Construction equipments

SARM UNIVERSITYENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

•NAME:SARBSAT AHMED•ID NO:1511310069•TITLE:CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

Loader

Four Basic Types of Loaders• Cable Shovel• Hydraulic Front Shovel (also called hydraulic

excavator)• Backhoe• Front End Loader

Front End Loader

F is the Bucket - note that it is a solid unit.Dumping is achieved byrotation. Can be criticalconsideration in loadingheight

G is Teeth - FELs knownas whimpy diggers - load is spread over a bucket as wide as a machine - May have penetrating V

Digging Motion of FEL

I, J, H, and E are the hingesand hydraulics used for rotating the bucket - They provide limited pry and dig motionC is a one piece arm movedby hydraulic cylinder D - Wide bucket - Rigid Arm - Limited Pry Pivot on bucketLimited Digger

Crowd Motion on an FEL

Crowd Motion is the Tires.The machine drivesforward - Powered by Diesel Engine A

Problem of Tearing upUnderfoot under wetconditions

Hydraulics on armcompetes with propelmotion for power

The Articulated Machine

Front End Loaders arearticulated which givesthem their Y shape loadingpattern

Mobility of FEL makesgreat for cleaning upspills

Hydraulic Front Shovel

Has a two piece bottom dumpbucket - Higher wear from two pieces

- Bottom open eliminates need to pivot to dump - helps loading height - Can get a rock stuck too

Hydraulic bucket opening forgentle loading - can position low over truck and open bucket at a controlled rate

The Machine That Swings

This is a track mounted machinelacks mobility of FEL - Picks up load and pivots to dump into truck Tracks provide for low bearingpressure. Coupled with minimalmovement is much easier onground - especially when wet

Other Machine Properties

Power Supply Can be Diesel or Electric (often Diesel)

Power is converted to hydraulic for most motions including propel

• Hydraulics allow trade off between power and speed at steady engine speed

Very Gradable - Can Pull itself up with boom

The Cable Shovel

Basic Design has changed littefrom the turn of the 1900sSpindly version shown here isstripping shovel. Was neverpopular outside Midwest andnone built since 1969 - had more limited overburden range than dragline - operates on pit bottom so more vulnerable to water - had lower profit margin than draglines.

Cable Digging Technique

Has the limited swing up diggingproblem of the FEL

Dipper (not called a bucket on thismachine) does not pivot

Cable connections avoid major shocktransfers to boom - lets outlive the HE

Crowd produced by either rack andpinion on boom or cable wheels - wheels preserve insulating boom from shock

MOTOR GRADER

EXPLANATION OFMOTOR GRADER

TERMS

To understand motor grader applications we mustfirst understand common terms used to describe themachine and its work area.

1. Toe of moldboard. Leading end — in relation to the direction of travel. Generally the moldboard end closest to the front tires.

2. Heel of moldboard. Trailing end — in relation to

the direction of travel. Generally the moldboard

end closest to the tandem tires.

3. Circle turn. Allows the circle and moldboard to be

rotated 360 degrees to match the moldboard angle to the material or application. Moldboard angle is important: it allows material to roll along the moldboard and increase motor grader productivity. Normally a motor grader moves material across the area being graded, not straight ahead. It requires less horsepower to move material if it rolls across and off the moldboard and is not bulldozed. To accomplish this requires the use of several features at the same time such as the circle turn, drawbar sideshift and moldboard tip.

4. Circle centershift/Drawbar sideshift.

These cylinders allow the circle and drawbar to be sideshifted in relation to the main frame. It allows positioning the moldboard for special applications such as high bank sloping, maximum side reach, and to obtain desired cutting angles for proper material flow off the moldboard. It can also be used to increase visibility to the heel of the moldboard.

5. Moldboard cutting angles. The moldboard is

considered to be at 0 degree angle when it is at a right angle to the main frame. This position would normally be used for bulldozing material straight ahead for short distances.

6. Moldboard sideshift. This arrangement allows

the moldboard to be sideshifted in relation to the circle assembly to increase side reach, to work around stationary objects, and for many other uses.7. Moldboard tip. This is a very important feature:

its proper use will increase machine productivity, increase cutting edge life and could prevent machine damage.

SOME USES OF MOTOR GRADER

Much of today’s motor grader work involves the maintenance, snow clearing, and building county/ township type roads. This includes smoothing, shaping the travel surface, and providing drainage to prevent road deterioration in inclement weather

ROAD CROSS SECTION

The diagram below shows the cross section of a typical road and the terms used to describe each component.

EXCAVATOR

USE OF EXCAVATOR

An excavator uses hydraulics or a wire rope pulley system to dig holes or trenches and is, therefore, often called a digger. Excavators are also called bobcats and backhoes. An excavator has a long boom arm and a cab that is mounted on a pivot. The boom is connected at an elbow to a stick that holds the bucket.The entire vehicle can either be on wheels or on tracks and is commonly used with loaders and bulldozers. Tracked excavators are sometimes known as trackhoes.

SCRAPER

Scraper : General InformationScraper Types• Pusher Loaded• Self-Loading

USE OF SCRAPERTractor-pulled scraper are are designed to load,haul,and and dump loose materials.The advantage of tractors scraper combinations is their versatility

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