HT OrientationRev_4C 2/24/2011 Don Steinbach – AE6PM 1 Two-Way Radio Basics 101 I Got My License, Now What?! - How the pieces fit together. - How to communicate effectively. - How to program your radio. Presented by the Saratoga Amateur Radio Association
Two-Way Radio Basics 101. I Got My License, Now What?! How the pieces fit together. How to communicate effectively. How to program your radio. Presented by the Saratoga Amateur Radio Association. Presentation Topics. Why amateur radio Radio equipment choices Repeaters - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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- How the pieces fit together.- How to communicate effectively.- How to program your radio.
Presented by the Saratoga Amateur Radio Association
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Presentation Topics• Why amateur radio• Radio equipment choices• Repeaters• Communication tips• Nets• Problems & solutions• HT overview• Programming the HT
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Why Amateur Radio?• More capability than FRS, GMRS, MURS or CB
– Many more frequencies and operating modes available.– Better antennas are possible.– Higher power is possible.– High-quality equipment.– Disciplined/professional operators (usually).– Repeaters in place to provide improved coverage.
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Radio Equipment Choices• Fixed or mobile units
– Intended for home or car installation– High power output – to 50 watts or more– Efficient antenna (can be)– Not suited for carrying around
• Handheld transceiver (HT)– Designed to be carried around– Low power output – to 5 watts– Relatively inefficient antenna
• Many models and choices– All compatible with each other
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REPEATERS
• Most of our VHF (2-meter) & UHF (70 cm) communication is via repeaters.
• Repeaters are owned and maintained by clubs or individuals.
• Repeaters are licensed, have their own call letters, comply with FCC regulations, and are the responsibility of a designated trustee.
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Repeater Basics• A Repeater is a special type of transceiver.• “Repeats” signals to extend the range of
handheld and mobile units.– Receives on one frequency while
simultaneously re-transmitting on another.• Usually located in favorable locations with
efficient antennas.• Transmits at many (10-100) times the power of a
handheld radio.• Coverage depends upon the local “radio horizon,”
perhaps 10 to 60 miles operating radius.
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FM Repeater (Line of Sight)
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Repeater Surprises• The repeater might spontaneously identify (it has its own call
letters).– Some use voice, some use Morse code.– Some announce the time on the hour.
• Most repeaters have a timeout timer.– Turns off the transmitter after three minutes (typical)
continuous transmission – an FCC requirement.• Longwinded talkers• Stuck microphone switches• Microphones dropped down between the car seats
– The courtesy tone (beep) indicates that the timer has reset and the transmitter is back in service.
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Repeater Etiquette• Listen on the frequency before transmitting.
– Avoid interfering with a communication already taking place.
• To make it known that you are available for a contact, say “(your call), monitoring”.– e.g., AE6PM …. monitoring.
• Identify yourself when experimenting with the repeater.– Unidentified transmissions are illegal (and annoying).
• During a casual contact, pause occasionally to give someone else a chance to join in.
• To join a conversation, simply say your call letters during a pause.
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COMMUNICATION TIPS
How to sound like a professional.
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Communication Tips• Speak in plain language and use common terminology.
– Don’t use “10 codes” or “Q Signals” during emergencies.
– “Q Signals” are ok in normal communication.– Avoid “10 codes” and TV show lingo.
• Speak in a normal tone of voice.– Shouting only distorts the sound of your voice, it does
nothing to increase the range.– If consistently overmodulating, back away from the
microphone.• Only one person speaks at a time.
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Communication Tips• Use predetermined tactical call signs (emergency comm
only).– Amateur radio operators must identify with their FCC
assigned call sign at the end of a transmission or series of transmissions and at least once every 10 minutes during a transmission.
– No need to say “for ID.” Why else would you identify yourself?
• If someone seems to be in charge (a net control station, for example) listen to them and do what they say.
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Communication Tips• Use common procedural words:
– THIS IS - Identifies who is calling.• Say the other persons call sign first, and then your call
sign.– OVER - Means “I have finished speaking and it’s now your
turn.”– GO AHEAD - Means “I’m ready to copy.”– COPY or ROGER - Means “I received and understand your
communication.”– OUT or CLEAR - Means “I am finished and expect no
reply.”• Always end with your callsign.
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Communication Tips• Do not speak immediately upon pressing the push-to-talk
switch, because the first syllable will probably get “clipped.”– Hesitate for a fraction of a second before speaking.– System may need a fraction of a second to wake up.
• When transmitting a formal (i.e., written) message, say five words at a time and ask for an acknowledgement after each five-word group.
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Communication Tips• Test your radio before separating from your group or
partner.• Never say “we” when you mean “I”or “me.” Some hams do
this, for whatever reason.– Gives an incorrect impression of the number of people
involved in an incident. – Potential waste of rescue resources.
• Use universally accepted (ITU) phonetics whenever possible.– When in doubt, use whatever phonetics come to mind.
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International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Standard Phonetics
A - Alpha J - Juliet S - Sierra
B - Bravo K - Kilo T - Tango
C - Charlie L - Lima U - Uniform
D - Delta M - Mike V - Victor
E - Echo N - November W - Whiskey
F - Foxtrot O - Oscar X - Xray
G - Golf P - Papa Y - Yankee
H - Hotel Q - Quebec Z - Zulu
I - India R - Romeo
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NETS
• Organizing a group of communicators.• Maintaining order in the face of chaos.
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Nets• Nets are a way of organizing a group of radio
communicators.– One station acts as Net Control.– Other stations report or respond in turn as requested by
Net Control.• Nets are usually scheduled to occur on certain dates at
certain times.• Nets may occur spontaneously just because several people
have converged on a frequency.• Net Control could be anyone – even you!
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Net Etiquette• The Net Control station maintains control of the
communication situation at all times, until the net is closed and the frequency is returned to normal use.
• The Net Control station assumes that all who have “checked into” the net are available.– Do not check someone into the net in their absence
unless you have them in sight and they are ready to respond with their radios.
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Net Etiquette
• Respond only to Net Control.– Get permission before contacting anyone else on the same
frequency.• Answer promptly.
– Monitor the radio continuously.– Answer immediately if you are called.
• Don’t leave the net without notifying Net Control, or else until the net is closed.
Interference• All radio communication is susceptible to interference from
various sources, natural or man made. – Interference may be accidental or intentional.– You can be the recipient or the interferor.
• It’s probably possible to avoid an interferor by changing frequency.
• Try moving to a slightly different location. • Try “body shielding”.
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Interference• Wait for the interferor to “go away.”
– Listening to the conversation may give a clue as to how long the contact will last.
• Contact the interferor and ask to use the frequency for a moment.– Most likely they are using CTCSS or DCS and therefore
can’t hear your audio.• Using CTCSS or DCS does not eliminate interference
between units on the same frequency.– It simply masks it and creates the illusion of non-
interference.
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Weak Signal• Move to a slightly different location (a few feet).• Raise the antenna (and you).• Make sure the antenna is vertical (assuming repeater and
other antennas are vertical).• Turn around – your body may be in the signal path.• Replace the “rubber ducky” antenna with something better.• Move to a completely different location.
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Desense• Shorthand for “De-sensitize”.• Your radio, in the presence of a strong signal on a nearby
frequency, may seem to go deaf.• Even though you don’t hear the other signal, it overloads
some of the circuitry in your radio, such that it can’t properly process the desired signal.
• The solution is to move away (physically) from the other signal source.
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Repeater Failure• If the repeater fails, then communication can only be in
simplex mode directly from HT-to-HT.– Change from duplex (repeater) to simplex (no repeater)
operation• Level 1: Leave HT on 146.655, 114.8 Hz PL, NO
OFFSET.• Level 2: Change frequency to 146.505 MHz, no PL
tone, no offset.• Level 3: Change frequency to 146.595 MHz, no PL
tone, no offset.
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HT OVERVIEW
What are all the knobs and buttons are for?How do you program it?
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• DIFFERENT MAKES and models of radios vary, so…
• READ the INSTRUCTIONS• BECOME FAMILIAR with the controls on
YOUR radio!
HT User Interface
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HT User Interface
Power On-Off Switch
• Combined with the volume control on some models
• Separate push-button on some models
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HT User Interface
Volume Control
• Adjust the volume control until you can hear the other users.
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HT User InterfaceSquelch Control
• Either a concentric ring – under the Volume control
• Or a separate knob of its own– “Open” until you hear hissing noise– “Close” just until noise just disappears
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HT User InterfaceFrequency or Channel Selector
• Select desired receiver frequency – “Up-Down” arrows– Or a rotating “knob”– Or keypad
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HT User Interface
Push-To-Talk (PTT) Switch
• Push or press to talk• Release to listen (normal position)
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HT User Interface
Speaker & Microphone
Unlike most FRS radios, the speaker and microphone on the HT are two separate units.
• Both face forward• Speaker is behind the large grill• Microphone is behind small hole
– It doesn’t work if it’s covered up by your hand
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HT User InterfaceAntenna
• Keep it vertical, never horizontal• Usually flexible (to avoid injury)• Can be removed and replaced with better performing units
It’s NOT a handle!!
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HT User Interface
Batteries• The HT comes with a rechargeable
battery pack– Keep it charged
• Use individual batteries (e.g., AA) in a special holder as a backup
ALWAYS carry spare batteries!
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HT Accessories (Optional)• Batteries
– Spare rechargeable battery pack– AA battery holder
• Speaker/microphone– Clips on to lapel or collar
• Power sources– Car charger– Cigarette lighter adapter
• Antennas– Replacement for “rubber ducky”
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• Many buttons, many functions, many menu items.
• Intimidating User’s Manual.
PROGRAMMING THE HT
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Programming the HT• The three basic steps:
1. Enter the receive frequency2. Check the offset3. Enter the PL tone
Only step 1 is required to just listen.
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Programming the HT• The complete procedure:
– Unlock the keypad• Enter the receive frequency• Check the frequency offset
– For repeater operation (duplex) only» Most HTs take care of this automatically
• Enter the PL tone• Check the transmit power level (optional)
– Lower power for longer battery life• Disable the YAESU WIRES function (Yaesu users only)• Store the settings into memory (optional)
– Lock the keypad
That’s as complicated as it gets!
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Cheat Sheets• Programming instructions for your HT that you can stick in
your pocket or Go-Kit.• “We” all use them.
– Not a reflection on your ability.– Enhances your capability to react in a stress situation.
• Make your own or use one that’s available.– Readily shared among users.
• There are several available for this class.– Some are commercially available (Nifty Mini-Manuals).
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Tone Squelch (PL Tone)• CTCSS – Continuous Tone Coded Squelch System
– The transmitter superimposes (encodes) a low-frequency (subaudible) tone along with the voice or data.
– The receiver squelches the audio of any signal that does not include the tone (decode).
• When in doubt …..– Transmit the encoded tone.
• Any receiver or repeater that expects the tone will hear you, as will any receiver or repeater not expecting the tone.
– Receive without expecting the tone.• You will hear anyone that is transmitting on the frequency
whether or not they have encoded the tone on their signal.
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WIRES ™• The Yaesu WIRES (Wide-coverage Internet Repeater
Enhancement System) proprietary internet connection feature operates by transmitting a short (~ 0.1 second) DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) tone burst each time the Push-to-Talk button is pressed.– Our repeaters are set up to mute DTMF tones. Each time
the WIRES DTMF tone is transmitted, the repeater mutes for several seconds and the first few words of the user’s transmission are lost.
Definitions• CTCSS – Continuous Tone Coded Squelch System
Superimposes a very low frequency audio tone on the transmitted signal. This audio tone is frequently referred to as the PL Tone or the PL. There are 39 CTCSS tone frequencies.
• DCS – Digital Code SquelchSuperimposes a stream of digital data on the transmitted signal. There are 104 DCS codes.
CTCSS and DCS are two different methods of accomplishing the same thing. They make it possible for the receiver to remain muted until the “right” audio tone (for CTCSS) or digital data (for DCS) is present on the received signal.
Think of it like a password to get into the system.
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Definitions• DTMF – Dual Tone Multi-Frequency
A system that uses eight different audio tones to create 16 tone-pairs representing the characters 0 thru 9, A thru D , * and #. Used for touchtone telephone dialing and other control functions.
• PL – Private LinePL is a Motorola trademark. CTCSS is a generic name for the same (or similar) implementation.
• PTT – Push to talk or Press to talk.The name of a switch on the HT that that changes the mode from receive to transmit.
• VFO – Variable Frequency OscillatorThe circuitry that controls the frequency on which the radio receives and transmits (e.g., 146.655 MHz).
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Definitions• Duplex – An operating mode where a station receives and
transmits simultaneously.• Simplex – An operating mode where only one station
transmits at a time.• Doubling – A term used to describe the abnormal situation
where two or more stations are transmitting at the same time. Usually, none are heard clearly.
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Frequencies to Try• K6SA Repeater (SARA)
146.655 MHz, - offset, PL 114.8 Hz– Net Sunday night at 9:00 p.m.
• W6UU Repeater (SCCARA)146.985 MHz, - offset, PL 114.8 Hz– Net Monday night at 7:30 p.m.