Translation of genetic information

TRANSLATION OF GENETIC INFORMATION,

PROTEINS:STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONPAOLA GÓMEZ AVILA

MEDICINE STUDENT

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

THIRD SEMESTER

El F3 overexpression is also related to cancers of the

breast, prostate and esophagus.

Therapeutically, it could detect increased expression in

a tissue eIF3 and after cancer targeting pathways we

have identified as regulated by eIF3.

It has been shown that you can put a brake on invasive

growth by manipulating these interactions, so clearly

this opens the door to another layer of potential cancer

therapies that could target these binding regions RNA.

Knowledge of chaperones has allowed the realization of

treatments chaperones in metabolic diseases,

explaining the function of these drug compounds in the

rescue of the enzyme mutated proteins whose activity

is reduced, facilitating its proper folding and

preventing its degradation, increasing their residual

activity. This type of treatment is specific to some

mutations affecting protein folding, with in each

disease.

IMPORTANCE AND UTILITY

FOR MEDICINE AREA

INFORMATION,

PROTEINS:

STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTION

PAOLA GÓMEZ AVILA

MEDICINE STUDENT

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

THIRD SEMESTER

Martínez Sánchez, Lina María; Vargas Grisales,

Natalia; Mejía Cardona, Laura; Osorio Ospina, Felipe;

Ramírez Pulgarín, Sergio. (2015). “Biología

molecular”. 8va Ed. Medellín, Colombia. Editorial

Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.

University of California - Berkeley. (2016, July 27).

When targeting cancer genes, home in on the one

percent: Many cancer-related mRNAs bind a protein

and uncover a hidden site that's a possible Achilles

heel.ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 28, 2016 from

www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160727140

047.htm

University of Texas Health Science Center at San

Antonio. (2016, August 5). Microscopic collisions help

proteins stay healthy: Heat shock proteins ram into

other proteins, generating force that is beneficial..

Retrieved August 28, 2016 from

www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160805115

212.htm

REFERENCES

The translation is protein synthesis guided by a

mold mRNA. The proteins are active mediators in

most cellular processes, carrying out the

functions determined by the information encoded

in the DNA. Protein synthesis is the final stage of

gene expression. However, translation is only the

first step in the formation of a functional

protein..

RNAm :The proteins are synthesized from mRNA

of a mold, all mRNA are read in the direction 5’-

3’, and the polypeptide chains are synthesized

from the amino terminal to carboxy terminal.

Each amino acid is encoded by three bases in the

Mrna

MOLECULAR CHAPERONES

They are a diverse group of families of proteins

required for proper folding, transport and

degradation of other proteins.Chaperones act as

containers for other bending protein subunits,

which contributes to be considered helper

proteins.

Many chaperones are heat-shock proteins (hsps),

prevent degradation of other proteins in cellular

stress conditions like high temperatures.

When targeting cancer genes, home in

on the one percentDrugs that stop the overproduction of proteins by

cancer cells may shut them down, but it also shuts

down production of essential proteins in healthy cells.

Researchers have found a protein with an active site

that opens and initiates translation only when the

protein binds to a small subset of mRNAs -- those

critical to regulating the growth and proliferation of

cell. Drugs to block this protein may allow a more

targeted drug approach, say the investigators.

The target is a protein that binds to messenger RNA --

the cell's blueprint for making protein -- and helps get

it started along the production line that ends in a fully

assembled protein. A drug blocking this binding protein

could shut off translation of only the growth-promoting

proteins and not other life-critical proteins inside the

cell. the protein is part of a larger assembly of proteins

called eIF3 -eukaryotic initiation factor 3.

PERSONAL OPINION: It is a great contribution to cancer

treatment because the possibility of affecting only the

abnormal cells from a patient, and maintain the

proliferation and growth of the rest of the cell

population opens.

INTRODUCTIONMicroscopic collisions help

proteins stay healthy“Heat shock proteins," also called

"chaperone proteins." These proteins, first

identified in cells subjected to heat, are

very important under many stressful and

non-stressful metabolic conditions.

They maintain proper protein function

and, importantly, prevent the

inappropriate accumulation of damaged

proteins. For example, accumulation of

damaged proteins such as beta amyloid,

tau and synuclein are thought to be very

important in the development of diseases

of the brain such as Alzheimer's disease

and Parkinson's disease.

Understanding Hsp70 behavior may have

relevance to human disease. By increasing

Hsp70 function, scientists cured

Huntington's, a neurodegenerative

disease, in a fly model. Cancer is another

interesting focus. Tumors rely on Hsp70s

to survive, so lowering Hsp70 function is a

topic in cancer research.

PERSONAL OPINION: The study of the

function of chaperones by the researchers

allowed to know the importance that this

has, acts as a control system to prevent

the accumulation of damaged proteins

that could allow the development of a

disease

INTRODUCTION

The translation is protein synthesis guided by a mold mRNA. The proteins are active

mediators in most cellular processes, carrying out the functions determined by the

information encoded in the DNA. Protein synthesis is the final stage of gene expression.

However, translation is only the first step in the formation of a functional protein.

RNAm TRANSLATION

The proteins are synthesized from mRNA of a mold, all mRNA are read in the direction 5’-

3’, and the polypeptide chains are synthesized from the amino terminal to carboxy

terminal. Each amino acid is encoded by three bases in the mRNA.

Translation takes place in

the ribosomes being tRNA

adapters between the

mold mRNA and amino

acids incorporated into

protein.

During translation each 20 aminoacids must be aligned with the corresponding mRNA codon

mold.

The mRNA sequence is recognized by the anticodon, located in the folded tRNA molecule,

which bind by base complementarity.

RIBOSOME

Translation always begins with the aminoacid methionine, normally encoded by the AUG

triplet.

This translation

mechanism is divided

into three stages:

initiation, elongation

and termination.

CHAPERONE PROTEINSThey are a diverse group of families of proteins required for proper folding, transport and

degradation of other proteins.

Chaperones act as containers for other bending protein subunits, which contributes to be

considered helper proteins.

Many chaperones are heat-shock proteins (hsps), prevent degradation of other proteins in

cellular stress conditions like high temperatures.

chaperones interact with non-native protein subunits and also participate in the

stabilization of folding and preventing aggregation

WHEN TARGETING CANCER GENES, HOME IN ON THE ONE PERCENT.Many cancer-related mRNAs bind a protein and uncover a hidden site that's a

possible Achilles heel.Date:July 27, 2016 Source:University of California - Berkeley

Most cancer drugs are designed to

halt cell growth, the hallmark

of cancer, and one popular target

is the pathway that controls

the production of a cell's thousands

of proteins.

The target is a protein that binds to

messenger RNA -- the cell's blueprint for

making protein -- and helps get it started

along the production line that ends in a

fully assembled protein. A drug blocking

this binding protein could shut off

translation of only the growth-promoting

proteins and not other life-critical proteins

inside the cell.Researches found a new drug target

within that pathway that is

appealing, because it appears to

control production of only a few

percent of the body's many proteins,

those critical to regulating the

growth and proliferation of cells.

the protein is part of a larger

assembly of proteins called eIF3 -

eukaryotic initiation factor 3

"If cancer cells are making too much mRNA,

you could shut them down by preventing

them from using that mRNA to make

protein,“

"Because this binding protein is not used for

general translation -- not every mRNA uses

this -- you may be able to get a more specific

anti-cancer effect by targeting that alone.”

eIF3's ability to selectively control mRNA

translation is turned on only when it binds to

the set of specialized mRNAs. Binding

between eIF3 and these mRNAs opens up a

pocket in eIF3 that then latches onto the

end-cap of mRNA to trigger the translation

process.

views of researchers

"To me, it's like finding a secret

lever that opens a hidden drawer

in an old-time desk," Cate

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, which means the protein production

machinery goes into overdrive to provide the building materials and control systems for

new cells.

"What we found is that another protein, hiding in plain

sight for over four decades, can also bind the chemical

handle on the end of mRNAs to promote translation," he said.

"It's a component of eIF3 -- a protein called eIF3d --

which has never before been connected to binding the handle."

One key insight was that a so-called

initiation protein must bind to a

chemical handle on the end of each

mRNA to start it through the protein

manufacturing plant, the ribosome.

Until now, this initiation protein was

thought to be eIF4E (eukaryotic

initiation factor 4E) for all mRNAs.

PERSONAL OPINION

It is a great contribution to cancer

treatment because the possibility of

affecting only the abnormal cells

from a patient, and maintain the

proliferation and growth of the rest

of the cell population opens.

Through drug targets to attack

specific proteins that allow not all

proteins are affected. Studies based

on cancer seek to avoid inhibiting

mRNA translation abnormal

proteins.

MICROSCOPIC COLLISIONS HELP PROTEINS STAY HEALTHYHeat shock proteins ram into other proteins, generating force that is

beneficial.

Date: August 5, 2016 Source: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

“Heat shock proteins," also called

"chaperone proteins." These proteins,

first identified in cells subjected

to heat, are very important under

many stressful and non-stressful

metabolic conditions.

They maintain proper protein function

and, importantly, prevent the

inappropriate accumulation of damaged

proteins. For example, accumulation of

damaged proteins such as beta amyloid,

tau and synuclein are thought to be very

important in the development of diseases

of the brain such as Alzheimer's disease

and Parkinson's disease.

This is a model of the structure of clathrin,

a protein that researchers at The

University of Texas Health Science Center

at San Antonio used to study how a heat

shock protein disassembles protein

complexes.

Model system

The system moves Hsp70s to where they are needed.

Once this occurs, collision pressures pull things apart.

Previous attempts to glean this information failed because

the proteins studied were too heterogeneous -- of too many different sizes,

shapes and actions -- to isolate the Hsp70 behavior.

The UT Health Science Center team studied clathrin, a protein that

is uniform in size and shape and is important in making intracellular

cages that transport other proteins.

The clathrin model provided the biological raw material to study

the force that occurs with Hsp70 collisions.

Hsp70 in disease

Understanding Hsp70 behavior

may have relevance to human

disease. By increasing Hsp70

function, scientists cured

Huntington's, a

neurodegenerative disease, in

a fly model. Cancer is another

interesting focus. Tumors rely

on Hsp70s to survive, so

lowering Hsp70 function is a

topic in cancer research.

Personal opinion

The study of the function of

chaperones by the researchers

allowed to know the importance

that this has, acts as a control

system to prevent the

accumulation of damaged proteins

that could allow the development

of a disease. Also avoids protein

degradation in conditions of

cellular stress. Fundamental to

maintain balance.

IMPORTANCE AND UTILITY FOR MEDICINE AREA

The eIF3 protein is a component of the initiation complex. It is known to

regulate mRNA translation into protein, besides its role in stabilizing the

structure of the complex. eIF3 overexpression is also related to cancers

of the breast, prostate and esophagus.Therapeutically, it could detect increased expression in a tissue eIF3 and

after cancer targeting pathways we have identified as regulated by eIF3.

It has been shown that you can put a brake on invasive growth by

manipulating these interactions, so clearly this opens the door to another

layer of potential cancer therapies that could target these binding

regions RNA

Knowledge of chaperones has allowed the realization

of treatments chaperones in metabolic diseases,

explaining the function of these drug compounds in

the rescue of the enzyme mutated proteins whose

activity is reduced, facilitating its proper folding and

preventing its degradation, increasing their residual

activity. This type of treatment is specific to some

mutations affecting protein folding, within each

disease.

IMPORTANCE OF

CHAPERONE

PROTEINS

References

• Martínez Sánchez, Lina María; Vargas Grisales, Natalia; Mejía Cardona, Laura; OsorioOspina, Felipe; Ramírez Pulgarín, Sergio. (2015). “Biología molecular”. 8va Ed.Medellín, Colombia. Editorial Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.

• University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. (2016, August 5). Microscopiccollisions help proteins stay healthy: Heat shock proteins ram into other proteins,generating force that is beneficial. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 28, 2016 fromwww.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160805115212.htm

• University of California - Berkeley. (2016, July 27). When targeting cancer genes, homein on the one percent: Many cancer-related mRNAs bind a protein and uncover a hiddensite that's a possible Achilles heel.ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 28, 2016 fromwww.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160727140047.htm

• Europa Press.(2015,Abril 6). The mRNA new target for cancer drugs.Madrid, España.Retrieved from http://www.infosalus.com/salud-investigacion/noticia-arn-mensajero-nueva-diana-farmacos-contra-cancer-20150406170133.html