Topics: – What is refrigerant? – What impacts do refrigerants really have on the environment? – What is the best overall environmental solution? – The Montreal Protocol update – Increasing threats to the HFC’s – What refrigerant do I pick? Green Refrigerant Green Refrigerant
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Topics:– What is refrigerant?
– What impacts do refrigerants really have on the environment?
– What is the best overall environmental solution?
– The Montreal Protocol update
– Increasing threats to the HFC’s
– What refrigerant do I pick?
Green RefrigerantGreen Refrigerant
What is refrigerant?
What is refrigerant?
from ASHRAE Fundamentals Chapter 16
Refrigerant
� the vital working fluid in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and heat pumping systems.
� absorbs heat from one area, such as an air-conditioned space, and rejects it into another, such as outdoors, usually through evaporation and condensation process, respectively.
�Common refrigerant in HVAC industry are fluorocarbonssubstance
What is refrigerant?
Composition of Fluorocarbons
Cl
C
Cl
FF
H
C
Cl
FF
C hloroF luoroC arbons
H
C
H
FF
H ydroC hloroF luoro
C arbons
H ydroF luoroC arbons
Phase out
Class 1Phase out
Class 2Phase
Down
expansionexpansiondevicedevice
A
F condensercondenser
pres
sure
pres
sure
B
CE D
compressorcompressor
enthalpyenthalpy
evaporatorevaporator
Basic refrigerant cycle
Refrigerant history
Refrigerant history
Which year is the invention of Refrigeration Cycle?(The FIRST Vapor Compression Cycle in the World)
A. 1698B. 1834 C. 1892
In 1698, Englishman Mr. Thomas Savery invented the First practical STEAM ENGINE.
In 1892, German Mr. Karl Diesel invented the First DIESEL ENGINE
Answer is (B). First practical refrigerating machine was built by Jacob Perkins in 1834
Refrigerant history
Historical perspective
• 1830 to 1930s – 1st generation “Whatever it works”
• 1931 to 1990s – 2nd generation “Safety & Durability”
• 1990 to 2010s – 3rd generation “Ozone protection”
Note: Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before the phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.
Note: Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before the phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.
¥ MAC: Mobil Air Conditioning
Developed Countries
No new R-22 for service
CFC production ends (R-11, R-12)
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
No new R-123 for service
No new HCFC Production
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
CFC production ends (R-11, R-12)
Developed Countries
Production of most CFC equipment ends
Developed Countries
Production of R-22 equipment ends
TodayToday
Developed Countries
Production of new HCFC equipment ends
Developed Countries
Production of R-123 equipment ends
Increasing threats to HFCs?
• HFCs with comparatively higher GWPs(R-134a, R-410A, R-407C) are banned in Europefor mobile air conditioning beginning in new car models in 2011, and all car models in 2017
• European countries such as Denmark, Austria, and Switzerland have already banned the use of HFC’s.
• Refrigerant manufacturers are aggressively working to develop a new generation of lower GWP refrigerants (HFO’s) to replace current generation of HFC’s (R-134a, R-410A, R-407C)
• USA efforts with “cap and trade” legislation, such as the Waxman-Markey bill would reduce the production of HFC’s to 85% below 2005 levels by the year 2033
• UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and the Kyoto Protocol aim to reduce production of HFC’s over the coming years
Increasing Global Threats to the HFC’s
HFC Amendment to the Montreal ProtocolHFC Amendment to the Montreal Protocol
Introduced by Micronesia and Mauritius
Transfers responsibility for control of HFCs from the UNFCCC to the Montreal Protocol
Establishes baseline of average of 2004, 2005 and 2006 consumption of HFCs
– 15% reduction in 2015
– 30% reduction in 2018
– 45% reduction in 2021
– 60% reduction in 2024
– 75% reduction in 2027
– 90% reduction in 2030
Increasing Global Threats to the HFC’s
HFC P
hase D
own
HFC P
hase D
own
HFC P
hase D
own
HFC P
hase D
own
Submitted on September 15, 2009Submitted on September 15, 2009
Proposal by U.S., Canada, and Mexico to transfer HFCs control to Montreal Protocol – Open Ended Working Group (OEWG 31)
Baseline of average of 2004, 2005, & 2006 consumption and production of HCFCs & HFCs
Phase down of production/consumption of HFCs in Developed Countries:
– 10% by 2013
– 20% by 2017
– 30% by 2020
– 50% by 2025
– 70% by 2029
– 85% by 2033
Increasing Global Threats to the HFC’s
HFC P
hase D
own
HFC P
hase D
own
HFC P
hase D
own
HFC P
hase D
own
Hong Kong, alongside 20 other Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) economies, has set a target to achieve areduction in carbon footprint of at least 25% by 2030 (with 2005 as the base year).
Increasing Global Threats to the HFC’s
Key Suggestions:
Supply Side: Nuclear Energy
Demand Side: End-use Energy Efficiency(The Fastest, Cheapest & Most Effective Method!)
In Hong Kong, the Buildings Energy Efficiency Ordinance (Cap. 610)had been enacted in November 2010
Two subsidiary regulations under the Ordinance, namely
Buildings Energy Efficiency (Fees) Regulation (Cap. 610A) and Buildings Energy Efficiency (Registered Energy Assessors) Regulation (Cap. 610B) had also been enacted in March 2011
The Ordinance will come into full operation on 21 September 2012.
The core parts (Parts 2 to 6) of the Ordinance are now within the grace
period.
Increasing Global Threats to the HFC’s
Guidelines To Account For And Report On Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Removals For Buildings In Hong Kong
• For compliance of ISO 14064-1
• HFC and PFC are commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning sectors, are
GHGs with global warming potentials (GWP) much higher than that of carbon dioxide.
Therefore, uncontrolled release of these gases into atmosphere may have significant
potential impact on climate change.
Increasing Global Threats to the HFC’s
Which refrigerant do I pick?
Which Refrigerant Do I Pick???
Balanced Approach with a Focus on Efficiency
First, you must answer…
What are the real factorsover the life of a chiller?
Cost of Electricity 94.5%
First Cost of Chiller 5.18%
Cost of Initial Refrigerant 0.25%
Cost of Lifetime Refrigerant Supply 0.04%
Which Refrigerant Do I Pick???
Same Assessment Grade for R123 & R134a
Green Building Rating for Refrigerants
HFC134a: 1 pt
HCFC123: 1 pt
Considers ODP, GWP, leak
rate, refrigerant intensity
V1.1 (April 2010)
HFC134a: 1 pt
HCFC123: 0 pt
Considers only ODPV1.0 (Dec. 2009)
HFC134a: 1 pt
HCFC123: 1 pt
Considers ODP, GWP, leak
rate, refrigerant intensity
V2.2 (Nov2005)
HFC134a: 1 pt
HCFC123: 0 pt
Considers only ODPV2.1 (Nov2002)
Which Refrigerant Do I Pick???
Same Assessment Grade for R123 & R134a
Hong Kong Building Energy Code (BEC) Chiller COP Requirements
United Nations Environmental Program UNEP / EPA (1994)
Scenario for HFCsIPCC (IS92a) Scenario for all
other gases
Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide
Nitrous OxideNitrous Oxide
MethaneMethane
CFCs & HCFCs HFCsHFCs
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
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Greenhouse Gas Growth Projections
Shift to GWP and CO2Shift to GWP and CO2
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
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Annual mean temperature recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters (1885-2010). Data are not available from 1940 to 1946
Source form HKO HKSAR
Observed Climate Change in Hong Kong
Copenhagen - 1992 Montreal - September 2007
Developed Countries,except EU 27
1996
2004
2010
2015
2020
2020
|
2030
Freeze Quantities
35% reduction
65% reduction
90% reduction
99.5% reduction
Remaining 0.5% is for service only
Total Phase out
1996
2004
2010
2015
2020
2020
|
2030
Freeze Quantities
35% reduction
75% reduction
90% reduction
99.5% reduction
Remaining 0.5% is for service only
Total Phase out
Developing Countries
2016
2040
Freeze Quantities at 2015 levels
No interim step down
Total Phase out
2013
2015
2020
2025
2030
2030
|
2040
Freeze QuantitiesBaseline set at average of 2009/2010
production levels
10% reduction
35% reduction
67.5% reduction
97.5% reduction
Remaining 2.5% is for service only
Total Phase out
European Union In the EU new HCFC products can no longer be delivered.
Export of HCFC products allowed till December 2009.
Jan. 2010: Ban on refilling existing products with virgin HCFC.
Jan. 2015: Ban on refilling existing products with recycled HCFC.
Note: Most recent Montreal Protocol meeting took place in Montreal, September 2007
Final Phase out dates of HCFCs have NOT changed Final Phase out dates of HCFCs have NOT changed
Montreal Protocol:HCFC Production and Consumption Reduction Dates
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
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Mil
lio
n K
ilo
gra
ms
CF
C-1
1 E
qu
iva
len
t
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
32.5% - 2015
2.5% - Service Tail
65% - 2020
90% - 2015
2013 Freeze point(Was 2016)
2009-2010 Baseline established(Was 2015)
Phase out of HCFC use in new equipment
(was 2040)
Sep 07 MP Change
Montreal Protocol Changes in HCFC Consumption Cap for Developing Countries e.g. PRC
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
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The latest assessment report from the Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee (RTOC), contains a great quote. The assessment is part of the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) review pursuant to Article 6 of the Montreal Protocol.
“8.4.2.7 Environmental Evaluation for Retention of HCFC-123
as a Refrigerant for Centrifugal Chillers”
“Refrigerant HCFC-123 has a favorable overall impact on the environment that is attributable to five factors:
(1) a low ODP (2) a very low GWP(3) a very short atmospheric lifetime
(4) the extremely low emissions of current designs for R-123 chillers(5) the highest efficiency of all current options
Based on integrated assessments, considering the tradeoffs between
negligible impacts on stratospheric ozone and important benefits in addressing global warming, these studies recommend consideration of a phase-out exemption for HCFC-123.”
• F-Gases regulation covers air conditioning and industrial refrigeration systems. Focus is on containment and recovery of HFCs► Prevent and minimize leakage
► Mandatory inspections and/or leakage detection systems
► Maintenance of records
► Recovery
► Training and Certification
• F-Gases directive on car air conditioning ► No new vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2011
► Prohibit sale of vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2017
• Publication of regulation & directive in July/August 2006 ► Entry into force, at Member State level, 12 months after Publication in the EU
Official Journal
► Member States, except for Austria and Denmark, not allowed to enact stricter measures
► F-Gases measures are part of EU international commitments (Kyoto phase 1 & 2)
• EU Commission will assess F-gases progress in 2010
European HFC RestrictionsCap & Trade Movements
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
• Denmark► General HFC ban in 2006► HFC ban on HVAC equipment in 2007, except if the factory refrigerant charge
is <10kg for cooling applications or <50 kg for heat pump applications • Austria
► HFC ban on HVAC equipment, appliances and cars in 2008, except if factory charge is <20kg of refrigerant
• Switzerland► Domestic refrigeration HFC Ban - 2003► Air conditioners HFC Ban - 2005► Mobile air conditioning HFC Ban – 2008
• Japan► GHG emissions reduction target of 60-80% by 2050► Cap & trade program fall of 2008► Regulation on HFCs
• New Zealand Cap & Trade (Legislation in process)► Six gases including HFCs► All sectors
• Australia Cap & Trade (Mid-2011)► Five gases (separate regulation for HFCs)► 25% reduction by 2020 and 60% reduction by 2050 from 2000 level
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USGBC LEED EA #4
Select the Lowest Carbon Footprint RefrigerantSelect the Lowest Carbon Footprint Refrigerant
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
USGBC LEED EA #4
No Leaks Means No Direct Environmental ImpactNo Leaks Means No Direct Environmental Impact
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
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Observed Global Tropospheric Concentration Trends
Source: 2006 IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System
R-123 = 0.03
R-134a = 26
R-22 = 157
R-11 = 256
R-12 = 538
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
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R123 chiller Job ReferenceProject Name Client Model Qty Capacity
(Tons)
Year
(1) HONG KONG
Hennessy Centre Redevelopment HYSAN CVHF910 5 4,750 2011
Mandarin Oriental Hotel Central MOHG CVHG770 4 2,600 2011