ts41 06 kline ppt - FIG...(blank) CLIM REC EDC URBPL RES EDC EDC RES RES EDC MAP CLIM LULC MPRED MPRED MPRED MPRED MAP (blank) REF (blank) REF REF GM GM V0 Australia GM Geneva Japan

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Global Environmental Data Sets and the Digital Divide

GSDI 8/FIG Working Week

20 April 2005

Karen D. Kline, PhDAssistant Secretary General

International Steering Committee for Global MappingJSPS Research Fellow

Geographical Survey Institute, Japan

Questions�Enormous expenditures on data collection and

development�Are these products really useful? �For what purposes are they being used?�Are there applications that have not been identified

that could be marketed?

�Data distribution policies are currently being written for various products�Commercial use argument�COFUR vs. full cost recovery

Goals

�Improved customer service�Better understanding of the users�Distribution mechanisms

�Updates to the data

�Improved provider-customer relationship

�More understanding of the user when drafting data distribution policies

Data Analyzed

�Global Map Version 0 (Tsukuba, Japan)

�Global Map Version 1 (Tsukuba, Japan)

�Global Map Australia (Canberra, Australia)

�Global Land Cover Characteristics (GLCC) (Sioux Falls, South Dakota)

�UNEP/GRID-Arendal (Arendal, Norway)

�UNEP/GRID-Geneva (Geneva, Switzerland)

Why these data sets?

�User information collected via the internet when data set downloaded

�Organizations released user information

�All are based on different continents

�All created for different purposes

UNEP/GRID | Global Map | GLCC

Start and End Dates for All Data Sets

Arendal

GM Australia

Geneva

GLCC

Global Map

GM V0

Jan 1998 Oct 1998 Aug 1999 Jun 2000 Apr 2001 Feb 2002 Dec 2002 Oct 2003

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2

Users by Month

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Aug-98

Oct-

98

Dec-9

8

Feb-9

9

Apr-9

9

Jun-9

9

Aug-9

9

Oct-

99

Dec-99

Feb-0

0

Apr-0

0

Jun-

00

Aug-0

0

Oct-

00

Dec-0

0

Feb-

01

Apr-01

Jun-0

1

Aug-0

1

Oct-

01

Dec-01

Feb-0

2

Apr-0

2

Jun-

02

Aug- 0

2

Oct-

02

Dec-0

2

Feb-0

3

Apr- 03

Jun-

03

Date (Mon-YY)

Nu

mbe

r of

Use

rs

ArendalGLCC

Global MaGeneva

AustraliaGM VersioTotal

Global Map Japan User Data�All users must register�2 files:�Registration information�Downloaded files

�Merge the two, remove duplicates�Review and code for applications�Corrections/Interpretations�Japan/Jamaica�Japanese language

�Data Sets:�Global Map Version 0�Global Map Version 1.0 (all released countries)

Summary of GM Version 1.0 Japan Users

�3603 Users (29% of all users)

�November 2000-July 2003

�Main source of users: Japan (74%)

�Main research location: Japan (57%)

�Domain: Personal (42%)

�Application: Reference (37%)

Global Map v1.0 Japan Users by Date

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2000

112

4

2000

121

3

2000

122

6

2001

011

4

2001

012

7

2001

020

9

2001

022

2

2001

030

7

2001

032

0

2001

040

2

2001

041

5

2001

042

8

2001

051

1

2001

052

5

2001

060

8

2001

062

1

2001

070

4

2001

071

7

2001

073

0

2001

081

2

2001

082

5

2001

091

1

2001

092

7

2001

101

0

2001

102

4

2001

111

1

2001

112

8

2001

121

6

2002

010

1

2002

011

6

2002

013

1

2002

021

4

2002

022

7

2002

031

2

2002

032

6

2002

041

0

2002

042

4

2002

050

8

2002

052

3

2002

070

6

2002

071

9

2002

080

1

2002

081

5

2002

083

1

2002

091

3

2002

092

7

2002

101

0

2002

102

5

2002

110

7

2002

112

2

2002

120

5

2002

121

8

2002

123

1

2003

011

3

2003

012

6

2003

020

8

2003

022

2

2003

030

7

2003

032

2

2003

040

5

2003

042

0

2003

050

5

2003

051

9

2003

060

1

2003

061

5

2003

063

0

2003

071

3

Date

Nu

mbe

r o

f Use

rs

Global Mapping Forum 2000Hiroshima, Japan28 November 2000Data released: Japan Laos Sri Lanka Nepal Thailand28 November 2000

News article:Nippon Keizai Shinbun27 August 2002

News article:Sanyo Chuo Shimpo5 May 2002

Data released: Bangladesh 22 July 2001

GSDI 5Cartagena, Colombia18 May 2001Data released: Colombia18 May 2001

ISCGM 10:Okinawa, Japan11 July 2003

ISCGM 9:Budapest, Hungary20 September 2002

News article:Daily Yomiuri5 January 2002

Summary of GM Version 0 Users

�1158 Users (10% of all users)

�November 2000-July 2003

�Main source of users: Japan (59%)

�Main research location: Japan (26%)

�Domain: Personal (35%)

�Application: Reference (42%)

Global Map Australia User Data

�All users must register

�Certain information removed by Australian Government

�Review and code for applications

�Data Sets:�Global Map Version 1.0 (Australia only)

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Global Map Australia User Data

�3511 Users (29% of all users)

�September 2001-August 2002

�Main source of users: Australia (81%)

�Main research location: Australia (100%)

�Domain: Personal (55%)

�Application: Reference (33%)

Global Land Cover Characteristics

�User information form filled out prior to downloading�sent via email to USGS/EDC staff

�registration information entered into excel file

�Date information not included with all entries in excel file

�Reviewed and coded for applications

Summary of GLCC User Data

�1108 Users (9% of all users)

�February 10, 1999 - December 17, 2001

�Main source of users: United States (40%)

�Main research location: Global (32%)

�Domain: Academic (39%)

�Application: no application given (25%)

UNEP/GRID Overview

�United Nations Environment Programme, Global Resource Information Database

�Established 1995�Regional nodes�Different regional emphases�Different scientific emphases

�GRID objective:�Promote exchange and availability of global and

regional environmental data

UNEP/GRID Arendal User Data

�Requests tracked by entering into database by UNEP/GRID Arendal staff

�General manual (how-to) requests ignored

�Some entries written in Norwegian

Summary of UNEP/GRID Arendal User Data

�671 Users (6% of all users)

�January 2000 - June 2001

�Main source of users: Norway (19%)

�Main research location: Global (20%)

�Domain: Academic (35%)

�Application: Mapping (38%)

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UNEP/GRID Geneva User Data

�Users submitted registration information prior to downloading data

�User logs provided in text format

�Not all fields required

�Each entry reviewed individually

Summary of UNEP/GRID Geneva User Data

�2011 Users (17% of all users)�August 1998 - July 2001�Main source of users: United States

(29%)�Main research location: no site given

(89%)�Domain: Academic (48%)�Application: no application given (51%)

Data Limitations

�Information collected was not consistent

�English not the first language of many users�What they meant to write may not be what I

understood

�No quality control in the collection process

�Information either clearly decipherable or must be inferred by looking at email addresses, physical addresses, other provided information

Domains

�Academic�Commercial�Education�Government�Media�Military�Museum�NGO�Personal

Application Categories

1. Agriculture2. Air Quality3. Economic development and

conservation4. Emergency management5. Fisheries6. Forestry7. Geology8. Information and intelligence9. Land use and land cover10. Mapping, charting and

geodesy

11. Marine

12. Media, press and education

13. Public health

14. Rangeland

15. Recreation and tourism

16. Transportation

17. Urban and regional planning

18. Water quality

19. Water resources

20. Weather and climate

Hadley, B. C., J. E. Estes and J. Scepan (2000). European and Asian Satellite Remote Sensing Applications: A Literature Review and Analysis. Santa Barbara, University of California: 172.

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Derived Data Sets

�Users�One entry per user�Data set

�Date

�Location of user

�Domain of user

�Location of research

�Application

�Countries�One entry per

country�Number of users

�Number of research sites

�Socioeconomic data

�Aid flow data

�Communications infrastructure data

General Statistics

�Total Number of Users:� UNEP/GRID Arendal 671

� GLCC 1108

� Global Map Japan 3603

� UNEP/GRID Geneva 2011

� Global Map Australia 3511

� Global Map Version 0 1158

� TOTAL 12062

6%

9%

17%

29%

29%

10%

Arendal

GLCC

Geneva

Global Map

GM Aus.

GM V0

Research v. Researcher LocationAll Data Sets

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Africa Asia CentralAmerica

CIS Europe Middle East NorthAmerica

Oceania SouthAmerica

SoutheastAsia

Arctic World

Africa Antarctica Arctic Asia Asia-Pacific Central America Eurasia Europeglobal Mediterranean Middle East North America Oceania Pacific South America TropicsCIS Southeast Asia Atlantic Indian Ocean Americas

Research

Location

Researcher

Location

Top Applications by Data Set

RECTRANSPCLIMMAPMODELPOLL

RESURBPLEDCRECCLIM(blank)

MAPEDCRESRESEDCEDC

MPREDMPREDMPREDMPREDLULCCLIM

REFREF(blank)REF(blank)MAP

GM V0GM Australia

GenevaGM Japan

GLCCArendal

Top Research Locations by Data Set

Southeast Asia

---NepalSouth America

North America

Russia

Europe----PhilippinesEuropeAfricaEurope

Global----AustraliaAfricaEurope(blank)

Asia---ThailandGlobalUnited States

Arctic

JapanAustraliaJapan(blank)GlobalGlobal

Global Map V0

Global Map Australia

Global Map Japan

GenevaGLCCArendal

Top Domains by Data Set

NGOMediaNGOPersonalPersonalGovernment

GovernmentAcademicGovernmentGovernmentNGOCommercial

AcademicGovernmentAcademicNGOCommercialNGO

CommercialCommercialCommercialCommercialGovernmentPersonal

PersonalPersonalPersonalAcademicAcademicAcademic

Global Map V0

Global Map Australia

Global Map Japan

GenevaGLCCArendal

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Data Observations

�Majority of users from same country as provider

�Most users conduct research in the same country they are located in

�Internet connectivity necessary for data use

Self Organizing Map

�An unsupervised neural net algorithm for visualization of multivariate data

�Objects near each other in multivariate space are displayed near each other in the SOM output map

Kohonen, T. (2001). Self-Organizing Maps. Berlin, Springer.

Data Input to SOM

�Country level data based on:�The information in the user database

�Internet host information

�Socioeconomic data

�Financial aid flow data

Sources:

•Central Intelligence Agency (2002). The World Factbook 2002, Central Intelligence Agency.

•Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2002). Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipients, 1996-2000: Disbursements, Commitments, Country Indicators. Paris, OECD Publications.

•Internet Software Consortium, www.isc.org

SOMAll Countries w/Positive Users & Research

SOM – Socioeconomic VariablesDigital Divide

�The gap between those who have and those who do not have…�Computing technology�Purchasing ability�Education�Technological skills

�U.S.:�Rural/urban focus�Telephone connection (ITU)

�Global:�Developed/less developed focus (UNDP)

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Every

day U

ser

Policy

Mak

er

Scientis

t

AccessEducation

Technology

MORE(HAVEs)

LESS(HAVE NOTs)But… the same divide exists within groups as well as between groups

The Digital Divide Where is the Digital Divide?

VIRTUAL WORLD

EDUCATION, TECHNOLOGY, INFRASTRUCTURE

You can give me all the data in the world, but if I don’t have…�The education to convert the data to

useful information AND�A computer with enough memory and

processing power AND�The ability to read the media on which

the data were provided AND�The time to do so OR�The money to pay someone to do it for me

Then all the data in the world is useless.

Acknowledgements

Tom Loveland, Jess Brown, Stephen Howard (EROS Data Center)Tim Foresman, Mick Wilson, Lawrence Hislop, Ron Witt, Hy Dao, Lorant Czaran (UNEP)Minoru Akiyama, Hiroshi Une, Hiroshi Masaharu, Eiji Murakami, Hidenori Fujimura, Hiromichi Maruyama (Global Map/GSI)Peter Holland (GeoSciences Australia)

John Kelmelis, USGS; Peter Holland, GeoSciences Australia; Claude Luzet, EuroGeographics; Santiago Borrero-Mutis, PAIGH

Keith C. Clarke, Michael F. Goodchild, Leal A.K. Mertes, K. Eric Anderson

Support provided by:�US DOI 00HQAG0018 Global Mapping Project�NASA NAG5-10457 Remote Sensing Information Science Research�Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Post-Doctoral Fellowship for North American and European Researchers (Short-Term)