Syllabus, Week 3 Sources for the enrichment of English: Derivation (Word Formation); Prefixation: negative, reversative or privative, pejorative prefixes; Prefixes of size and degree; Prefixes of attitude, Prefixes of time and order; Conversion prefixes; Suffixation: Nominal suffixes; Nouns derived from other nouns; Nominal/adjectival suffixes; Nouns formed from verbs; Nouns formed from adjectives; 1
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Syllabus, Week 3
Sources for the enrichment of English: Derivation (Word Formation);
Prefixation: negative, reversative or privative, pejorative prefixes;
Prefixes of size and degree; Prefixes of attitude, Prefixes of time and order; Conversion prefixes;
Suffixation: Nominal suffixes; Nouns derived from other nouns;
Nominal/adjectival suffixes; Nouns formed from verbs; Nouns formed from adjectives;
Word-Formation I: the Major Processes Word-Formation II: the Minor Processes Motivation
Word-Formation I: The Major Processes
General RemarksPrefixationSuffixation ConversionCompounding
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General Remarks
The three major processes Affixation or Derivation (17.5%)
Prefixation Suffixation
Conversion (10.5%) Composition or compounding (27%)
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Prefixation
The definition of prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding
prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixes
The classification of prefixes In some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes)
are classified according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:
Prefix and word meaningMatch the words in the B column to the general meaning in A
A= General Meaning B= Words_____ again or back 1) unpopular, unkind, unhappy, unlucky _____ before 2) biweekly, bimonthly, biannual _____ badly or wrong 3) delete, deforestation, decentralize,
decongest_____ Remove or take away 4) preview, predict, prehistoric, prefix, preparation _____ Not (opposite of something) 5) reply, repeat, resend, restart, remember_____ far 6) television, telephone, telescope, telecommunic_____ twice 7) octopus, octave, octogenarian, October _____ One, whole, same 8) uniform, unify, _____ eight 9) subway, submarine, subtract, subdue, _____ Under or low 10) mistake, misunderstand, misbehave, misread, _____ Many or more than two 11) multiple, multiply, multicolored,
multilingual 23
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Suffixation
The definition of suffixation Suffixation is the formation of new words by
adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem.
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Suffixation
The classification of suffixes Since suffixes mainly change the word class, we
shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into 1) noun suffixes 2) adjective suffixes 3) adverb suffixes 4) verb suffixes
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Suffixation
1) Noun suffixes Noun suffixes may be subdivided into the
following five kinds. Denominal nouns (concrete or abstract) Deverbal nouns De-adjectival nouns Noun and adjective suffixes
The definition of conversion Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word
of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation.
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Conversion
Major types of conversion Noun-verb conversion Verb-noun conversion Adjective-noun conversion
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Conversion
Noun-verb conversion He elbowed his way through the crowd. Problems snowballed by the hour. The newspaper headlined his long record of
accomplishments. Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to
Camp David.
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Conversion
Abuse Advice House Use Belief Grief Shelf mouth
Abuse Advise House Use Believe Grieve Shelve Mouth
Changes of pronunciation and spelling
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Conversion
Verb-noun conversion He was admitted to the university after a three-
year wait. This little restaurant is quite a find. It is a good buy. He took a close look at the machine. doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, reply,
Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded
Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in –sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch
Denoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the ridiculous
Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned
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Conversion
Adjective-noun conversion Complete conversion
A native, two natives, a returned native He is a natural for the job. Tom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink
about this time every night. To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately
passionate. They are the creatives in the advertising department.
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Compounding
The definition of compounding Composition or compounding is a word-
formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.
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Compounding
Forms of compounds Solid: bedtime, honeymoon Hyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planning Open: reading material, hot line
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Compounding
Types of compounds Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds
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Compounding
Noun compounds Headache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming
pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisis