 20’(CRD)
9 2 SpringFeb 17
Seepage 200 and 260 3 (CRD)
Seepage Experiments
2-12 plots per treatment with 3 reps10 plants per plot
Sap Nitrate- NO3- K
Wells-Water Tables
Suction Lysimeter
Soil Sampling NO3-P-K
At hot band and center of
the bed
Moisture
Data logger/PC-400
Three Harvest 5/6, 6/6, 6/7 and culls
By-weekly report to growers and IFAS
Final report to growers and IFAS
Fall SeasonAug – Oct 15
Field HistoryField History
Irrigation SeepagePlot size 5 acresPlanting Date 9/15/2005 (Fall)Bed wide 32'Fumigation M.B 150/acre (98:2)Linear ft per acre 7,260Plant population 4,373Bed Heigth 8 inPlant Spacing 20 inRow run North to SouthMonitoring Wells 6Planting-3er Harvest18.5 weeks
1st 15-Dec-052nd 5-Jan-063rd 19-Jan-064th 2-Feb-06
N Rates (lb/acre) 200 to 275 plus CIFAS rate (top mix) 1,300 lb/a (12-0-26)Irrigation SeepagePlot size 0.15 acrePlanting Date 19-Sep-05Cell Size 242Fumigation Methyl BromideLinear ft per acre 7,260Plant population 4,840Bed Heigth 8 inPlant Spacing 18 inRow run North - SouthMonitoring Wells 12Harvest Date
1st 10-Jan-062nd 26-Jan-063rd 7-Feb-06
Irrigation DripPlot size (acres) 17Plant Date 10/5/2005 (Fall)Linear ft per acre 7,260Fumigation M.BPlant polpulation 4,356Bed Heigth 8 inPlant Spacing 24 inRow run North to SouthMonitoring Wells 2Planting to 3er Ha 19 weeks
1st 11-Jan-062nd 30-Jan-063rd 15-Feb-06
Farm # 1
Farm # 2
Farm # 5
Farm # 1Seep
IrrigationFall, 2005
200 lb/NFarm # 2
Seep Irrigation Fall, 2005
Farm # 5Drip
Irrigation Fall, 2005
Plant Biomass (30 days after planting)
05
1015202530
232 232+C 275 305
Treatment
Bio
mas
s (g
)
30
Plant Biomass
Farm # 1
Tomato Biomass
40
41
42
43
44
45
30
Days after planting
Dry
wei
ght (
g)
308
368
Farm # 2
Nitrogen Sap
0
500
1000
1500
2000
10/12/05
10/27/05
11/11/05
11/26/05
12/11/05
12/26/051/10/06
1/25/062/9/06
Date
NO
3 (p
pm)
232 + Compost 275 305 232 IFAS
Fertilizer Nov 2 15-0-26 (32 lb/a)
Hurricane First Harvest
Nitrogen Sap
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
10/12/05
10/26/05
11/9/05
11/23/05
12/7/05
12/21/05
1/4/06
1/18/06
2/1/06
Date
NO
3 (p
pm)
368 308 IFAS
Hurricane
Fertilizer Nov. 857 N lb/a (15-0-26) Fertilizer Dec. 2
56 N lb/a (15-0-26)
First Harvest
N-Sap
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
10/26/0511/2/05
11/9/05
11/16/05
11/23/05
11/30/0512/7/05
12/14/05
12/21/05
12/28/051/4/06
1/11/061/18/06
1/25/062/1/06
2/8/062/15/06
Date
N03
(ppm
)
260 345 IFAS
Hurricane First Harvest
Farm # 1
Farm # 2
Farm # 5
Nitrogen SAP
Potassium Sap
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
10/12/05
10/27/05
11/11/05
11/26/05
12/11/05
12/26/051/10/06
1/25/062/9/06
Date
K (p
pm)
232 232 + Compost 275 305 IFAS
Hurricane Fertilizer Nov 2 15-0-26 (32 lb/a)
Potassium Sap
1,0002,000
3,0004,000
5,0006,000
7,000
10/12/0510/26/05
11/9/0511/23/05
12/7/0512/21/05
1/4/061/18/06
2/1/06
Date
K (p
pm)
368 308 IFAS
Hurricane Fertilizer Nov. 857 N lb/a (15-0-26) Fertilizer Dec. 2
56 N lb/a (15-0-26)
K Sap
01000200030004000500060007000
10/26/0511/2/05
11/9/0511/16/05
11/23/05
11/30/0512/7/05
12/14/05
12/21/05
12/28/051/4/06
1/11/061/18/06
1/25/062/1/06
2/8/062/15/06
Date
K (p
pm)
260 345 IFAS
Hurricane
Farm # 1
Farm # 2
Farm # 5
Potassium SAP
Water Tables
58
1114172023
10/12
/0510
/27/05
11/11
/0511
/26/05
12/11
/0512
/26/05
1/10/0
6
1/25/0
6
2/9/06
Date
Wat
er le
vel
(inch
es)
232 232+compost 275 305
Farm # 1
Water Tables
Water Tables
0
10
20
30
10/12
/05
10/26
/05
11/9/
05
11/23
/05
12/7/
05
12/21
/051/4
/06
1/18/0
62/1
/06
Date
Wat
er le
vel (
inch
es)
308368
Hurricane
Water Tables
05
10152025303540
10/12
/05
10/26
/05
11/9/
05
11/23
/05
12/7/
05
12/21
/051/4
/06
1/18/0
62/1
/06
2/15/0
6
Date
Wat
er le
vel (
inch
es)
260345
HurricaneFarm # 5
Tensimeter
0
2
4
6
8
10/19
/2005
11/2/
2005
11/16
/2005
11/30
/2005
12/14
/2005
12/28
/2005
1/11/2
006
1/25/2
006
2/8/20
06
Date
Pres
sure
(kP
a)
308368
HurricaneFarm # 2
Soil Solution-NO3
050
100150200250
10/12/05
10/19/05
10/26/0511/2/05
11/9/05
11/16/05
11/23/05
11/30/0512/7/05
12/14/05
12/21/05
12/28/051/4/06
1/11/061/18/06
1/25/062/1/06
2/8/062/15/06
Date
N03
(ppm
)
260 345
Soil Solution-K
020406080
100120140
10/12/0510/19/05
10/26/0511/2/05
11/9/0511/16/05
11/23/0511/30/05
12/7/0512/14/05
12/21/0512/28/05
1/4/061/11/06
1/18/061/25/06
2/1/062/8/06
2/15/06
Date
K (p
pm)
260 345
Soil SolutionFarm # 5
Farm # 5
First Harvest (January 10, 2006)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls TOTAL
Tomato size
Yie
ld (b
oxes
/acr
es)
232232+C275305
First Harvest (December 15, 2005)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
es)
368308
First Harvest (January 11, 2006)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (B
oxes
/acr
es)
345
260
Farm # 1
Farm # 2
Farm # 5
First Harvest
☺
5% level of significance10% level of significance
☺ 25% level of significance
Third Harvest (February 15, 2006)
050
100150200250300350400
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
e)345260
Third Harvest (February 7, 2006)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls TOTAL
Tomato size
Yiel
d (B
oxes
/acr
es)
232
232+C
275
305
Third Harvest (January 19, 2006)
050
100150200250300350400450
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
es)
368308
Farm # 1
Farm # 2
Farm # 5
☺
☺☺
☺
☺
☺ ☺
Third Harvest
5% level of significance10% level of significance
☺ 25% level of significance
Total Harvest
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiek
ld (B
oxes
/acr
e)
345260
Total Harvest
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato Size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
e)
232
232+C
275305
Farm # 1
Farm # 5
Total Harvest
Total Harvest
0
500
1000
1500
2000
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
es)
368
308
Farm # 2
☺
☺ ☺
☺
☺
5% level of significance10% level of significance
☺ 25% level of significance
Farm # 1
Fusarium
Crown Root
Fusarium Crown Root
0
2
4
6
8
10
Jan 4, 2006 Jan 10, 2006 Jan 26, 2006 Feb 2, 2006
Date
Dis
ease
s Pl
ants
/plo
t
232
232+C
275
305
Farm # 1
Winter SeasonOct 15 – Dec 1
Field HistoryField History
Irrigation DripPlot size (acres) 16 (Grower)/15 (BMP)Plant Date 14-Nov-05Fumigation M.BLinear ft per acre 7,260Plant polpulation 4,356Bed Heigth 8 inPlant Spacing 24 inRow run North to SouthMonitoring Wells 2Planting to 3er Ha19 weeks
1st Feb-28-20062nd Mar-13-20063rd Mar-27-2006
N Rates (lb/acre) 200 & 260IFAS rate (top mix) 1,500 lb/a (11-0-26)Irrigation SeepagePlot size 5 acresPlanting Date Nov/17/2006Cell Size 200Fumigation M.B 150/acre (98:2)Linear ft per acre 7,260Bed Heigth 8 inPlant Spacing 20 inRow run North to SouthMonitoring Wells 6Harvest Date
1st 2-Mar-062nd 20-Mar-063rd 3-Apr-06
Irrigation SeepagePlot size (acres) 1.5Plant Date 18-Nov-05Fumigation M.BLinear ft per acre 7,260Plant polpulation 3,630Bed Heigth 8 inPlant Spacing 24 inRow run North to SouthMonitoring Wells 2Planting to 3er Harvest 19 weeks
1st 3-Mar-062nd 14-Mar-063rd 28-Mar-06
Farm # 2
Farm # 5
Farm # 5
Farm # 2Seepage Irrigation
Winter, 2005
Farm # 5Drip Irrigation Winter, 2005
Farm # 5Seepage IrrigationWinter, 2005
Tomato Biomass
0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.0
30
Days after transplant
Dry
wei
ght (
g)
255
195
Tomato Biomass
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
30D ays af t er T ransp lant
200
300
Plant Biomass
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
30
Days after Transplant
Bio
mas
s (g
)
200
330
Plant Biomass
Farm # 2Seepage
Farm # 5Drip
Farm # 5Seepage
200 lb N/acre300 lb N/acre
Nitrogen Sap
0200400600800
1,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,000
12/13/2005
12/27/2005
1/10/2006
1/24/2006
2/7/2006
2/21/2006
3/7/2006
3/21/2006
4/4/2006
Date
NO
3 (p
pm)
IFAS 260 200
First Harvest
N-Sap
0500
1,0001,5002,000
12/14/2005
12/21/2005
12/28/20051/4/2006
1/11/2006
1/18/2006
1/25/20062/1/2006
2/8/2006
2/15/2006
2/22/20063/1/2006
3/8/2006
3/15/2006
3/22/2006
3/29/2006
Date
N03
(ppm
)
200 300 IFAS
First Harvest
N-Sap
0500
100015002000
12/16/2005
12/30/20051/13/2006
1/27/2006
2/10/2006
2/24/2006
3/10/2006
3/24/2006
Date
N03
(ppm
)
IFAS 200 330
First Harvest
Farm # 5Drip
Farm # 5Seepage
Farm # 2Seepage
Nitrogen SAP
Potassium Sap
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
12/13/2005
12/27/2005
1/10/2006
1/24/20062/7/2006
2/21/20063/7/2006
3/21/20064/4/2006
Date
K (p
pm)
IFAS 260 200
K Sap
01000200030004000500060007000
12/16/2005
12/30/2005
1/13/2006
1/27/2006
2/10/2006
2/24/2006
3/10/2006
3/24/2006
Date
K (p
pm)
IFAS 200 330
Potassium SAPFarm # 2Seepage
Farm # 5Drip
Farm # 5Seepage
K Sap
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000
12/14/2005
12/21/2005
12/28/2005
1/4/2006
1/11/2006
1/18/2006
1/25/2006
2/1/2006
2/8/2006
2/15/2006
2/22/2006
3/1/2006
3/8/2006
3/15/2006
3/22/2006
3/29/2006
Date
K (p
pm)
200 300 IFAS
Hurricane Farm # 5 Drip
Water Tables
05
1015202530
12/14
/05
12/21
/05
12/28
/051/4
/06
1/11/0
6
1/18/0
6
1/25/0
62/1
/062/8
/06
2/15/0
6
2/22/0
63/1
/063/8
/06
3/15/0
6
3/22/0
6
3/29/0
6
Date
Wat
er le
vel (
inch
es)
200300
Hurricane
Water Tables
151617181920
12/13
/2005
12/20
/2005
1/3/20
06
1/17/2
006
1/31/2
006
2/15/2
006
3/1/20
06
3/15/2
006
4/3/20
06
Date
Wat
er le
vel (
inch
es)
200260
Water Tables
05
1015202530
12/16
/2005
12/30
/2005
1/13/2
006
1/27/2
006
2/10/2
006
2/24/2
006
3/10/2
006
3/24/2
006
4/7/20
06
Date
Wat
er le
vel (
inch
es)
200330
Farm # 5Drip
Farm # 5Seepage
Tensimeter
0
2
4
6
8
12/13
/2005
12/20
/2005
1/3/20
06
1/17/2
006
1/31/2
006
2/15/2
006
3/1/20
06
3/15/2
006
4/3/20
06
Date
Pres
sure
(PS
I)
200260
Farm # 2Seepage
Water Tables
First Harvest (March 2, 2006)
0
200400
600800
1,0001,200
1,400
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
e)
260
200
First Harvest (February 28, 2006)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Date
Yiel
d (B
oxes
/acr
e)
300
200
First Harvest (March 3, 2006)
0100200300400500600700800
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
e)
330200
Farm # 2Seepage
Farm # 5Drip
Farm # 5Seepage
First Harvest
5% level of significance10% level of significance
☺ 25% level of significance
☺☺
☺
☺
Third Harvest (March 27, 2006)
0
100
200
300
400
500
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiek
ld (B
oxes
/acr
e)
300
200
Third Harvest (April 3, 2006)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (lb
/plo
t)
260
200
Third Harvest (March 28, 2006)
0100200300400500600700800900
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
e)
330200
Third HarvestFarm # 2Seepage
Farm # 5Drip
Farm # 5Seepage
☺☺
☺
☺ ☺
☺☺
5% level of significance10% level of significance
☺ 25% level of significance
Total Harvest
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yie
kld
(Box
es/a
cre)
300200
Total Harvest
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
e)
260
200
Total Harvest
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
e)
330200
Farm # 2Seepage
Farm # 5Seepage
Farm # 5Drip
☺
☺ ☺
☺
Total Harvest
5% level of significance10% level of significance
☺ 25% level of significance
Spring SeasonDec 1 – Feb 1
Farm # 3Seepage Irrigation
Farm #2Seepage Irrigation
Farm #4Seepage Irrigation20 to 420 lb/acre
Nitrogen Sap
0
500
1,000
1,500
1/26/062/9/06
2/23/063/9/06
3/23/064/6/06
4/20/065/4/06
5/18/06
Date
NO
3 (p
pm)
320 200 IFAS
Farm # 3Seepage
Sap Testing
Potassium Sap
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,000
1/26/062/9/06
2/23/063/9/06
3/23/064/6/06
4/20/065/4/06
5/18/06
Date
K (p
pm)
320 200 IFAS
Farm # 3Seepage
Soil-solution-N03
050
100150200250300
1/19/061/26/06
2/2/062/9/06
2/16/062/23/06
3/2/063/9/06
3/16/063/23/06
3/30/064/6/06
4/13/064/20/06
4/27/065/4/06
5/11/065/18/06
Date
NO
3 (p
pm)
320 200
Soil SolutionFarm # 3Seepage
Soil Solution-K
050
100150200250300350
1/26/062/9/06
2/23/063/9/06
3/23/064/6/06
4/20/065/4/06
5/18/06
Date
K (p
pm)
320 200
Farm # 3Seepage
First Harvest (April 14, 2006)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
es)
320200
Third Harvest (May 18, 2006)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
es)
320
200
Total Harvest
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5/6 6/6 6/7 Culls Total
Tomato size
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
e)
320200
Harvests
Farm #3
5% level of significance10% level of significance
☺ 25% level of significance
☺☺☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺☺
☺
☺
1 ½ monthsFarm # 4
20 60 120
300240160
320-G 360 420
2 monthsFarm # 4
2 ½ monthsFarm # 4
5/17/06
3 monthsFarm # 4
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
0 150 300 450 600 750N rate (lb/acre)
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
e)Csizinszky et al., 1998
Csizinszky et al., 1988
Csizinszky et al., 1988
Clark et al., 1989
Clark et al., 1989
Clark et al., 1989
Hochmuth et al., 1989
Hochmuth et al., 1989
Hochmuth et al., 1989
Schuler et al., 1989
Schuler et al., 1991
Schuler et al., 1992
Rhoads et al., 1996
Rhoads et al., 1996
Loscascio et al., 1996
Rhoads et al., 1999
Rhoads et al., 1999
Tomato Yields Season 2005-06
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
0 100 200 300 400
N Rate (lb/acre)
Yiel
ds (b
oxes
/acr
e)
Yields
Tomato Yields Season 2004-05
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
0 100 200 300 400 500
N Rates (Lb/acres)
Yiel
d (b
oxes
/acr
e)
Yields
Tomato Yields Season 2004-06
0500
1,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,000
0 100 200 300 400 500
N Rate (lb/acre)
Yiel
ds (b
oxes
/acr
e)
Yields
Monica OzoresMonica Ozores--HamptonHampton
[email protected]@ifas.ufl.edu
Website: Website: http://swfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/bmp/vegetablehttp://swfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/bmp/vegetable
200 lb/N
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