TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN

Történelem angol nyelven középszint — írásbeli vizsga 1511

Név: ........................................................... osztály:......

EMBERI ERŐFORRÁSOK MINISZTÉRIUMA

TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN

KÖZÉPSZINTŰ

ÍRÁSBELI VIZSGA

2016. október 19. 8:00

Az írásbeli vizsga időtartama: 180 perc

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írásbeli vizsga 1511 2 / 36 2016. október 19.

Történelem angol nyelven — középszint Név: ........................................................... osztály:......

Important information Give clear answers and make all your work unambiguous – even if you need to make corrections in your text. Try to be concise and keep to the point. Do not use more space than is provided. Only write the number of words or items specified in the task. (If you write more, your answers will be evaluated in the order they appear.) Please write in blue ink.

When working on the exam tasks consider the following. Read the instructions carefully. Do exactly what the instructions tell you. Study the sources provided (pictures, diagrams, texts, maps). Please keep in mind that

the English texts will be only rough translations which render the meaning of the original text, but not their archaic style.

Use the resources that you are allowed to use for each task: the maps of the secondary school historical atlas [középiskolai történelmi atlasz] and the bilingual dictionaries. People, topographical data and concepts can only be evaluated when correctly spelled.

Consider your answers carefully before writing them down so that you do not have to correct them later.

We advise you to follow these steps when dealing with the shorter or longer essay-type questions:

1. Identify the place and time of the given event or problem. 2. Use the given sources and the secondary school historical atlas [középiskolai történelmi

atlasz] to understand the task. 3. Collect the general concepts (for example: development, change, production) and the

time-specific concepts (for example: serf, guild, personality cult) that can be used to describe the given event or problem.

4. Include the information contained in the sources, or the conclusions that can be drawn from them, in your answers.

5. Make drafts or outlines before writing your answers if necessary. 6. Identify the events leading up to the given situation, its causes and its results. 7. Describe assumptions about, and explanations of, events. 8. Include your own knowledge of the era (names and dates) as well as your own opinions

and personal perspective of it. 9. Make sure that your sentences are clearly structured, and that your ideas are easy to

follow. 10. Your whole answer should have a clear structure. Check your grammar and spelling.

For your information: The following will be considered when your essays are evaluated: understanding of the task proper and relevant content that satisfies requirements logical overall structure and accurate language.

Good Luck!



I. SHORT ANSWER TASKS

1. This task is about the period of the Roman Republic. On the basis of the source on the equestrians (the order of knights) and your own knowledge, decide if the following statements are true or false. Write an X in the appropriate boxes. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.)

‘Trade, if it is on a small scale, is to be considered vulgar; but if wholesale and on a large scale, importing large quantities from all parts of the world and distributing to many without misrepresentation, it is not to be greatly disparaged. Nay, it even seems to deserve the highest respect, if those who are engaged in it, satiated, or rather, I should say, satisfied with the fortunes they have made, make their way from the port to a country estate, as they have often made it from the sea into port. But of all the occupations by which gain is secured, none is better than agriculture, none more profitable, none more delightful, none more becoming to a freeman.’ (On Duties by Cicero) „A kereskedelmet hitványnak kell tartanunk, de a nagy árubőséggel rendelkező nagykereskedelem nem éppen megvetendő, mivel mindenhonnan sokféle cikket szállít, és rengeteg vevőt lát el, anélkül hogy bárkit is rászedne. Sőt úgy látszik, hogy a kereskedőt teljes joggal megilleti a dicséret, ha nyereségével eltelve vagy inkább megelégedve visszavonul földjeire és birtokaira, ugyanúgy, ahogy annak idején gyakran futott be a tengerről a kikötőbe. Ám a hasznot hajtó dolgok közül semmi se jobb, gyümölcsözőbb, kellemesebb és méltóbb egy szabad emberhez, mint a földművelés.” (Cicero: A kötelességekről)

Statements True False a) Cicero condems the profession and lifestyle of the equestrians.

b) Equestrians were primarily commercial entrepreneurs and tax farmers.

c) According to Cicero, the proper goal in the life of the equestrians (towards the end of their career) would be to adopt the senatorial way of life.

d) As a result of the wars of conquest, the equestrian order became even wealthier.

4 points



2. This task is about the Mediaeval church. The pictures and excerpts refer to the political role of the mediaeval church. Match the pictures with the appropriate excerpts. Write the number of the appropriate text next to the pictures. There is one extra excerpt. (1 point for each correct item.)

a) ….... b) …….

c) …… d) ……..

1. ‘All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested.’ (Pope Urban II’s address at the Council of Clermont, 1095) „Mindazok pedig, akik oda elmennek és akár szárazföldi, akár tengeri útjukban, akár a pogányok ellen harcolva életüket vesztik, bűneik bocsánatát elnyerik: Istentől ekkora hatalommal felruházva, ezt engedélyezem az útra készülőknek.” (II. Orbán pápa felhívása a clermonti zsinaton, 1095)

2. ‘This was when he was vested with the titles of imperator and augustus, which,

at the beginning, repelled him so much as to make him declare if he had known the pope’s intention in advance, he would not have set foot in the church that day.’ (Life of Charlemagne by Einhard, 9th century)



„Ekkor volt, hogy megkapta az imperator és augustus címeket, amitől eleinte annyira idegenkedett, hogy kijelentette, hogy nem tette volna aznap a lábát a templomba, ha előre látta volna a pápa szándékát.” (Einhard: Nagy Károly élete, IX. század)

3. ‘Here, in the presence of the prince, Pierre de la Forest, Archbishop of Rouen

and Chancellor of France, informed the three estates of the story of the king’s capture.’ (Great Chronicle of France, 1375) „Itt a herceg jelenlétében, Pierre de La Forest, Rouen érseke és Franciaország kancellárja, ismertette a három renddel a király foglyul ejtésének történetét.” (Franciaország Nagy Krónikája, 1375)

4. ‘If in one year God gave someone ten, he should give the tenth part to God.’

(Saint Stephen’s second lawbook, 11th century) „Ha valakinek az Isten tízet adott egy évben, a tízedik részt adja Istennek” (Szent István II. törvénykönyve, XI. század)

5. ‘And those […] condemned must at all times be handed over to the main

representatives of the secular authorities or their deputies for due punishment, with the appropriate warning.’ (The constitutions of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215) „Az […] elmarasztaltakat pedig a mindenkori világi hatalmak legfőbb képviselőinek vagy azok megbízott ügyvivőinek kell megbüntetés céljából átadni, a kellő figyelmeztetéssel.” (A IV. lateráni zsinat határozatai, 1215)

4 points



3. This task is about the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin. Do the tasks using the sketch map and your own knowledge.. (1 point for each correct item)

The conquest of the Carpathian basin (the arrows without text indicate the movements and military campaigns of the Hungarians.) a) Of the events listed below, circle the letter of the one that took place last.

A) The Pechenegs attacked the Hungarians remaining in Etelköz, who fled from them through the Transylvanian passes.

B) At the invitation of the Eastern Frankish ruler, the Hungarians attacked Northern Italy. C) The main Hungarian army, led by Prince Árpád, crossed the Carpathians. D) A Hungarian army attacked the Bulgarians on the lower Danube in alliance with

Byzantium. b) One of the numbered arrows on the sketch map indicates event C) in the previous sub-task. Which is this arrow? Number of arrow: …… c) How did the natural features of the Carpathian basin differ from those of Etelköz? Briefly describe two characteristic differences on the basis of the sketch map.

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ..……………………………………………………………………………………….

4 points

Lombos erdő Deciduous forest Erdős sztyepp Forested steppe Felvidék Upper Hungary Besenyők Pechenegs Magyarok Hungarians Bolgárok Bulgarians Kabarok Kabars



4. This task is about the Enlightenment. Do the tasks using the source and your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item) ‘As in a country of liberty, every man who is supposed a free agent ought to be his own governor; the legislative power should reside in the whole body of the people. But since this is impossible in large states, and in small ones is subject to many inconveniences, it is fit that the people should transact by their representatives what they cannot transact by themselves. The great advantage of representatives is their capacity of discussing public affairs. For this the people collectively are extremely unfit.

The inhabitants of a particular town are much better acquainted with its wants and interests than with those of other places; and are better judges of the capacity of their neighbours than of that of the rest of their countrymen. The members, therefore, of the legislature should not be chosen from the general body of the nation; but it is proper that in every considerable place a representative should be elected by the inhabitants.’ (On the Spirit of Laws by Montesquieu, 1748) „Minthogy szabad államban minden szabad lelkű ember maga kell, hogy kormányozza magát, következtetésképpen a nép egészét kell, hogy illesse a törvényhozó hatalom. Minthogy azonban ez nagy államokban keresztülvihetetlen, és kis államokban is sok hátránnyal jár, a népnek a maga képviselői útján kell megtennie mindazt, amit maga nem tud megtenni. A képviselőknek nagy előnye, hogy az ügyeket meg tudják vitatni, a nép erre egyáltalán nem alkalmas.

Az emberek jobban ismerik saját városuk szükségleteit, mint más városokéit, és mindenki jobban meg tudja ítélni szomszédai képességeit, mint más honfitársaiéit. Nem szabad tehát a törvényhozó testület tagjait általában a nemzet összességéből kiválasztani, hanem az a helyes, ha minden fontosabb helyen a lakosok maguk választanak maguk számára képviselőt.” (Montesquieu: A törvények szelleméről, 1748) a) Give the technical term for the basic principle of the (constitutional theory of the) Enlightenment to which the underlined section of the source refers. ...........................................................................................

b) Which form of legislative authority does Montesquieu recommend in the first paragraph of the source? Underline the appropriate technical term. direct representation unicameral legislation indirect representation bicameral legislation

c) Using your own words, explain the two arguments Montesquieu brought to support the system of individual electoral constituencies in the second paragraph of the source. 1................................................................................................................... 2...................................................................................................................

4 points



5. This task is about the Rákóczi freedom fight. Decide which excerpts the statements in the table are true for. Write the letter of the excerpt into the appropriate box of the table. One statement belongs to one excerpt. There is one extra excerpt. (1 point for each correct item)

A) ‘In the senate everybody was of the opinion that we must go ahead with the

declaration of independence. […] This decision was the reason why we summoned […] the estates for next spring, because we needed their consent for this great affair.’

„A szenátusban mindenki azon a véleményen volt, hogy meg kell tennünk ezt az elszakadási nyilatkozatot. […] Ez az elhatározás volt az oka annak, hogy a rendeket jövő tavaszra […] összehívtuk, mert ehhez a nagy ügyhöz szükség volt a beleegyezésükre.”

B) [János Pálffy, the commander-in-chief of the imperial troops stationed in Hungary]

assured us of the goodwill of the emperor and encouraged me to write this prince a letter of homage, and if I should do this, he could assure me that the emperor would […] grant the nation every liberty based on the laws and a general pardon to all those who are still in arms.’

„[Pálffy János, a Magyarországon állomásozó császári seregek főparancsnoka] biztosított a császár jóakaratáról, és arra buzdított, írjak e fejedelemnek egy hódoló levelet, és ha ezt megteszem, biztosíthat róla, hogy a császár a nemzetnek […] megadja törvényeken alapuló minden szabadságát és általános bocsánatot mindazoknak, akik még fegyverben vannak.”

C) ’The serfs of my principality in Munkács [...] were the first to send delegates to Poland early that spring. [...] After a long search they found me. They described the utter misery of the people, the despair which forces them to take up arms, should I take pity on their condition, and promise them any help at all.’

„Munkácsi hercegségem jobbágyai […] voltak az elsők, akik ez év kora tavaszán követeket küldtek Lengyelországba. […] Hosszú keresés után megtaláltak engem. Előadták nekem a nép végső nyomorát, a kétségbeesést, amely arra kényszeríti őket, hogy fegyvert fogjanak, ha állapotukat megszánom, és bármiféle segítséget ígérek nekik.”

D) ’The delegates of all counties and free royal towns attended this meeting. [...] At

the first session I thanked the estates for the [...] support they gave my efforts, with which I had been striving to free the nation of the foreign yoke. [...] Following this they declared me the the ruling prince of the allied estates [Hungary].’

„Valamennyi megye és szabad királyi város követe megjelent ezen a gyűlésen. […] Az első ülésen megköszöntem a rendeknek, hogy […] támogatták erőfeszítéseimet, amelyekkel három év óta igyekszem a nemzetet az idegen igától megszabadítani. […] Ezek után kikiáltottak a szövetkezett rendek [Magyarország] vezérlő fejedelmévé.”



E) ’I had never managed to secure the estates’ agreement to the coming of the Catholic bishop [meaning: the restoration of the Catholic bishopric], even though all acknowledged religions had a bishop, and the laws prescribed complete equality among them on the basis of a paragraph called union.’

(Excerps from the memoirs of Ferenc Rákóczi II)

„Sohasem tudtam a rendeket rábírni, egyezzenek bele a katolikus püspök bejövetelébe [értsd: a katolikus püspökség visszaállításába]. Pedig minden bevett vallásnak volt püspöke, a törvények teljes egyenlőséget írnak elő köztük egy uniónak nevezett törvény alapján.”

(Részletek II. Rákóczi Ferenc emlékirataiból)

Statement Letter of excerpt a) It describes events which took place in 1703.

b) It describes the preparations for the deposition of the Habsburgs.

c) Its statements refer to Transylvania.

e) It mentions the main conditions of the peace treaty of Szatmár, which was to be concluded later.

6. This task is about the effects of the first industrial revolution. Do the tasks, using the sources and your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item) a)

Time spent travelling between London and Birmingham Year Time (hours) 1750 48 1850 3.5

Which achievement of the industrial revolution explains the change indicated in the table? ………………………………………………..

b) ‘When a street is broken up, one can see the many iron sinews which […] take life

into London. When we look at our arms, we can see the bluish veins. […] The citizens of London need not leave their homes; everything comes to the house.’ (Travels Abroad, London, by Bertalan Szemere, 1838) „Midőn egy utcát felbontanak, látni benne a sok vasinat, mely […] Londonba életet visz. Mint midőn karunkra nézünk, s látjuk rajta a kéklő ereket. […] A londoni polgár ki se mozduljon házából, minden helyébe jön.” (Szemere Bertalan: Utazás külföldön, London, 1838)

4 points



Which new feature of city development does the source describe? …………………………………………………………………………………………..

c) ‘Walking along the main street, I was really surprised by the vast expanse of the

numerous shops and stores. […] The largest in the whole city was opposite our inn. This was a huge four-storey palace built of white marble, opening onto four streets. On the ground floor there was a retail outlet for fashion items of all kinds; on the upper floors, and even underground, it was devoted to wholesale trade.’ (Diary of Mór Perczel, New York, 1851)

„Végigjárván a főutcán, igen meglepett a temérdek bolt és üzlet roppant terjedelme. […] A legnagyobb az egész városban szemben van a fogadónkkal. Ez egy roppant nagy, fehér márványból épült, négy utcára szolgáló négyemeletes palota. A földszinten mindennemű divatcikknek kicsiben árulása, az emeletekben, de még a föld alatt is, nagyban árulás.” (Perczel Miklós naplója, New York, 1851)

The text describes the effect of a change that had taken place in production. What was this change? Circle the number of the correct answer. Circle only one answer. 1. Mass production began as a result of the emergence of the manufacturing industry. 2. The use of the production line became widespread in the manufacturing industry. 3. The whole production process was carried out by one person. 4. During production close attention was paid to quality. 7. This task is about the cultural life of Hungary in the Reform period. Do the tasks using the sources and your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item) ‘Its sole aim is that through its efforts sciences and fine arts should be conducted in our own language in our country. [...] Its care and labour should extend to all branches of knowledge, save that of religion.’ (Charter, 1831) „Egyedül csak az van téve céljává, hogy munkálkodása által hazánkban a tudományok és a szépművészségek honi nyelven míveltessenek. […] Gondja és munkálkodása minden tudományra kiterjed, ide nem értve mégis a vallás tudományát.” (Alapszabály, 1831) ’The [Pest] Casino is an association where gentlemen of noble conduct meet to have pleasant discussions about scientific subjects, especially economics and commerce, or read useful books and newspapers. Any resident of Hungary and Transylvania can become a member of this association on paying the full annual fee of 100 Forint Pengő.*’ (Charter, 1828) (*The annual salary of a lord-lieutenant (főispán) was between 800 and 1,500 Forints, a county medical officer’s was 350, a butcher boy’s 80-240).

3 points



„A [Pesti] Casino nemes magaviseletű embereknek kellemes társalkodás végett való egyesülete, melyben azok tudományos, és legfőképpen gazdasági és kereskedési tárgyakról beszélgetnek vagy hasznosabb könyveket és újságokat olvasnak. Ezen egyesület tagjává egy esztendőre eső 100 forint* pengő pénzből álló egész rész lefizetése mellett Magyar- és Erdélyországban lakó akárki lehet.” (Alapszabály, 1828) (*Egy főispán éves fizetése 800–1500 forint volt, egy megyei tisztiorvosé 350 forint, egy mészároslegényé 80–240 forint.)

a) Name the institution the first source refers to.

........................................................................................................................

b) On the basis of the first source, explain in your own words how the foundation of this institution was connected to the concept of the nation.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

c) Circle the letter of the statement that is true of the Pest Casino. Circle only one letter.

A) Membership was linked to origin. B) It made it possible for the richest and poorest members of society to get in touch with

each other. C) It was founded in order to host the meetings of the Opposition Party. D) It strove to contribute to the promotion of culture and economics, primarily relying on

the wealthier social groups.

d) Name the person who played the main role in founding both institutions mentioned in the task. Include the person’s Christian name as well. ..............................................................................................................

4 points



8. This task is about the economic history of the period between the two World Wars. Do the tasks using the source and your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item) ‘The event that aroused my indignation to a fever pitch never reached before was the American policy of destroying food stocks to keep agricultural prices up during the depression years when millions of unemployed lived in misery and near starvation. The effect [of this economic policy] on Europeans was that of a crude and terrifying shock which destroyed what little faith they still had in the existing social order. […] Did Marx not predict that [c] will be destroyed as a result of its inherent contradictions? The activist [active] elements of impoverished middle classes turned into right or left wing rebels. […] East of the Rhine […] the choice between Fascism and Communism was impossible to avoid.’ (Arthur Koestler, writer, journalist, philosopher) „Az esemény, amely felháborodásomat addig soha nem látott csúcsig fokozta, az az amerikai politika volt, amikor a válság évei alatt az élelmiszerkészleteket megsemmisítették, nehogy essenek az árak – s tették ezt akkor, amikor munkanélküliek milliói tengődtek nyomorban, az éhhalál peremén. [Ennek a gazdaságpolitikának] durva, ijesztő, valóban sokkszerű hatása volt az európaiakra, és a fennálló rendbe vetett maradék hitüket is lerombolta. […] Nem mondta-e meg Marx előre, hogy a(z) [c)] önnön belső ellentmondásai következtében fog megsemmisülni? Az elszegényedett polgárság aktivista [tevékeny] elemeiből jobb- vagy baloldali lázadók lettek. […] A Rajnától keletre […] nem lehetett megúszni a választást a fasizmus és a kommunizmus között.” (Arthur Koestler, író, újságíró, filozófus) a) In which year did the crisis mentioned in the source start? …………………………….

b) The source mentions an economic measure taken by the American government. What is the general reason for the crisis which led to this measure being taken? Name this reason in a single word. …………………………………………………………

c) Give the name of the economic system which is missing from the text indicated at the point marked [c]? …………………….……………………………………

d) Circle the letter of the statement which is true about the source. Circle only one letter.

A) According to the author, the spread of extremist theories contributed to the outbreak of the economic crisis.

B) The author describes the spread of extremist theories as a result of the economic crisis. C) According to the author, extremist movements contributed to solving the economic

crisis. D) In the quoted source the author condemns those who joined extremist movements.

4 points



9. This task is about the Trianon peace treaty. To which country/part of a country do the statements refer? Write the number of the correct country/part of a country on the dotted line. (1 point for each correct item) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Territories

attached to Czechoslovakia

Territories attached to Romania

Territories attached to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

Territories attached to Austria

Post-Trianon Hungary

Hungarian 1,072,000 1,664,000 459,000 26,000 6,718,000 German 265,000 557,000 308,000 216,000 555,000 Romanian 21,000 2,819,000 80,000 0 28,000 Slovakian 1,703,000 32,000 46,000 1,000 164,000 Ruthenian 442,000 10,000 11,000 0 1,000 South-Slav (Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian)

3,000 58,000 470,000 45,000 66,000

Total 3,506,000 5,140,000 1,374,000 288,000 7,532,000 The table indicates how many people of the different ethnic groups in pre-Trianon Hungary (excluding Croatia) lived in certain countries/parts of countries. a) Considering the total number of this ethnic group living in pre-Trianon Hungary, the highest proportion of its members ended up here, where they formed the majority ethnic group. The territory occupied by its nation state more than doubled compared to its pre-war size. The way in which the new borders were drawn up also resulted in the largest Hungarian minority here.

………

b) Considering the total number of this ethnic group living in pre-Trianon Hungary, the smallest proportion of its members ended up here, where they formed the majority ethnic group, mainly because the settlements were so widely scattered. While the principle of a nation’s right to self- determination was used to justify the border changes, the existence of the nation state which was then created remained open to debate. ………

c) The majority ethnic group constituted the largest part of the total population of the country/part of a country here. Minorities in significant numbers were only to be found in scattered settlements. .........................

d) The majority ethnic group constituted the smallest part of the total population of the country/part of the country here. Two minority ethnic groups were also present in similar but slightly smaller numbers in this country/part of a country. …………………

4 points



10. This task is about the Rákosi period. Do the tasks using the sources and your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item)

A) The cartoon links an event which took place in 1953 with Rákosi’s fall (his marginalisation). What was this event?

(The bald figure running away is Mátyás Rákosi.) a) ............................................................................................ B) The pictures below refer to the characteristic features of the system. Name these features.

The coats of arms of the Soviet Union and Hungary b) ……………………………………………………………………

Mátyás Rákosi with a bust of himself c) ......................................................................................................................................



The Minister of Internal Affairs gives a speech d) ..................................................................................................................................................

4 points

The State Protection Authority is the fist of the working class



11. This task is about contemporary environmental pollution. Do the tasks using the sources and your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item)

a) Circle the letters of the two true statements below. A) Compared to developing countries, the emission of carbon dioxide per head is about four

times higher in developed (industrialised) countries at present. B) Thanks to the environmentally conscious measures characteristic of the developed world,

carbon dioxide emission per head is expected to fall in the whole world in the next decades. C) The increase in carbon dioxide emissions per head is the result of the population explosion. D) Using renewable energy sources influences the scale of the greenhouse effect.

‘Using cars [...] effects climate change greatly: about 12% of the Union’s total emissions of the most important gas causing the greenhouse effect, carbon dioxide (CO2), can be ascribed to fuel used by personal cars. Although there have been great improvements in vehicle technology (especially in fuel efficiency, which means lower carbon dioxide

Honnan származnak az üvegházhatást okozó gázok? Where do gases causing greenhouse effect come from? Kibocsátott ‘üvegházi gázok’ megoszlása a Distribution of emitted ‘greenhouse gases’ in the world, percentage világon, százalék Energiatermelés Energy production Földhasználat Use of land Erdőirtás Deforestation Hulladék Waste Épületek Buildings Fűtés Heating Egyéb energiafüggő kibocsátás Other energy-dependent emissions Szállítás Transport Mezőgazdaság Agriculture Ipar Industry Nem energiafüggő kibocsátás Non-energy dependent emissions Egy főre jutó CO2-kibocsátás, tonna CO2 emission per head,tons Ipari országok Industrialised countries Világ World Fejlődő országok Developing countries



emissions), all this has not been enough to counterbalance the increased amount of traffic and number of cars.’ (Report of the European Commission, 2007)

„A gépkocsihasználat […] nagy hatást gyakorol az éghajlatváltozásra: a legfontosabb üvegházhatást okozó gáz, a szén-dioxid (CO2) uniós összkibocsátásának körülbelül 12%-a a személygépkocsik által elfogyasztott tüzelőanyagnak tudható be. Jóllehet jelentős javulás következett be a jármű-technológiákban (különösen a tüzelőanyag-hatékonyságban, ami alacsonyabb CO2-kibocsátást is jelent), mindez nem volt elegendő a megnövekedett forgalom és gépkocsiszám hatásának ellensúlyozására.” (Az Európai Bizottság közleménye, 2007) b) Circle the letter of the two statements which are included in the text source.

A) The use of cars is responsible for more of the carbon-dioxide emissions which are typical in the European Union than any other source.

B) According to the source, carbon-dioxide emissions due to road traffic in the European Union have decreased.

C) The increase in road traffic contributes to global warming. D) The spread of low-emission cars reduces the rate at which emissions of carbon-dioxide

are increasing.

12. This task is about modern Hungary’s electoral system. Do the tasks using the sources and your own knowledge. (0.5 points for each correct item)

’Art.4. (1) The number of Members of Parliament shall total 386. (2) There shall be elected 176 Members of Parliament in individual constituencies and 152 from county and metropolitan (hereafter territorial) lists. On the basis of a national aggregate of votes less than required for mandates in individual and territorial constituencies the parties may obtain an additional 58 compensatory mandates from the national list. Art. 7. (1) A candidate in an individual constituency shall become a Member of Parliament after the first poll if he/she has obtained more than half the votes validly cast, provided that more than one half of electors in the constituency have cast their votes. [...] (3) If during the first poll the turnout exceeded one half of electors in the constituency, but no candidate has obtained more than half the votes validly cast (hereafter unsuccessful poll), during the second poll […] b) the candidate having obtained the greatest number of votes validly cast, provided that the turnout exceeded one fourth of electors in the constituency, shall become a Member of Parliament.’ (Electoral law, 1989)

„4. § (1) Az országgyűlési képviselők száma összesen háromszáznyolcvanhat. (2) Százhetvenhat országgyűlési képviselőt egyéni választókerületben, százötvenkettőt megyei, fővárosi választókerületben (a továbbiakban: területi választókerület) listán választanak. Az egyéni és a területi választókerületben mandátumot el nem ért, országosan összesített szavazatok alapján a pártok országos listájáról további ötvennyolc kompenzációs mandátum kerül betöltésre.

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7. § (1) Az egyéni választókerületben az első választási fordulóban az a jelölt lesz országgyűlési képviselő, aki megkapta az érvényes szavazatoknak több mint a felét, feltéve, hogy a szavazáson a választókerület választópolgárainak több mint a fele szavazott. […] (3) Ha az első választási fordulóban a választókerület választópolgárainak több mint a fele szavazott ugyan, de egy jelölt sem kapta meg az érvényes szavazatoknak több mint a felét, (a továbbiakban: eredménytelen választási forduló) a második választási fordulóban […] b) képviselő az a jelölt lesz, aki a legtöbb érvényes szavazatot kapta, feltéve, hogy a szavazáson a választókerület választópolgárainak több mint az egynegyede szavazott.” (Választási törvény, 1989) ’Art. 3. (1) The number of Members of Parliament shall be one hundred and ninety nine. (2) One hundred and six Members of Parliament shall be elected in individual constituencies and ninety three from national lists. Art. 11. The elections of Members of Parliament shall be held in one round. Art. 13. The candidate who received the majority of valid votes shall be the Member of Parliament for the particular individual constituency.’ (Electoral law, 2011) „3. § (1) Az országgyűlési képviselők száma százkilencvenkilenc. (2) Százhat országgyűlési képviselőt egyéni választókerületben, kilencvenhárom országgyűlési képviselőt országos listán választanak. 11. § Az országgyűlési képviselők választása egyfordulós. 13. § Az egyéni választókerületben az a jelölt lesz országgyűlési képviselő, aki a legtöbb érvényes szavazatot kapta.” (Választási törvény, 2011) a) Altogether how many mandates can/could be distributed from the lists according to the law of 1989? .................................................... according to the law of 2011? ................................................... b) What would happen in the following case according to the 1989 and according to the 2011 laws? 57% of electors cast their votes in an individual constituency. 42% of them voted for the candidate of the X party, 38% for that of the Y party, 12% for that of the Z party, and 8% for the candidate of the W party. According to the law of 1989: ...................................................................................................................................................... According to the law of 2011: ...................................................................................................................................................

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II LONGER, ESSAY-TYPE QUESTIONS

Please read the following instructions carefully. You must do three of the following tasks. You must make your selection using the following rules: You must do: one task on world history and two tasks on Hungarian history, one of which must be short while the other task must be long. They must also be about different periods of Hungarian history. Study the tasks carefully.

Number Periods and subjects Task type

World history

13. Islam and Christianity short 14. Situation of women short

Hungarian history

15. The mining reforms of Charles Robert short 16. Turkish expansion in Hungary long 17. Maria Theresa’s decree on tariffs short 18. Ethnic groups under the Dual Monarchy long 19. The change of regime short 20. Hungarian foreign policy in the 1920s long

Below you will find a table with all the possible combinations of the tasks that you can choose. Mark one of the columns by circling the corresponding letter.

Task type A B C D E F G H I J K L short 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14

short 15 15 17 17 19 19 15 15 17 17 19 19

long 18 20 16 20 16 18 18 20 16 20 16 18 Only tasks which have been selected according to the rules above will be marked. You will find the evaluation criteria after each task. The scores will be entered by the examiners. Only do the three tasks you have selected, and leave the rest of them blank.

Before doing the tasks please study the Important Information on page 2 of this booklet. You can make drafts while working on the answers.



13. This task is about the Islamic religion. (short) Describe the common origins of the Islamic and Christian religions, and the similarities and differences between them, using the source and your own knowledge.

‘The Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, is only an apostle of Allah […]. Believe therefore in Allah and His apostles, and say not, "Three:" Do not do it, it will be better for you. God is only one God! Far be it from His glory that He should have a son! His, whatever is in the Heavens, and whatever is in the Earth! And God is a sufficient Guardian.’ (Qu’ran)

„Jézus, a Messiás, Mária fia csupán küldötte Allahnak, […]. Higgyetek hát Allahban és az Ő küldötteiben és ne mondjátok azt, hogy: »Három!« Hagyjátok abba! Jobb az nektek! Allah csupán egyetlen isten. Magasztaltassék! Nincs szüksége gyermekre, amikor Övé mindaz, ami az egekben és a földön van. Allah kiváló istápoló!” (Korán) ..………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Criteria Maximum Achieved points

Understanding of task 4 Location: place and era 4 Use of special vocabulary 4 Use of sources 4 Describing reasons behind an event 6 Structure, clear language 2 Total 24 Divided by 2 Exam points 12



14. This task is about the situation of women between the two World Wars. (short) Using the source and your own knowledge, describe the new features of the social position of women in Europe between the two World Wars. In your answer, include the demographic aspects of the question as well.

’Is the situation of women in society the same as it used to be twenty years ago? [...] Do we not see, also as a consequence of existential worries, how women push forward in bread-winning careers? Can we, I wonder, talk about women today just as we did in the good old days of chivalry, when the knight’s lady would await the arrival of her deeply respected husband in her castle, and in the meantime she looked after the domestic affairs? Is the position of women in society the same as it was a few decades ago, and is the woman still only a subject of madrigals, sonnets and novels, and not a serious worker in society, who, in serious cooperation with men, contributes to maintaining society and promoting the affairs of the country?’ (Parliamentary speech by Vilmos Vázsonyi, liberal opposition politician, 1918) „Vajon az-e a nő helyzete a társadalomban, ami csak húsz év előtt volt? […] A kenyérgond nehézségei következtében is nem látjuk-e a nők előrenyomulását a kenyérkereső pályákon? Vajon lehet-e a nőről úgy beszélni ma, mint a régi lovagkorban, amikor a lovagnő várta várában mélyen tisztelt férje visszaérkezését, és ezalatt gondját viselte a háznak? A nő szerepe a társadalomban ugyanaz-e, ami volt néhány évtized előtt, és a nő ma is csak madrigálok, szonettek és regények tárgya-e, nem pedig komoly társadalmi munkás, aki a társadalom fenntartásában, az ország ügyeinek előbbre vitelében a férfiakkal együtt komolyan közreműködik?” (Vázsonyi Vilmos, liberális ellenzéki politikus országgyűlési beszéde, 1918) ..………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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15. This task is about Charles Robert. (short) Describe the mining reforms of Charles Robert and their most important results, using the source and your own knowledge.

’Although our country’s traditions, firmly upheld in olden times and still today, require all land and estates on the territory of which gold or silver mines shall be found, whether they belong to the Church or any noble of our country, to be transferred into the king’s possession via honourable exchange, still, His Majesty the King must be very careful to observe his own profit and that of his subjects, after spiritual contemplation, [...] we graciously and for all time order that should gold or silver mines be found on the land and estates of any prelates, monks and lay priests, or any nobles [...], then they themselves should forever rejoice in the possession of those lands.’ (Charter of Charles Robert, 1327) „Jóllehet országunk régi és most is szilárdan megtartott szokása kívánja meg, hogy mind az egyháznak, mind országunk bármely nemese földjeinek illetve birtokainak, amelyek területén arany- vagy ezüstbányát találnak, méltányos csere révén a király kezéhez kell jutniuk, mégis, mivel a királyi felségnek gondosabban kell szem előtt tartania a saját és alattvalóinak hasznát, megfontolva lélekben, […], kegyesen elrendeljük örökre szólóan, hogy ha a főpapok, szerzetesek és világi papok vagy a nemesek bármelyikének földjein és birtokán arany-, illetve ezüstbányát fognak találni, […], akkor ugyanők örökre élvezzék örvendezve azon földjeik változatlan birtoklását.” (Károly Róbert oklevele, 1327) ..………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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16. This task is about the history of border fortress warfare. (long) Describe the main stages of the process of Turkish expansion in Hungary between 1541 and 1568, using the sources and your own knowledge. Using the sources, include the reasons for the situation that had emerged. Use your secondary school history atlas.

The sources used to pay the average annual expenses of the border fortress system in the second half of the 16th century

Financial support from the Holy Roman Empire 600,000 From the taxes of the Austrian and Bohemian provinces 600,000 From Hungarian taxes 150,000 Total 1,350,000

Operational range of the Ottoman army

Target city Distance from Istanbul (km)

Number of days’ march from Istanbul

Time available for fighting (days)

Belgrade/Nándorfehérvár 1,000 60 60 Buda 1,460 90 30 Vienna 1,700 105 15



‘We have defined the duration of the peace in eight years, starting from this present peace treaty and the date of the agreement. And while this aforesaid peace between the parties remains strong, […] we shall seek out the same most majestic sultan of the Turks, our ally, with a respectful gift of an annual sum of 30,000 golden Ducats via our special envoys, in the same way as we did before, towards the end of every year.’ (The peace treaty of Adrianople, 1568) „A béke tartamát nyolc esztendőben szabtuk meg s az jelen békeszerződés és egyezség keltével kezdődik. És mindaddig, amíg csak ugyanezen béke a felek között erős, [...] mi a törökök ugyanazon legfelségesebb császárát, a mi szövetségesünket évente 30.000 arany dukát tiszteletteljes ajándékkal fogjuk felkeresni külön megbízottaink útján, ugyanúgy, ahogyan azelőtt is tettük, minden esztendő vége felé.” (A drinápolyi béke, 1568) ..………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Understanding of task 8 Location: place and era 4 Use of special vocabulary 4 Use of sources 8 Describing the reasons behind an event 10 Structure, clear language 8 Total 42 Divided by 2 Exam points 21

17. This task is about the reign of Maria Theresa. (short) Describe the most important characteristics of Maria Theresa’s decree on tariffs, using the source and your own knowledge. In your answer, outline the historian’s evaluation that appears in the text.

‘Before the [decree on tariffs] Hungary was already a subjugated, underdeveloped agrarian market. […] Even before the introduction of the new Viennese economic policy Hungary – traditionally – exported agrarian products, wine and livestock to the West, and imported manufactured goods, primarily textiles from the West, then too. […] Vienna used the existing situation […] to preserve Hungary as it had been: an agrarian market.’ (Historian Domokos Kosáry, 1990) „Magyarország már [a vámrendelet] előtt is alárendelt, elmaradt agrárpiac volt. […] Magyarország az új bécsi gazdaságpolitika bevezetése előtt is – hagyományosan – agrártermékeket, bort, állatot exportált nyugat felé, és akkor is iparcikkeket, főleg textíliákat importált nyugatról. […] Bécs a meglevő helyzetet használta fel […]; Magyarországot megtartotta annak, ami volt: agrárpiacnak.” (Kosáry Domokos, történész, 1990)

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18. This task is about the ethnic groups in the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy. (long) Describe the main characteristics of the legal and social position of the ethnic groups, using the sources and your own knowledge. In your answer, include the changes in the ethnic proportions. Use your secondary school history atlas. ‘Art.17 The state […] is obliged, as far as possible, to ensure that those citizens of our country who live in larger groups, be they of whatever ethnic group, are able to pursue their education in the vicinity of the territory they inhabit in their own mother tongue, up to the point when higher academic teaching begins.’ (Extract from the Nationalities Law of 1868) „17. § Az állam […] köteles az állami tanintézetekben a lehetőségig gondoskodni arról, hogy a hon bármely nemzetiségű, nagyobb tömegben együtt élő polgárai az általuk



lakott vidékek közelében anyanyelvükön képezhessék magukat, egészen addig, hol a magasabb akadémiai képzés kezdődik.” (Részlet az 1868. évi nemzetiségi törvényből)

Proportion of social classes within individual ethnic communities in 1910 (%, rounded up figures)

Hungarian Slovakian Romanian Landlord or lease-holder with an estate over 100 holds 1 0 0 Landlord or lease-holder with an estate smaller than 100 holds*

28 48 60

Town-dweller (e.g. merchant, artisan, officer, member of the intelligentsia)

18 8 4

Worker in industry or commerce 16 13 4

Agricultural worker 25 22 24 Other 12 9 8

*Mostly peasant land owners or lease-holders.

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német German szerb és horvát Serbian and Croatian ruszin Ruthenian román Romanian szlovák Slovakian magyar Hungarian egyéb Other



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19. This task is about the 1989-1990 change of regime in Hungary. (short) Using the source and your own knowledge, outline the fundamental changes that took place in the political system of Hungary in the autumn of 1989. “Article XX of 1949 on the Constitution of the Hungarian People’s Republic – whose revised and unified text was declared by Article I of 1972 – (henceforth: Constitution) is to be modified as follows: Art. 1 The following text is to replace the Introduction to the Constitution: ‘In order to facilitate a peaceful political transition to a constitutional state, establish a multi-party system, parliamentary democracy and a social market economy, the Parliament of the Republic of Hungary hereby establishes the following text as the Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, until the country's new Constitution is adopted: [...].’ ” (Art. XXXI of 1989) „A Magyar Népköztársaság alkotmányáról szóló 1949. évi XX. törvény - amelynek módosított és egységes szövegét az 1972. évi I. törvény állapította meg - (a továbbiakban: Alkotmány) a következők szerint módosul: 1. § Az Alkotmány Bevezető része helyébe a következő szöveg lép: ’A többpártrendszert, a parlamenti demokráciát és a szociális piacgazdaságot megvalósító jogállamba való békés politikai átmenet elősegítése érdekében az Országgyűlés - hazánk új Alkotmányának elfogadásáig - Magyarország Alkotmányának szövegét a következők szerint állapítja meg: […].’ ” (Az 1989. évi XXXI. törvény) ..………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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20. This task is about the history of Hungary between the two World Wars. (long) Describe the aims, scope of action and achievements of Hungarian foreign policy in the 1920s, using your own knowledge and the sources.

Revisionist poster (its French caption in Hungarian: “Do you want four Alsaces?”)

Special edition of the daily Sopronvármegye, December 17th, 1921

‘The national assembly has approved of the measures taken by the Hungarian royal government, by which Hungary sought admission to the League of Nations and at the same time acknowledges the fact that with the decree of the third general assembly of the League of Nations passed on September 18th, 1922, Hungary’s application for membership was accepted.’ (Article XII of 1923)

Politikai napilap Political daily Rendkívüli kiadás Special edition 7107 szótöbbséggel with a majority of 7,107 votes magyarok maradtunk we have stayed Hungarian Leadtak cast Ausztria javára For Austria Magyarország javára For Hungary



„A nemzetgyűlés jóváhagyja a magyar királyi kormánynak azt az intézkedését, amellyel Magyarországnak a Nemzetek Szövetségébe való felvételét kérte s egyúttal tudomásul veszi, hogy a Nemzetek Szövetségének harmadik közgyűlése 1922. évi szeptember hó 18-án hozott határozatával Magyarországot a Szövetség tagjai közé felvette.” (Az 1923. évi XII. törvénycikk)

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Maximum points

Achieved points

I. Short answer tasks

1. Period of the Roman Republic 4 2. Mediaeval Church 4 3. Conquest of the Carpathian Basin 4 4. Enlightenment 4 5. The Rákóczi freedom fight 4 6. The industrial revolution 3 7. Culture in the Reform Period 4 8. Economy between the two World Wars 4 9. The Trianon peace treaty 4 10. The Rákosi period 4 11. Environmental pollution 4 12. The Hungarian electoral system 2

Total 45 I. Achieved points rounded up

II. Longer, essay-type questions

13. Islam and Christianity 12 14. The situation of women 12 15. The mining reforms of Charles Robert 12 16. Turkish expansion in Hungary 21 17. Maria Theresa’s decree on tariffs 12 18. Nationalities under the Dual Monarchy 21 19. The change of regime 12 20. Hungarian foreign policy in the 1920s 21

Total 45 II. Achieved points rounded up

I. + II. Total score for the written exam 90

Date Correcting teacher __________________________________________________________________________

elért pontszám

egész számra

kerekítve

programba beírt egész pontszám

I. Egyszerű, rövid feladatok II. Szöveges kifejtendő feladatok

dátum dátum

javító tanár jegyző

TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN

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