Traces of loose prefixation in Old Chinese lento forms

“Traces of loose prefixation in Old Chinese lento forms” 1CEACL-2, Roma/La Sapienza, Sep. 6-8, 2001

2001-11-22, 01:13 <[email protected]>

Traces of loose prefixation in Old Chinese lento forms

Wolfgang Behr, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, F.R.G.

1. ‘Lento forms’: history of designations (cf. YÁN TÍNGDÉ 1989, ZHÔU FÃGÂO 1954)

(1) Shìb� n, Jû :

.

“The Wu and Man-Barbarians abound in ‘released sounds’ (i.e. non-semantic sylla-

bles), so that several words form a single utterance together.” (ap. PÁN WÙYÚN 1998:

143)

(2) SH�N KUÒ (1031-1095), Yìwén , II (Mèngxî b�t án , 15: 505,

YYXZL 289 ):

“ ... In fact, there were already cases of two syllables combined into one single word in

the ancient language, i.e expressions of the type *bp[u] + *a[k]haj/ equals *aphaj/,

*aga[j] + *bp[u] equals *axap, *bn[a] + b[d]e/ equals *bn´j/, *bt[´] + *a[˙]a equals

*bta, which are reminiscent of the “two sound-combinations” of the ‘Western Territo-

ries’, and in all likelihood the origin of [the technique of] ‘cutting characters’.”

(3) mànshçng “lento forms”, cf.

“When allegro and lento forms correspond, lento forms consist in two, allegro forms

in one [character], this is just like the “two sound-combinations” (ligatures) in Sanskrit

wirting. For instance, if the lento form is *bta=b/a-n, the allegro form is *btan.”

ZHÈNG QIÁO (1103-1162), ‘Lùn jí màn shçng xié ’, in: Liù shû gù

(Tông zhì , 35)

(4) qièjião y�/z ì / “cut foot words”, cf.

• HÓNG MÀI (1123-1202),

Qiè jião y� (Róngzhái sânb� , 16)

• YÚ WÉNBÀO (fl. 1167),

‘Súy� qi èjião zì ’ (Chuî jiàn lù , 12)

• FÂNG Y�ZH Ì (1579-1671),

Yísh� (Tôngyã , 50) .

(5) èr zì wéi y î “two words in one”, cf.

• GÙ YÁNW� (1613-1682), (Yînxué w�shû , Yîn lùn

, ZHÔU Z�MÓ et al eds., 1982: 49-51; BEHR 1994)

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(6) zhí yán “straight pronunciation” vs. cháng yán “prolonged pronunciation”,

e.g.

“Pronounced straight one says ‘*anaj, pronounced prolonged one says *anaj=agaj.”

(GÙ YÁNW� , Rízhî lù , 32)

(7) zhuãny� ì “transformed words”, zhuãn X wéi X , “transform X into”, cf.

• CHÉNG YÁOTIÁN (1725-1814), Gu�lu� zhuãny� j ì (repr.

in WÈI JIÀNGÔNG 1934=1996: 16-30).

• DÀI ZHÈN (1723-1777), Zhuãny� èrshí zhâng: Xù (in

ZHÔU BÎNW� ed. 1988:115-123)

• WÁNG NIÀNSÛN (1744-1832), Diéyùn zhuãny� (Ms., ed. In

WÈI JIÀNGÔNG 1934=1996: 62-68)

(8) dânyán “simple pronunciation” vs. chóng yán “repeated pronunciation,

reduplication”, e.g.

“Pronounced simple it is *ahra/ [“tiger”], pronounced in reduplication it is *b/a=ala.”

(WÁNG NIÀNSÛN, Guãngyã shûzhèng , 17, s.v.)

(9) héshçng “combined pronunciation”, e.g.

“The transformed pronunciation of *bq-hlun-s=ag(r)o [“owl”] is *bq-hlun-s=agWa,

whereas its combined pronunciation is *bx(r)u.”

(WÁNG NIÀNSÛN, Guãngyã shûzhèng , 10b, s.v.)

(10) jíyán “allegro pronunciation” vs. xú yán “delayed pronunciation”, e.g.

“*adzaj means ‘small swelling’, according to one opinion, it is the *adzok=ruj [“sca-

bies”] disease.”

“Pronounced in delayed manner it is *atr´k=br´, *atr´k=br´ exactly cuts (spells) the

character *al´.”

(WÁNG NIÀNSÛN, Guãngyã shûzhèng , 7b, 10a s.vv.)

2. OC syllable structure according to SAGART (1999)

2.1 Segments

P {*s-, *p-, *t-, *k-, *m-, *N-, ?*q-} PREFIX

C0 {*-p-, *-pH-,*-b-, *-m-, *-hm- // *-t-, *-tH-,*-d-, *-n-, *-hn- // INITIAL

*-ts-, *-tsH-,*-dz-; *-s- // *-l-, *-hl-,*-r-, *-hr-, *-hm- // *-k-, *-kH-,*-g-, *-N-, *-hN-; *-x- //

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*-kW-, *-kHW-,*-gW-, *-NW-, *-hNW-; *-xW- // *-/W-}

I {*-r-} INFIX

V {*-i-, *-´-, *-u-, *-e-, *-a-, *-o-} NUCLEUS

Cf {*-p-, *-t-, *-k-; *-m-, *-n-, *-N-; *-r-, *-j- < *-l-, *-w-, -*Wk-} CODA

C// {*-/-} POST-CODA

S {*-s, *-n, *-N} SUFFIX

2.2 Suprasegments

i. ππ: Prosody: a (A) / b (B)1

ii. ´́: Syllabification, i.e. schwa-epenthesis in non-fusing initial clusters: *P´́(-I-)CoV-

2.3 Syllable structure(root marked by boxes; shaded segments represent morphologically relevant slots)

Prosody: 2 ππ = a(A)/b(B)

Segments: *[σσ (P) (-I-) C0 (-I-) V3 (-Cf) (-C//)

4 (-S) ]

⇒ Syllabification: ´́ = insert schwa (after “iambic” prefix)

2.4 Some phonotactic constraints

i. *-Cf C/ -* ii. *P-I-C0-I-V-* iii. *-(h)r-I-V-r-*

[-resonant]

iv. *-VCf -* v. *-C0(-I-)VCf-* vi. *-C0(-I-)VCf-*

[+round] [+labial] [+labial] [+labial] ´ [w,Wk]

1) It is presently not clear how this prosodic distinction, which eventually gave rise to the MiddleChinese “division” (děng )-distinction, is to be interpreted. Among the competeing proposals are:(a) tongue-root position, i.e. σσ = [±ATR] or [±tense], (b) yodization, i.e. I = *-y-/*-∅, (c) moraicprominence of the bimoraic nucleus, i.e. V = [µ @.µ]/[µ.µ @], (d) vowel length, i.e. V ìì/V, (e) tone, i.e. σσ= [± Hi].

2) Infixation postion in the skeleton depends on presence/absence of a prefix.3) It is likely, that OC had remnants of qualitative ablaut (PULLEYBLANK 1965, BEHR, forthcoming),

which might go back to infixation of *-a&- (PULLEYBLANK 1989) in pre-proto OC.4) It has sometimes been argued that post-final *-/ had a morphological function in OC (i.e. S= C//) as

well, marking familiarity in kinship terms body part terms (ZHÈNG-ZHÂNG 2000: 18). Here I pre-liminarily follow SAGART (1999), who found no good evidence for such an assumption.

“Traces of loose prefixation in Old Chinese lento forms” 4CEACL-2, Roma/La Sapienza, Sep. 6-8, 2001

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2.4.1 infix position, cf.

(11) Zuo (Xiang 22.2, SSJ 1974):

[OC *bt s h r a jt s h r a j=bl r a jl r a j < *bsr-hlaj]MC* phje jH t syo t s h a wX m u w k , n g u t s y h u w H mjˆjH yQX, nyi ha kamX t s rh j et s rh j e d r j ed r j e?“They compared it [Jìn and us, Zhèng ] to grasses and trees, it [Jìn] was of ourfragrance and taste, why then, should they presume us to be unequal?”

cf. Shuowen, s.v.:

cf. Dù Yù (222-284): [OC *as-l´j]

cf. cçncî < *t s rh im=tsrhje < *bsr-hl´m=bsr-hlaj “uneven”

2.4.2 Cf. PÂN WÙYÚN (2000):

• [σσ [O (s-) C1 (C2)] [R V [E C3 (C4)]], where C2 = {l,r,j}, C1 = {s, /},

• C1 can appear as a ‘minor sylable’ (cìyào yînjié ) with anaptyctic

vowels

2.5 Khmer syllable & derivation types (JENNER & SAVEROS POU 1980/81, BISANG 1992)

a. syllable structure (SS):

A B C D E

CV(C) CCV(C) C´C(C)V(C) Cr´C(C)V(C) CvNC(C)V(C)

b. affixes:i. simple consonantal prefixes: R-, p-, t-, c-, k-, s-, L-, m-, n-ii. complex consonantal prefixes: Rr´-, Pr´-, tr´-, cr´-, kr´-, sr´-iii. non-syllabic infixes: -b-, -m-, -n-, -L-, -h-, -/-iv. syllabic infixes: -vmn-, -vN-v. secondary prefixes (i.e. iv. infixed into i.): bvN-, tv$N-, cvN-, rvN-, svN-

c. derivation (D)

BASE SS → D PRIMARY-D SS → D SECONDARY-D SS

CV(C) A[i],[iii]

CCV(C) Bredupl.-anapt.

(rare: [iii])C1´C1CV(C) C

↓ [ii] Cr´CV(C) D [ii] Cr´CCV(C) D

[iv] CvmnV(C) E [iv] CvNCV(C) E

[v] CvNCV(C) E [v] CvNCCV(C) E

“Traces of loose prefixation in Old Chinese lento forms” 5CEACL-2, Roma/La Sapienza, Sep. 6-8, 2001

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3. OC sound correlated compounds

3.1 total reduplication (P)C0 (I)V(Cf)(C/)-s=(P)C0 (I)V(Cf)(C/)-s

C0V: yóuyóu < *y u w=y u w < *blu=lu (Meng 2A9)

C0IV: pîpî < *phij=phi j < *bphr´=phr´ (Shi 297.2)

C0VC/: �r�r < *nyiX=nyiX < *bn´/=n´/ (Shi 300.3)

C0VCf: yáo < *ye w=y e w < *blaw=law (Shi 109.1)

C0IVC/: nièniè < *ngje t=ng je t < *bNrat=Nrat (Shi 57.4)

P-C0VCf: zçngzçng < *t song= t s ong < as-t´N=s-t´N (Shi 300.5)

P-C0VCfC/: cãncãn < *t s h o mX=t s h o mX< as-hl´m/=s-hl´m/ (Shi 192.11)

P-C0VCf-s: [xìnxìn] < *syinH=sy inH < *bs-nin-s=s-nin-s (Shi 284)

P-C0VCf C/-s: xùnxùn < *s w o n H=s w o n H < *as-(h)lun(/)-s=s-(h)lun(/)-s(Liu Xiu bei , 105-171)

P´-C0VCf luánluán < *lwan= l w a n < *AC´-ron=C´-ron (Shi 39.1)

PI-C0VCf y[â,î]ngy[â,î]ng < *' jQ ng= ' j Q ng < *bqr-laN=qr-laN (Shi 283)

3.2 partial reduplication

3.2.1 diéyùn “rhyming compounds” (R)

a. CVC=C’VC: i. simple R, ii. pre-, infixed, cluster R, iii. iambic Rb. CVC=C’VC’: i. feature, homorganic R, ii.-iii. subsequence Rc. CVC=C’V’C: ablaut R

(12) a. i. chóumóu < *dr j iw= mj iw < *bdriw=bmiw “be tied round” (Shi 118.1)

ii. páoxiâo < *bawe=x a e w < *abru=axru “brawling” (Shi 255.4)

fúyóu < *b juw=yuw < *bb-lu=blu “ephemerida” (Shi150)

� gu�lu� < *k w aX=laX < *Ak-loj/=aloj/ “n. of a gourd” (Shi 156.2)

yàngzhãng < *' j angH=t s y angX < *bq-laN-s=btaN/ “be disconcerted“

(Shi 205.5)

cânggçng < *t s hang=k a e n g < *as-hraN=*akr-laN “oriol” (Shi 154.2)

chuàngxiông < *t s rh j ang=x j w Q n g < *bsr-hlaN=ahmraN “affliction

and distress (Shi 257.1)

iii. huîtuî < *xwo j=d w o j < *axuj=a(C´-)luj “be fagged out” (Shi 3.2)

hàndàn < *h o mX=d o mX < *agom/=*a(C´-)lom/ “lotus flower”

(Shi 145.3)

[wán]lán < *h w a n=l an < *awan=a(C´-)ran “metaplexis stauntoni”

(Shi 60.1)

b. i. jílíng < *ts jek=l e ng < *btsek=breN “n. of a bird” (Shi 164.3)

jîj�n < *kij=ginH < *bkr´j=bgr´n-s “famine” (Shi194.1)

ii. wùnù < */uH=nuH < *a/ak-s=ana-s “anger and hate” (Shi 191.5)

iii. sîfú < *si=b j u w k < *bs´=bb´k “think of, reflect” (Shi 1.3) rare!

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c. wçishé < */ jwe=z y Q < *b/oj=bm-laj “relaxed, at ease” (Shi 18.1)

3.2.2 shuângshçng “alliterating compounds” (A)

a. C[RVC]=C[R’VC]: i. simple A, ii. pre-, infixed, cluster A, iii.iambic Ab. C[RVC]=C[R’VC’]: i. feature, homorganic A, ii.-iii. subsequence A.c. C[RVC]=C[R’V’C]: i. ablaut A, ii. prefixed ablaut A

(13) a. i. púfú < *bu=b j u w k < *aba=bb´k “crawling” (Shi 35.4)

miànmù < *mjienH=m j u w k < *bmen-s=bmuk “countenance and

eyes” (Shi 199.8)

ii. qíxìn < *dzej=sinH < *as-l´j=bs-nin-s “universal fidelity“ (Shu 43.43)

guânguã < *k w E n=k w QX < *akWr´n=akWra/ “widowers and widows“

(Shi 181.1)

jíjuân < *kji t =kwen < *bk-lit=kWen “auspicious and pure” (Shi 166.4)

iii. luànlí < *lwanH=lje < *a(C´-)ron-s=b(C´-)raj “dispersed” (Shi 204.4)

tángdì < *daN=dejH < *a(C´-)laN=a(C´-)l´p-s “wild plum” (Shi 24.1)

b. i. táodá < *d a w =dat < *alaw=alat “coming and going” (Shi 91.3) ii. —— (not attested in pre-Zhànguó OC!) iii. —— ( ————— dito ————— )

c. i. b�ngbìng < *pengX=p u w n g X < apeN/=bpoN/ “scabbard ornaments“

(Shi 250.2)

ii. zhãnzhuãn < *t r jenX=t z r jwenX < *btr-nan/=btron/ “tossing and tur-

ning”

(...)

3.2.3 combinations: C[RVC]= C’[R’V’C’] ???

(14) a. yóu’áo < *yuw=n g a w < *blu=aNaw “distant, from afar” (Shi 105.4)b. qîshî < *t shek=sye < *as-thiwk=hlaj “hunchback, cripple” (Shi 43.3)c. huíyù < *h w o j =ywi t < *aw´j=bwit < *aw´j=bwit < **aw´j=b(C´-)lut “awry, perverse” (Shi 257.15)d. shîjiû < *syij=k j uw < *bhlij=bk(r)u “cuckoo” (Shi 152.1) (...)

3.3 remnants of loose prefixation in: working hypothesis

I *Caa = >> *C´́ = >> *Ce = >> *Cij =, *C´́j =

II *Caj = (< **-al, -ar), esp. in *Caj =CVC :: CIVC

III *C[a,e]n >> *C´́n = >> *Cin =

“Traces of loose prefixation in Old Chinese lento forms” 7CEACL-2, Roma/La Sapienza, Sep. 6-8, 2001

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4. SAGART’s prefixes: *k-, *m-, *N-, *pp-,*qq-, *ss-, *tt-

4.1 *k´́- (in animal names)

(15) Fangyan

kç’é < *kha=nga < *akha jkha j=NajNa j (< **akhal=Nal < **ak´=Nra… ??) ⇔ yàn < *n g Q nH < *aNran-s “wild goose”

(16) Shanhaijing (Xishanjing 17)

“In the mountains of *bdzuN=aNa lives a beast, its shape is similar to a monkey and itspatterned forelegs are like that of a leopard or tiger, ... it is called j�f ù.

j�f ù < *kjoX=bjuX < *bkk-lala=bbb(rr)a/a/ .

cf. Erya 18.40

“The juéfù [OC *bgW(r)a=bb(r)a/] is good at looking around.”

(further exx. in HUÁNG SHÙXIÂN 1993, JACQUES 2001, SÛN J�NGT ÂO 2001 )

4.2 *m´́-(documented in BEHR 1994, cf. SAGART 1999: 81-82), *N- ?, in verbs

(17) Shi (235.5)

[OC *bma-an e mn e m - ss]

MC * wang t s y i d z i nX dzyin, m j u n e mm j u n e m H nyeX tsuX, ywi t s j u w k j w o t t o k .

“Oh you promoted servants of the king, do think of your ancestors, and consequently

cultivate their authority.”

(18) Zuo (Xuan 9, SSJ 1874)

[OC *bma-bgraw-s]

MC* k u w n g k h j Q n g s j w e n y i m , mj in m j u hm j u h QQ wwH / j e n .

“When dukes and ministers display lewdness, the people will imitate them.

cf. YÚ M�N 1987: 182,

(19) Shi (274)

[OC* bt-nip bN-k raNk raN -ss ... bmama-bg r aNg r aN -ss]

MC* t sy ip g jQ n gH mjuX hjwang, m j u g jm j u g j QQ n gn gH ywij ljet.

“Terrifying and strong was king W�, strongly he is blazing.”

cf. Jingzhuan shici

cf. SAGART (1999: 114), WF “HARD”: gâng < < *kang < *akaN “hard, strong”,

qiáng < *g jangX < *bN-kaN, jìng < *g jQ ngH < *bN-kraN-s “vie with each other,

contest; quarrelsome”

(20) Shi (256.2)

[OC *bmama -*bgr a Nr a N -ss ⇔ bN-kraN-s]

MC* m j u g jm j u g j QQ n gn gX ywi j n j i n , sijH pjang gi xjunH tsyi.

“Strong is this man, the four realms comply with him.”

Mèng Kâng (HHS) cites Maozhuan:

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(21) Shi (195.5)

[OC *bmama -br u nr u n -bs N as N a ]

MC * nyo p j eX dzjwen ljuw, mju lwin sjo yiX mjang

“Like the disappearing flow of that spring, you will be made lost by drowning into it.“

cf. Jingzhuan shici

cf. Maozhuan Zhengjian

cf. Tongshi

4.3 *p´́- (documented in BEHR 1994, cf. SAGART 1999: 88-89):

(22) Shiji (28: 11364): “wildcat”

bùlái < *p juw= loj < *bpu=ar´ ⇔ lí < *liX < *A(p´-)r´

§ cf. Xú Guãng (352-425): [*Am´-r´]

(23) Shijing (179.7): “be attentive”, “be filled”

bùjîng < *p juw=k j Q n g < *bpu=bkreN ⇔ jîng < kjQng < b(p´-)kreN bùyíng < *p juw=yeng < *bpu=bleN ⇔ yíng < yeng < b(p´-)leN

§ cf. Maozhuan

(24) Shuowen (3B: 65): “writing brush“

bùlü $ < *p juw=lwit < *bpu=blut ⇔ yù < *ywi t < *B(p´-)lut

§ Shuowen [*bput] [*bp-lut]

§ Erya (6.32: 188)

(25) Shijing (178.4): “be moving, wriggling” ??

ch�n < *t s y h w i nX < *b(p´-)thun/ ⇔ bùxùn < *p j u w=s w o nH <

*bpu=as-(h)lun(/)-s, (parsed as *pu/-s=hlun(/)-s ??)

§ K�ng Y�ngdá (574-648) on Erya (3.87: 148)

(26) Shijing (235.1): [OC *bpu/pu/ -bN-tt´] MC * h juwX tsyuw phij xenX, tejH m j Q ngH pjuw dzyi.“These Zhôu are greatly illustrous, god appointed them.”

cf. Maozhuan

(27) Shijing (215.3): [OC *bpupu-ana jna j]MC * p j u w d z i o p j u w n a nX , d z y u wX pjuwk pjuw n an a .“They are [not] concordant, [not] respectful, but the happiness received will be rich.”

cf. Maozhuan

cf. Tongshi

“Traces of loose prefixation in Old Chinese lento forms” 9CEACL-2, Roma/La Sapienza, Sep. 6-8, 2001

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[cf. Tongshi

]

4.4 *q ´́- (not found)

4.5 *s´- (transitivizing)

(28) Shi (223.4) MC* OC*

m j i n t s y i m j u l j a n g bmiN bt´ bma braN s j a n g / j w o nX / j i t p j ang bs-taN a/on-s b/it bpaN d z y u w X t s j a k p j u w n y a n gH bdu/ btsewk bpu bnaN-s t r i t h ju y iX s j e m j ang btik-s bwa bl´/ bse se bm a Nm a N

“People, if not good / resent each other unfairly / receive high status, do not cede toeach other / and when it comes to the end, they (are made perish >) are destroyed.”

cf. wáng < *mjang < *b(s´-)maN ⇔ sàng < *s a n g (H) < *as-maN(-s)

(29) Shi (1.3) [OC *bss ´́-bbb ´́ kk]MC*g j u w t s y i p j u w t o k , n g uH mji jH siH bjuwk “He sought for her but di dnot get her, waking and sleeping he thought about her.”

cf. Maozhuan: cf. Guô on: Zhuangzi, Tianzifang:

cf. SCHÜSSLER, DEZC: “caus. (...) (to subject to one’s mental efforts:) to think intense-

ly, reflect.”

4.6 *t´-

(30) Shi (47.2):

[OC *btt ´́-*alew klew k ]MC* t sh jeX he j , t sh jeX hej , g i t s y i d e kt s y i d e k y QX.“Oh lustrous, oh lustrous, is her pheasant-shaped/brightly adorned robe.”

cf. K�ng Y�ngdá:

cf. SAGART (1999: 92-93)

a. WF: “BRIGHT, BRILLIANT” (GSR #1124 � #1120)

yào < *yewH < *alrewk “shine, brightness”

zhuó < *d r a e w k < *alrewk “briliant, fine”

→ zhuó < *t syak < *bt-lewk “burn, illuminate; bright”

→ dì < *tek < *at-lewk “bright, brilliant”

b WF: “POUR” (GSR #1120)

yuè < *yak < *alewk “pour out” ~ zhuó < *t syak < *bt-lewk “pout with a ladle; be served drinks”

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5. Chronology of bisyllabic forms: absence of sound correlated compounds in OBI?One possible counterexample (cf. Jià & D�ng 1996: 48):

(31) Jinghua 4 (=Heji 10405 v.)

“The king, reading the cracks, said: there will be calamity. In eight days, gçngxû [47],there were scattered clouds /clouds approaching from the east, it was (a.) overcast andobscure / (b.) drizzling. In the early afternoon, Rainbow also appeared from the northand drank from the Hé.“

X m� < *=m u wX < *a=m(r)[o,´]/ Ø (a.) mào=huì < *m a wH=xwojH < *amuk-s=ahm´(k)-s

Ø (b.) mò=mù < *mEk=muwk < *amrak=amok,

cf. Shi (210.2): “

cf. wù < *mjuH < *bm(r)o-s “fog, mist”, TB *(r)-m[u,´]w “sky; clouds, fog”

6. References

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