TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY. FOLLOWING ARE THE MAJOR TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS THAT IS BEING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY

FOLLOWING ARE THE MAJOR TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS THAT IS BEING USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

STAGE TYPE OF WORK

MACHINERIES

PRELIMENARY SITEDEVELOPMENTFOUNDATIONSUPER STRUCTUREWATERBODIES MANAGEMENT,FINISHINGTUNNELINING CANALS TUNNELING CANALSROAD MAKING,ASPHALTING

EARTH MOVINGEXCAVATING , GRABBING ,CLEARANCESHORT TRANSPORTATION OF SOILLONG RANSPORTATIONCOMPACTING, EXCAVATING LOADING DIGGINGDEWATERINGROCK BREAKINGCONCREATINGMATERIAL HANDLINGPLASTERINGSTONE CUTTINGDRILLING, DIGGINGEARTH MOVING CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENTSURFACE FINISHING

DOZERS TRACK OR WHEELEDSCRAPPERSDUMPERS , TIPPERS HEAVY ROLERS SHEEP FOOT ROLLERSVIBRATING ROLLERSCOMPACTING MACHINEPUMPS POWE HAMMERS COMPOSITE MACHINESPNEUMATIC TOOLSMIXERS,CONVAYOR BELTS,AGITATORS,VIBRATORSTOWER CRANES,MOBILE CRANESPLASTERING MACHINESPOWER SAWSAIR COMPRESSORS,EXCAVATORS, BACK HOE,MOTER GRADERS, PAVERSHOT MIXER PLANT

DOZER TRACK

SCRAPER

DUMPER

TIPPER

HEAVY ROLLER SHEEP FOOT ROLLER

VIBRATING ROLLER

POWER HAMMER

PNEUMATIC TOOLS

MIXER , CONVEYOR BELT

CONVEYOR BELT

PRIMARY EARTH EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT S ARE THE TRACTOR MOUNTED EXCAVATORS .IT OPERATES ON STATIONARY MOOD .THEY DUMP EXCAVATED MATERIALS ON THE SIDES OR DIRECTILY INTO THE WAITING TIPPERS /DUMP TRACK THEY GRADUALLY MOVE THE POSITION

AS THE WORK PROGRESS 

FACE SHAVELS IT OPERATES FROM A FLAT

SURFACE,PRODUCING UPWORD DIGGING ACTION ,EXCAVATING AND FILLING THE BUCKET AS IT CLIMBES.AFTER THE BUCKET FILLED ITS UPPER PART SWING S TO THE DUMPING POSITION WHER THE BUCKET EMPTIED IN A WAITING TRUCK. THERE AFTER IT RETURNS TO ITS ORIGINAL POSITION AND STARTS THE NEXT CYCLE OF EXCAVATION . BUCKET CAPACITY VARIES FROM 0.3M3 TO 3.25M3 AND ITS CUTTING LENGTH VARIES FROM 7M TO 10.5M

FACE SHOVEL

BACK HOE OR EXCAVATORS IT IS PRIMARILY USED FOR EXCAVATING

BELOW ITS TRACK LEVELS BACK HOE ARE GENERALLY TRACK MOUNTED BUT SMALL CAPACITY EQUIPMENT HAVE WHEEL MOUNTED TO ADD TO THEIR MOBILITY

BUCKETS HAVING STRUCK CAPACITY 0.38 M3 TO 3.25M3 CAPABILITY OF DIGGING DEPTH FROM 5M TO 9.5 M .

BACK HOE

EARTH EXCAVATING AND FITTING EQUIPMENT

TYPE OF EQUIPMENT

FEATURE BUCKET STRUCK CAPACITY

1. FACE SHOVEL MAXIMUM CUTTINGHt(M)

IDEAL OUTPUT /Hr(LOOSE , EASY DIGGING)

7.0 7.0 7.0 7.5 8.5 10.

60

90 120 180 220 300

2. BACK HOE OR EXCAVATER

MAXIMUM DIGGING DEPTH (M)

IDEAL OUTPUT / HR

5.0

6.5 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.0

48

72 96 144 176 240

BUCKET SIZE 0.38 0.57 0.76 1.14 1.53 2.30

ENGINE HP 50 75 100 130 160 200

OUTPUT PLANNING DATAPLANNED OUTPUT = IDEAL OUTPUT *

CORRECTION FACTOR * PERFORMANCE FACTOR

IDEAL OUTPUT = BUCKET OUTPUT/CYCLE* NO OF CYCLES/HR

BUCKET OUTPUT /CYCLE = BUCKET STRUCK CAPACITY

NO OF CYCLES = 60/EACH CYCLE TIME IN MIN

CORRECTION FACTOROUTPUT ADJUSTMENT FACTOR FOR SECONDARY TASK

EQUIPMENT

NATURE OF SECONDARY TASK

TASK n

SHOVEL MOVEMENT FROM EXCAVATING PLACE TO MALVADING PLACE

TASK n

1.WITHIN VICINITY 1.0

2. LITTLE MOVEMENT

0.6 TO 0.9

3. APPRECIABLE MOVEMENT

0.4 TO 0.6

BACK HOE TRENCHING1. EQUAL TO BUCKET WIDTH

1.0

2. MORE THAN BUCKET WIDTH

0.7 TO 0.9

CORRECTION FACTOR EQUIPMENT FACTOR

MULTIPLIES FACE SHOVEL

1.00

BACK HOE 0.80

SOIL DIGGING FACTOR DIGGING

EFFORTFACTOR MULTIPLIES

EASY DIGGING 1.00

MEDIUM DIGGING

0.85

SWING FACTOR ANGLE OF SWING

45

60

75 90 120 150 180

FACTOR VALUE 1.2 1.16 1.07 1.0 0.88 0.79 0.71

LOAD CASTING FACTOR

METHOD OF CASTING

FACTOR MULTIPLIES

OPEN AREA RESTRICTED AREA

SIDE CASTING

1.0 0.8

LOADING IN VEHICLE

0.8 0.6

EXAMPLEESTIMATE THE HOURLY PRODUCTION IN BULK

VOL (CCM) OF A BACK HOE WITH BUCKET CAPACITY OF 0.96cum EMPLOYED ON EXCAVATION OF A FOUNDATIN FOUR METRES DEEP IN HARD DIGGING SOIL . THE EXCAVATED EARTH IS TO BE LOADED IN WAILING DUMP TRACKS PLACED AT A SWING ANGLE OF 75 . THE EXPECTED PERFORMANCE IS 83%

IDEAL OUTPUT ASSUMED – 150 CUBIC M/HR BACKHOE OUTPUT USING EQUIPMT

CONVERSION = A* 0.8

CORRECTION FACTORSOIL FACTOR FOR HARD DIGGING - 0.67FOOD FACTOR FOR LOADING INTO VEHICLE -

0.87SWING FACTOR FOR 75 - 1.05CORRECTION FACTOR = 0.67*0.87*1.05 = 0.56PERFORMANCY n = 0.83HENCE EXPECTED OUTPUT = IDEAL OUTPUT * CORRECTION FACTOR *

PERFORMANCE n = 150*0.8*0.56*0.83 = 56 cubm/hr

HAULING EQUIPMENTREAR DUMPER TIPPER AND REAR DUMPER

TRICULOR AS HIGH WAY HAULINGGENERALLY FRONT END LOADERS AND

EXCAVATORS ARE USED TO LOAD TIPPERS AND DUMPERS

THE NO OF HAULAGE VEHICLE REQUIRED = 1 + CYCLE TIME / TRIP OF

VEHICLE/LOAD FILLING TIME OF VEHICLE

HAULING EQUIPMENT

PROBLEMCONSTRUCTION OF A MILITARY HELIPAD AT AN

ATTITUDE OF 2400 m INVOLVES 80,000 CUBM (LOOSE) OF AREA EXCAVATION OF SOFT SOIL . THE TASK IS TO BE COMPLETED IN 200 WORKING HRS . THE COMPANY ENTRUSTED WITH THE EXECUTION OF THE TASK HAS TOO DOZER EACH WITH AN OUTPUT OF 220CUBM/HR UNDER JOB CONDITION.

IT ALSO HOLDS WHEELAND 22 CUBM DUMP TRUCKS ONE LOADER CAN LOAD IN TRUCKS BOUT 120CUBM OF EXCAVATED SOIL/Hr

THE DUMP TRUCK CYCLE TIME FOR DISPOSED OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS IN 35 MINUTES .

THIS INCLUDES 7 MINUTES OF LOADING TIME BY A LOADER TEAM CONSISTING OF 2 LOADERS

ESTIMATE THE OUTPUT OF FRONT END LOADER FOR LOADING EXCAVATED SOIL HEAP INTO DUMP TRUCKS AND DETERMINE APPROXIMATELY THE NO OF DOZERS , LOADERS AND DUMPERS REQUIRED TO COMPLTE THE TASK ON TIME

ATTITUDE AT HEIGHT OF 2400 cmTHE SOIL REQUIRED FOR HELIPAD IS 80888 CUBcmTIME PERIOD OF COMPLETION – 200 HRS MACHINERIES USED DOZERS - 2NOSOUTPUT OF EACH DOZER IS 220CUBM/HRALSO WHEEL LOADER MACHINE IS USED CAPACITY OF EACH BUCKET IS 22CUBMWHEEL LOADER OUTPUT/HR – 120CUBM/HREACH CYCLE TIME OF DUMP TRUCK – 35 MINTIME OF FRONT END LOADER ?NO OF DOERS , LOADERS ,DUMPER?

NOWOUTPUT/HR OF EACH DOZER 220CUBM/HRTOTAL WORKING HR OF EACH DOZER – 200OUTPUT = 220 * 200 = 44000 CUBMEXCAVATION QUANTITY = 80000CUBMNO OF DOZERS = 80000/44000 = 1.8i.e 2 DOZER

LOADERS REQUIRED = EXCAVATION /HR BY DOZERS/ LOADER OUTPUT /HR

= NO OF DOZERS*DOZEROUTPUT/HR

LOADER OUTPUT /HR = 2*220/120 = 4 LOADERS1 DOZER = 2 LOADER (1 TEAM) 2 TEAMS

DUMPERS REQUIRED FOR EACH LOAD OF TEAM = 1 + DUMPER CYCLE TIME

LOADING TIME = 1+ 35/7 = 1+5 = 6TOTAL DUMPERS REQUIRED = 6*2 = 12

LOADERFRONT END WHEEL LOADER ARE

GENERALLY AVAILABLE AND THEY ARE EQUIPPED WITH A FRONT MOUNTED GENERAL PURPOSE BUCKET EACH TRANSPORTER FOR SHORT DISTANCE

IT IS AVAILABLE AS WHEEL MOUNTED AND TRACK MOUNTED

IT CAN SPREAD AND COMPACT THE FILLING MATERIAL

OUTPUT DATA THE OUTPUT DEPENDS UPON THE SIZE OF

BUCKET AND HP OF ENGINEBUCKET CAPACITY ARE SPECIFIED BY THE

MANUFACTURER EITHER IN TERMS OF HEAPED CAPACITY OR STRUCK CAPACITY

PLANNING IN MODE ON LOOSE SOIL STRUCK CAPACITY OF THE BUCKET

HEAPED CAPACITY IS CONVERTED TO STRUCK CAPACITY

BUCKET CAPACITY = BUCKET HEAPED CAPACITY * FILL FACTOR

FILL FACTOR NATURE OF SOIL BUCKET FILL

FACTOR

COMMON EARTH

0.95

SAND AND GRAVEL 0.95

HARD CLAY 0.80

BLASTED ROCK 0.70

BULL DOZERIT IS ONE OF THE HEAVY EARTH MOVING

MACHINERY USED FOR , IT COME UNDER EARTH CUTTING AND HAULING EQUIP.

1.DITCHING2.GRUBBING3.STUMPING4.PIONEERING5.STRIPPING6.MOVING AND LEVELLING

BULL DOZERIT IS TO CUT AND SHIFT EARTH FROM ONE PLACE

TO OTHER . THEY ARE AVAILABLE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLADES

IT IS A VERSATILE MACHINEBULL DOZER IS USED TO MOVE EARTH UPTO

100m EXCAVATING TO A SHALLOW DEPTH OF 200m AT A TIME

OTHER TYPES OF EARTH CUTTING AND HAULING EQUIP

1.FRONT END LOADER2.TOWED SCRAPER3.MOTORISED SCRAPER

BULL DOZER

IT COMES UNDER DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLADES(4NO)

“S” BLADE STRAIGHT USED FOR FORWARD PUSHING OF EARTH

“U” BLADE IT HAS LARGE CAPACITY AND IS USED FOR PUSHING LOOSE MATERIAL

ANGLE “A” BLADE FOR PUSHING SOIL TO ONE SIDE , IT IS REQUIRED IN HILL ROAD FORMATION CUTTING

“P” BLADE FOR PUSH LOADING A SCRAPPER

BULL DOZER OUTPUTDOZER OPTIMUM OUTPUT =

DOZER IDEAL OUTPUT * CORRECTION FACTOR

DOZER PLANNING DATA =

DOZER OPTIMUM OUTPUT * PERFORMANCE FACTORS

NOW CORRECTION FACTORS DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS

1 . BLADE FACTOR S 1.00

A

0.75

U 1.25

2. TRANSMISSION FACTOR - 80% OF IDEAL OUTPUT

3.GRADE FACTOR - AS PER SLOPE FOR PLANNING PURPOSE IT CAN BE TAKEN

AS

4. SOIL FACTOR

DOWN HILL +2.5 * GRADE %

UP HILL -2 * GRADE %

DIGGING EFFORT

NATURE OF SOIL

SOIL FACTOR

EASY DIG SAND,GRAVEL 1.0

MEDIUM DIG COMMON EARTH IN NATURAL STATE

0.85

HARD DIG HARD STUFF CLAY , SOFT ROCK

0.67

5.SWING FACTOR IN PLACE (OR BANK) VOLUME = BULK VOL SWELL FACTOR

FLY WHEEL HP

ONE WAY HAUL DISTANCE IN METRES

15M 30M 45M 60M

60 -75 220 115 78 73

75 - 125 375 195 132 123

125 - 200 514 266 180 169

200 275 705 350 246 229

EXAMPLEDETERMINE THE OUTPUT OF A BULL DOZER

HAVING 215 HP ENGINE FILLED WITH A GRADE RATEDCAPACITY 4.40CUBM

THE DOZER IS EMPLOYED FOR EXCAVATING A HARD CLAYED AREA WITH AVERAGE HAULAGE OF 50M ON A GROUND WITH DOWN SLOPE OF 10% .IT HAS A DIRECT DRIVE TRANSMISSION AND ITS EXPECTED PERFORMANCE IN 50MIN/HR

SOLUTION OUTPUT/HR = IDEAL

OUTPUT/HR*CORRECTION FACTOR * PERFORMANCE FACTOR

1. IDEAL OUTPUT/HR FOR 50M HAULAGE OF 215 HP DOZER WITH “S” BLADE OF CAPACITY 4.4CUBM = 200CUBM/HR

2. CORRECTION FACTOR APPLICABLE SOIL FACTOR FOR HARD DIGGING= 0.67 BLADE FACTOR FOR “A”BLADE = 0.65GRADE FACTOR FOR 10% DOWN GRADE ASSISTANCE = 1+

2.5 * 10% = 1.25TRANSMISSION FACTOR FOR DIRECT DRIVE – 0.8SWELLING FACTOR OF CLAYED SOIL – 1.3 LOOSE VOL BANK VOL = 1/1.3CORRECTION FACTOR = 0.67*0.65*1.25*0.8*0.4355*1/1.3=

0.335PERFORMANCE FACTOR FOR 50MIN/HR = 0.83 OUTPUT = 200 *0.83*0.335 = 55.61CUBM/HR

COMPACTING EQUIPMENTTYPES OF COMPACTING EQUIPMENT –

SMOOTH DRUM VIBRATION , PADDED , DUAL DRUM ASPHALT

NOW PRODUCTION OF SPREADING EQUIPMENT

TIME FOR COMPLETING JOB: NO OF PASSES *DISTANCE IN Km AVG SPEED IN Km/Hr * n FACTOR

COMPACTING EQUIPMENT

EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION DEPENDS ON THE COMPACTED THICKNESS OF MATERIAL

AVERAGE SPEEDFLY WHEEL POWERWEIGHT OF OPERATINGFREQUENCY OF VIBRATION

COMPACTED SOIL /SUB BASE /ASPHALTICCONCRETE IM CUBM/HR

= W*S*L*0.83 P W= EFFECTIVE ROLLING WITH WIDTH OF COMPACTION

(M) S= AVERAGE SPEED OF COMPACTION (M/HR) L = COMPACTED THICKNESS OF THE MATERIAL P= NO OF PASSES REQD TO ACHIEVE DESIRED

COMPACTION ( DEPENDS UPON WEIGHT AND TYPE OF COMPACTIONAND THE REQD DENSITY TO ACHIEVE)

WHILE SELECTING THE ROLLER OR WIDTH IN RELATION TO WIDTH OF THE LAYDOWN LANE TO BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION

NO OF PASSES DEPEND UPON WEIGHT AND TYPE OF THE COMPACTER AND THE REQUIREMENT OF DENSITY TO BE ACHEIVED

CRANES AND HOISTS CRANES ARE HOISTING DEVICES AND THEY

ARE USED FOR LIFTING MATERIAL/ EQUIPMENTS MACHINERY

BASICALLY THEY ARE OF TWO TYPES OF CRANES

1. MOBILE CRANES2.TOWER CRANES

MOBILE CRANES ARE THE BEST MEANS FOR LIFTING AND SHIFTING OF SMALL TO HEAVY LOADS. THEY ARE OF THREE TYPES

1.GRAWLER MOUNTED CRANES 2. SELF PROPELLED RUBBER TYRED

WHEELS CRANE3. TRUCK MOUNTEDTOWER CRANES 1.STATIONARY CRANES 2.TRAVELLING CRANES3.CLIMBING CRANES

MOBILE CRANE TOWER CRANE

ESTIMATING CRANE OUTPUTCAPACITY TO HANDLE LOAD = GRA=OVE

OUTPUT/HR= LOAD/CYCLE* CYCLES/HRTO REFER MACHINERY MANUAL FOR

LOAD/CYCLE AND CYCLES/HR

ACTIVITYHOOKING LOAD AT g. l 1.0MIN

RAISING LOAD FROM g.l TO A HT OR 30m AT 60 m/min

0.5MIN

Slewing through 120deg at 60 deg/min 2.0MIN

TRAVELLING ON RAILS FOR 45 m AT 30m/min 1.5MIN

MOVING TROLLEY AT JIP LEVEL FOR UNLOADING AND POSITIONING BY 15m AT 15m /min

1.0MIN

UNHOOKING LOAD 1.0MIN

LOWERING LOAD BY 5M at 60 TO 100 m/min and resting at THE PROPER PLACE

1.0MIN

RAISING HOOK BY 5 METRES (OVERTAPPING) 0.0MIN

SLEWING ORIGINAL LOADING POSITION 1.0MIN

MOVING TROLLEY AT JIB LEVEL TO OADING POSTN 0.5MIN

TRAVELLING ON RAIL TO ORIGINAL LOADING POSTN 1.5MIN

LOWERING HOOK 0.5MIN

TOTAL CYCLE/TIME 11.0MIN

TOTAL CYCLE / TIME:.n = 44 min/hr AND SHIFTING AT 5 TONS

LOAD IN EACH CYCLE 5 TON LOADS * CYCLES IN ONE HOUR (OF

44 MIN) 44 * 5 11 = 20 TON/HR

METHOD OF COMPUTING OWNING AND OPERATING COST OF AN EQUIPMENTTO GET COST OF EQUP/HR , TO

UNDERSTAND OWNING AND OPERATING COST

EQPT – LOADER : - FLYWHEEL POWER 112HP

PAYLOAD = 2722kg

(A)

COST AT SITE FOR 1.53 CUBM (FOR EARTH)

Rs 1500000 .00

LESS TYRE REPLACEMENT COST Rs. 40000 . 00

LANDED PRICE LESS COST OF TYRES Rs. 1460000 . 00

LESS : RESALE VALUE : Rs . 150 000 . 00

(B) NET VALUE FOR DEPRECIATION : Rs 1310000.00 (C) OWNING COST 1. DEPRECIATION : NET DEPRECIATION VALUE LIFE IN HRS = 1310000.00 = Rs 81.88 HR 16000ASSUMING ANNUAL USE IN HRS = 16000 HRS

®INTEREST @ 12% AND INSURANCE @ 1% LANDED PRICE * % INVESTMENT =

TOTAL ANNUAL RATE ANNUAL USE IN HRS = RS.67,03/HR

REPAIR COSTREPAIR COST TYRES: REPLACEMENT COST = 40000 ESTIMATED LIFE

3200 = Rs 12.50NORMAL REPAIR = 90% OF LANDED COST – TYRE

COST TOTAL HOUR = 0.9 * 1500000 – 40000 = Rs

81.88/hr 16000

SERVICE COSTFUEL – 11Kg /HR * Rs 4 = Rs 44.00/HR (a )Lubricant greace etc - Rs 10.00/HR (b )Total service cost = 44 + 10 = 54.00/HROPERATION SALARY – 80.00 = Rs.10.00/HR 8TOTAL OWNING AND OPERATING COST PER

HOUR = DEPREATION + INTEREST @ 12% AND INSURANCE @ 1% + TYRE REPAIR COST + NORMAL REPAIR COST + TOTAL SERVICE COST + OPERATOR SALARY

= 81.88+ 67.03+12.03+81.88+ 54.00 + 10.00 = Rs 307.29/HR

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