Ingersoll Rand 2012 © Mike Thompson Global Leader of Refrigerant Strategy Trane, Ingersoll Rand, Thermo King The Future of Refrigerants: Where Do We Go.

Ingersoll Rand 2012 ©

Mike ThompsonGlobal Leader of Refrigerant StrategyTrane, Ingersoll Rand, Thermo King

The Future of Refrigerants: Where Do We Go From

Here?


Options For HVAC Refrigerants

Fluorocarbons “Natural” Refrigerants

Class 1High ODP CFC’s

Non- Ozone Depleters(Kyoto Protocol)

Ozone Depleters(Montreal Protocol)

Class 2Low ODP HCFC’s

Higher GWP Lower GWP

R-11R-12R113R-500

R-22R-123

R-134aR-410AR-407C

R-32R-152a

PropaneButaneCO2

Ammonia


Timeline of Refrigerant Usage

Continued use of recycled R-22, R-123 for developing countries

1990 2000 2010 2050204020302020

Montreal Protocol Signed

All CFC production Stopped (R-11,R-12) in developed countries

No new equipmentwith R-22

No new R-22 for serviceNo new equipment with R-123 in developed countries

No new R-123 for service in developed countries, no HCFC’s in new equipment in developing countries

No HCFC production in developing countries

Today

Kyoto Protocol Signed

No automotive use of R-134a in Europe

Continued use of recycled CFC’s

Continued use of recycled R-22

Continued use of recycled R-123

No CFC’s for developing countries

Note: Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before the phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.


Current Refrigerant Pricing January 2011

*Source: WWW.r22.org



Kyoto ProtocolGreenhouse Gas Coverage Six (6) Gases

Carbon Dioxide -- CO2

Methane -- CH4

Nitrous Oxide -- N2O Hydrofluorocarbons -- HFCs Perfluorocarbons -- PFCs Sulfur hexafluoride -- SF6

Base Period 1990 for CO2 , CH4 , and N2O 1990 or 1995 for HFCs, PFCs, and SF6


European HFC Restrictions

Denmark General HFC ban in 2006 HFC ban on HVAC equipment in 2007, except if the factory refrigerant charge is <10kg

for cooling applications or <50 kg for heat pump applications

Austria HFC ban on HVAC equipment, appliances and cars in 2008, except if factory charge is

<20kg of refrigerant

Switzerland Domestic Refrigeration HFC Ban - 2003 Air Conditioners HFC Ban - 2005 Mobile Air Conditioning HFC Ban – 2008

F-Gases Directive on car air conditioning No new vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2011 Prohibit sale of vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2017



Country GHG Cap & Trade Legislation

Japan GHG emissions reduction target of 60-80% by 2050 Will start trial cap & trade program fall of 2009 Govt pressure on GHGs, including HFCs, against industries desires

New Zealand Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Six gases including HFCs All sectors

Australia Cap & Trade (Legislation in process) Five gases Separate HFC regulation (25% below 2000 levels by 2020) HFC regulations begin in 2011

European Union (27 countries) - 2008 CO2 only cap and trade, utilities & large industrials HFCs under regulatory pressure


US Legislative Efforts

American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (aka: Waxman-Markey Bill)

Uses the average of 2004, 2005, 2006 production as a baseline for HFC production (weighted HCFC and HFC volumes)

10% below average in 2012




US State Department Proposal to UNEP Reduce to 2005 levels by 2014

20% reduction by 2017




Developing countries to follow developed countries by 10 years


Balance of Environmental Issues

Minimal Ozone Depletion (ODP)

Minimal Global Warming potential (GWP)

Best delivered efficiency (part and full load)

Short atmospheric life

Lowest possible leakage rate


Environmental Impact of Refrigerants

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

CFC-11

CFC-12

HCFC-22

HCFC-123

HFC-134a

HFC-410A

HFC-407C

HFC-245fa

OD

P (

R-1

1=

1.0

)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

CFC-11

CFC-12

HCFC-22

HCFC-123

HFC-134a

HFC-410A

HFC-407C

HFC-245fa

GW

P (

CO

2=

1.0

)

5.45.65.8

66.26.46.66.8

CFC-11

CFC-12

HCFC-22

HCFC-123

HFC-134a

HFC-410A

HFC-407C

HFC-245fa

CO

P

0

20

40

60

80

100

CFC-11

CFC-12

HCFC-22

HCFC-123

HFC-134a

HFC-410A

HFC-407C

HFC-245fa

Ye

ars

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

Atmospheric Life (years)Energy Efficiency (COP)

Global Warming Potential (GWP)


ODP versus GWPCFC-11

12113114115

HCFC-22123124

141b142b

HFC-32125

134a143a152a

227ea236fa245fa

ODP (relative to R-11) GWP (relative to CO2)

0.00.00.20.40.60.81.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

J. M. Calm and G. C. Hourahan, “Refrigerant Data Summary,” Engineered Systems, 18(11):74-88, November 2001 (based on 1998 WMO and 2001 IPCC assessments) © JMC 2001


Chiller Operating PressureO

pera

tin

g P

ressure

(p

sig

)

310.0

270.0

230.0

190.0

150.0

110.0

70.0

30.0

-10.0

R-11 R-123 R-12 R-134a R-22 R-410A

Evaporator (38°F)

Off Line (72°F)

Condenser (100°F)


Number of Trane R-123 CenTraVacs 2768

Total Pounds of Charge 3,547,612 lbs

Total Pounds of Charge Added 16,229 lbs/yr

Annualized Total Loss Rate 0.4575 %

Trane 1997 Survey Results

Chiller Emissions Study

Study corroborated in “Impact on Global Ozone and ClimateFrom Use and Emission of (HCFC-123)” By Calm, Wuebbles and Jain


What Is Important Over the Life of a Chiller?

Cost of Energy (94.5%)

First Cost of Chiller (5.18%)

Cost of Initial ChargeOf Refrigerant (0.25%)

Refrigerant Added Over 30 years (0.04%)


Emissions

EnergyEfficiency

Focusing on Emissions and Efficiency is fundamental to doing what’s right

The Future


Options For HVAC Refrigerants

Fluorocarbons “Natural” Refrigerants

Class 1High ODP CFC’s

Non- Ozone Depleters(Kyoto Protocol)

Ozone Depleters(Montreal Protocol)

Class 2Low ODP HCFC’s

Higher GWP Lower GWP

R-11R-12R113R-500

R-22R-123

R-134aR-410AR-407C

R-32R-152a

PropaneButaneCO2

Ammonia

-Toxicity Concerns-Efficiency Concerns-Cost Concerns

-ODP Concerns-GWP Concerns- Flammable

GWP

ODP

ODP

ODP

ODP

ODP

ODP

ODP

GWP

GWP

GWP

GWP

GWPGWP

GWP

GWP


Summary

All fluorocarbon refrigerants in use today are under legislative jeopardy

The balanced approach to refrigerant selection is the best way to protect the environment Ozone Depletion Global Warming Energy Efficiency Short atmospheric life Low pressure (low tendency for leakage)

Chiller selection should focus on: High Energy Efficiency Minimal leakage rates Superior technical design

Ingersoll Rand 2012 © Mike Thompson Global Leader of Refrigerant Strategy Trane, Ingersoll Rand, Thermo King The Future of Refrigerants: Where Do We Go.

Documents

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automotive use of r

continued use of recycled

ingersoll rand

use of recycled refrigerants

u methane

developing countries

u hfc ban