Trabajo Final Final Recontra Final

8/17/2019 Trabajo Final Final Recontra Final

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ÍNDICE

1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA........................................................................

1.1 DETERMINACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA.................................................................

1.2 FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA.....................................................................

1.2.1 Problema general....................................................................

1.1.1 Problemas específcos:............................................................

1.2 OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN................................................................

1.2.1 Objetivo general:.....................................................................

1.2.2 Objetivos específcos:..............................................................

1.3 JUSTIFICACIÓN....................................................................................................

2 MARCO TEÓRICO........................................................................................................

2.1 ANTECEDENTES DE ESTUDIO..........................................................................

2.1.1 Antecedente 1.........................................................................

2.1.2 Antecedente 2.........................................................................

2.1.3 Antecedente 3.......................................................................

2.2 MARCO TEÓRICO...............................................................................................2.2.1 Usos actuales del acetileno...................................................

2.2.2 Tornillo de Potencia...............................................................

2.2.3 Tipos de roscas estndar para tornillos de potencia.............

2.2.! Principio de "uncionamiento de los tornillos de potencia

de par de torsi#n...............................................................................

2.2.$ %fciencia mecnica...............................................................

2.2.& 'olicitaciones de carga en los tornillos de potencia..............

2.2.( )arga a*ial + torsi#n en el n,cleo.........................................

2.2.- %s"uero de /e*i#n en los fletes...........................................

2.2.0 %s"uero de aplastamiento....................................................

2.2.1 alor actual neto A45.........................................................


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2

2.2.11 6a tasa interna de retorno T785............................................

2.2.12 7nterpretaci#n del A4 + la T78..............................................

2.3 MARCO TEÓRICO...............................................................................................

2.3.1 Tornillo de potencia:.............................................................

2.3.2 9as#geno:.............................................................................

2.3.3 8eacci#n 8%O;:...................................................................

2.3.! )arburo de calcio:.................................................................

2.3.$ Acetileno:..............................................................................

2.3.& A4........................................................................................

2.3.( T78.........................................................................................

3 VARIABLE E HIPÓTESIS...........................................................................................

3.1 VARIABLES DE INVESTIGACIÓN...................................................................

3.1.1 ariables 7ndependientes......................................................

3.1.2 ariables dependientes.........................................................

3.2 OPERACIONALIZACIÓN DE VARIABLES......................................................

3.2.1 'elecci#n del s en el mercado...........................................................


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3.2.1! )lculo del A4.....................................................................

3.2.1$ )lculo del T78.......................................................................

3.3 HIPÓTESIS GENERAL E HIPÓTESIS ESPECÍFICAS......................................

3.3.1 ?ip#tesis general:.................................................................

3.3.2 ?ip#tesis especí"icas:............................................................

4 METODOLOGÍA..........................................................................................................

4.1 TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN................................................................................

4.2 DISEÑO DE INVESTIGACIÓN...........................................................................

4.3 POBLACIÓN Y MUESTRA.................................................................................

4.4 TCNICAS E INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS.................

! CONCLUSIONES.........................................................................................................

" RECOMENDACIONES...............................................................................................

# REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR$FICAS..........................................................................

% ANE&OS.......................................................................................................................

INTRODUCCIÓN


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E' () *+(,('-( *+/(0- ( -(,, 5, (-(+5'+ ), *+65(-+, /

0+0-(+7,-0, 89( (:( -('(+ 9' -+')) ( *-('0 (' () ;' < ;)( ( 9' -'89(( =,>=('? 89(' -('( 05 @9'0>' *+90+ =, 0(-)(' ('-+ ( ,7 5,5?

*+ 89( ) *+(,>' =('(+ ('-+ ( (,-(? ' (,0*( / ))(=9( *+90+ *+,

(0'>50,? , ) 5( 5:('-( / ) 89( (, *(+? 00('-(, 05 (*),'(,?

) 89( *9(( 09,+ ;(+, / 59(+-(,. T5:('? 05 *+-( () 09+, ( I'=('(+7

E0'>50 / F''0(+? 5, ;0(+ 9' *(89( 06)09) () @''05('-

'(0(,+ *+ ) ('- (' ,(+( ( (,-( ,*,-.C5('+(5, 0' 9' -(+7 0(+0 () 0(-)(' / 05 (, 89( ,( *+90('

(,-,. L9(= (+(5, )=9', *)00'(, ('-+ ( ) '9,-+? ,(' () 56,

0'0 ,9 9, *+ ) ,)9+ 0(-)'0. L9(= (+(5, 09)(, 0' ),

0+0-(+7,-0, ( ), -+')), ( *-('0 05 () -* ( ;), / -5:' )=9',

(090'(, 89( =:(+'' ,9 05*+-5('- / 0' ), 09)(, ', (, *,:)(

,()(00'+ ,9, *+65(-+, ()(, *+ 89( 095*) ,9 @9'0>' ,' 5(','+ /

,(' () 56, (0'>50 *,:)(. L9(=? ,()(00'+(5, () -+')) ( *-('0

(09 *+ (,- @9'0>' )=+' ,7 89( ), =,(, ('-+ () =,>=(' ' ))(=9('

(,0*+ (-' ), *+:)(5, '-(, 5('0',.F')5('-(? (-(+5'+(5, , ) ('- ( 1 -+')), ( *-('0 *+ -+, 1

-'89(, =,>=(', (, +('-:)( *+ 9' @:+0'-(. C',(++(5, () 0,- ()

5-(+)? () 0,- ( ,9 @:+00>' / () 0,- ( ) 5' ( :+. P+ ()) *(+(5,

9' @''05('- 9' :'0 () 09) -('( 9' '-(+, 0(*-:)( *+ 9' *+/(0-

9'(+,-+.


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!

1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA

1.1 DETERMINACIÓN DEL PROBLEMAL @9'0>' ( (,-( =,>=(' (, ) ( *+((+ () =, 0(-)(' -('(' ),

-))(+(, ( ,)9+ (' ) (5*+(,,. A0-9)5('-(? (,-, ,*,-, -('(' 590;,

, (' @9'0'5('-? ,' (5:+= -7 *9(( ,(+ 9-) *+ () :9('

5'-('5('- 89( ,( )( *9(( ;:(+ / (, 9' :9(' ;(++5('- *+ 09'

,( +(89(+ 0(-)(' ( 5'(+ '5(-. S' (5:+=? 89(+(5, ,(=9++', 89(

9+'-( ) =('(+0>' ( 0(-)('? ,( ) +(00>' 89750 89( ,( *+90( ('-+

() =,>=(' ) 5(0)+ =9 0' 0+:9+ ( 0)0? (,-, =,(, ' ,( (,0*('?

(: 89( (,-, =,(, ,' 59/ '@)5:)(, *9(' 0,'+ 00('-(, ('-+

() -))(+ / -5:' , ), -0'0, ,)+(,.

1.2 FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA

1.2.1 P+:)(5 =('(+)

< C>5 ;(+5(-+ () ;' ;)( ( 9' -'89( ( =,>=('

1.1.1 P+:)(5, (,*(07@0,

< C96)(, ,' ), 5(','(, () ;'


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"

1.2 OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN

1.2.1 O:(- =('(+)< D,(+ 9' -+')) ( *-('0 () 09) ,( (5*)(+ *+ ;(+5(-+ () ;'

;)( ( 9' -'89( ( =,>=('.

1.2.2 O:(-, (,*(07@0,

< D(-(+5'+ ), 0+0-(+7,-0, () -'89( ( =,>=(' -)(, 05 ,9,

5='-9(, @7,0,? 5-(+)? (-0.

< D(-(+5'+ 096) (, () -* ( ;) +(05(' *+ (,-( 0,< D(-(+5'+ () 5-(+) () 09) (,-+6 ;(0; () -+')) ( *-('0 / ,7

:-('(+ () (,@9(+ ( @)9('0< D(-(+5'+ , (, *,:)( :-('(+ )=' -* ( +('-:) ) ('(+ 9' )-(

( 1 -+')), ( *-('0 *+ ), -'89(, =,>=(', ( ), -))(+(, ( ),

(5*+(,, ( L5.


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#

1.3 JUSTIFICACIÓN

E' ) '9,-+ ,( (' (+,, ((5*), ( (*),'(, (: ) @9= (

=,(, '@)5:)(,. E,-, 00('-(, ,' )5('-:)(, / ), , ,' ++((+,:)(,?

05 *+ ((5*) 5*9-0'(,? , ) 5( 5:('-( ( '0)9,( ) 59(+-(.

E,- 00('-(, ,( *9((' (-+? , (, 89( ,( )=++ 89( ), 065+, 89( 0'-('('

), =,(, (,-' --)5('-( ,()), / *9(' ,*+-+ ), *+(,'(, '-(+',.

E' () *+(,('-( -+: (, 5*+-'-( 0)09)+ ) *+(,>' 89( ;/ 89(

5',-++)( ) -+')) ( *-('0 *+ 89( *(+ 095*)+ ,9 @9'0>' ( ,())+ )

065+ () ,*,-. E' 0, (,-( ,*,- ' ))(=,( ,())+,( 0' --)5('-(

*+0+7 =+(, 00('-(, 05 () ('('('5('- ( ), *(+,' 89( ,(

('09('-+' )+((+ / 9' *,:)( (*),>' (: 89( ), =,(, 89( ,( *+90('

('-+ ( ) 065+ ,' )-5('-( '@)5:)(,.

S ,( ))(= ,())+ 05*)(- / 0++(0-5('-( (,- ,(+7 ( =+' ) *+ ),

-+:+(, / ,(=9' *+89( ,( *+((+7' *+, ( =,(, ), 09) ,( +(90(

*+, (0'>50, (' ) '9,-+. F')5('-(? (-+ ) @9= () 0(-)(' ( )

065+ /9 *+-(=(+ ) 5( 5:('-(.


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2 MARCO TEÓRICO

2.1 ANTECEDENTES DE ESTUDIO

2.1.1 A'-(0(('-( 1

< A9-+ ABARCA PREZ? E,' P-+0< T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN EKUIPO DE ENSAYO DE

CONTROL DE LA ESTABILIDAD DIMENSIONAL POR FATIGA

MEDIANTE MARTILLEO CONSTANTE PARA ESPUMA DE

POLIURETANO ESPONJA BLANDA UTILIZADA EN TAPICERÍA YCONCHONESQ

< L9=+ ( *9:)00>' R:5? E09+ < A ( *9:)00>' 211< R(,9)-, U' ( ), 05*'('-(, ( (,-( (89* ( (',/ (, 9' -+'))

( *-('0? () 09) ;/ 89( 0)09)+,(. L, +(,9)-, ), ,95(+' *+ ()

0, 56, 0+7-0 89( (, 09' () -+')) 59(( ) (,-+90-9+ 5>) EM /

) (,-+90-9+ @ EF? / ('-'0(, () -+')) 89(+6 0' 9' 0+= (

-+00>' (,-6-0 ( ) ,95 ( ), *(,, ( ) EF / EM. M('-( 9',

+=9+,, 06)09) ,( (-(+5'> 89( () -+89( '(0(,+ *)0 ) -+'))

*+ ,9:+ ) 0+= (, ( T 14?# N.5.

2.1.2 A'-(0(('-( 2

< A9-+ JAIMES BAUTISTA? C+), A+5'

OTERO MARÍN? J(+ M9+0


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< T7-9) DISEÑO DE UN BANCO DE PRUEBAS PARA TORNILLOS DE

POTENCIAQ< F(0; ( *9:)00>' 2% ( =,- () 213< R(,9)-, E,-( *+/(0- @9( 0+( 0' () :(- ( ,(+ / 0',-+9+

9' :'0 ( *+9(: *+ -+')), ( *-('0? 09/ @' (, () ( 0++:++ ),

(090'(, ( -+89( ( ,9:? -+89( ( :? (@0('0 5(06'0 /

'0( ('0'-+, (' ), ):+, -(>+0, ( ,( ( ()(5('-, (

5689',? 5('-( () (,++)) ( *+60-0, ( ):+-+. E) :'0 (

*+9(:, 0',- ( '9(( -+')), ( *-('0 ( , 5-(+)(, @(+('-(,

0(+ AISI 12 / A)95'? 0)09), / :9, -+, () ,@-+( (

CAD? S) +, / ,59), 05*9-0')5('-( 0' () ,@-+( CAE

ANSYS 12.. B (,-, +(,9)-,? @9(+' @:+0, " -+')), ( *-('0

(' AISI 12 0' 65(-+, ( WQ / XQ / -+( -+')), ( *-('0 (

)95' ( 65(-+ ( XQ / 0' +,0 ACME. J9'- ), -+')), @9(

,( 9' ,,-(5 ( 0*)( +6* 89( :+' '5,5 ) ,,-(5?

*(+5-(' 05:+ ), @(+('-(, -+')), *+(,('-(, (' () :'0 ( 5'(+

@60) / 6=) / 9' ,,-(5 ( 0*)( +7= :+,? 09/ ):+ (, -+',5-+ ()

-+89( () 5-+ / @0)-+ () 5'-( / (,5'-( () :'0 ( *+9(:,.

2.1.3 A'-(0(('-( 3

< A9-+ ARIAS GUALAVISÍ? E' I6'


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OROZCO ROMERO? L9, F+')'

< T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UNA RECTIFICADORA YAFILADORA DE CUCHILLAS DE M$KUINAS PARA MADERA CON

UN SISTEMA DE AVANCE AUTOM$TICOQ< F(0; ( *9:)00>' M+ () 211< L9=+ ( *9:)00>' K9-? E09+ < R(,9)-, E' ) *+(,('-( -(,, (, '(0(,+ 0)09)+ ), *+65(-+, ()

-+')) ( *-('0 *+ 89( *9( -+',5-+ ) *-('0 () 5-+ ()0-+0.

S( (-(+5'> 89( () -+')) ( *-('0 0',-+9+ (:( -('(+ 155 (65(-+? () -+89( *+ )('-+ / :+ ) 0+= ,' ( 4.1" N / 2. N

+(,*(0-5('-(.

2.2 MARCO TEÓRICO

L ,)9+ 0(-)'0 (, 9', ( ), 5-, ( ,)9+ 89( ;,- )

0-9) ,=9( =('-( / *+ ()) '(0(,- ( , 05*'('-(, 5*+-'-(, *+

89( ,( ) 05:9,->'. U' ( ()), (, () 7=(' 89( (, 9' =, ('(', / () 09)

,( *9(( (-+(+ ( ) 5,5 -5>,@(+. S' (5:+=? () =, 0(-)(' (, 9' *0 56,

@70) ( 0',(=9+. P+ ()) (,-(' +, 5-,. E' *(-+89750? ,( :-('( ()

0(-)(' *+ 89('0;'= () ('@+5('- +6* ( 9' ))5 ( =, '-9+) (

@+00'(, )6-)(, () *(-+>)( 0' 0(-(, ( ()( *9'- ( (:9))0>'.

FIGURA 2.01QUENCHING


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E) =, (, 9-) +(0-5('-( (' *)'- 05 *+90- ( *+- ('

,7'-(,, .S' (5:+=? 9' ( ), 56, 9-), (, ) ( 5(0)+ 0+:9+ ( 0)0 /

=9. L =('(+0>' ( 0(-)(' *+('('-( () 0+:9+ (, (,*'-6'( (' 89()),

)9=+(, (' ), 89( (,-( 9' )- ;95( +()-? *+ (,? (, 5*+-'-( 89( ()

0+:9+ ,( )50('( (' )9=+(, ,(0,. L +(00>' 89750 (, ) ,=9('-(

CaC 2+2 H 2O→C 2 H 2+Ca(OH )2

E) A0(-)(' ,( *+90( 0'-'95('-( (' *(89(, 0'-(, (*('(' ()

=+ ( ;95( () +( 89( )( +(. A,7? *+ 9' +( 89( 0'-('( ! 5=

H2OL +( ! **5 * *9(( :-('(+,( 9' 0'0('-+0>' ( A0(-)(' ( 3"

**5 *? 0',95',( (' 9' ,,-(5 0(++ 13 5= ( C+:9+ '9,-+)

"% *9+(.

F9('-( I'-(+'(-

FIGURA 2.02CARBURO DE CALCIO


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2.2.1 U,, 0-9)(, () 0(-)('

E) 0(-)(' ,( 9-) 05 @9('-( ( )95'0>' / ( 0)+. E' ) ()

0(-)(' (, 0'0 05 =, 9-) (' (89*, ( ,)9+ (: ),

()(, -(5*(+-9+, ;,- 3 [C 89( )0' ), 5(0), ( 0(-)(' /

7=(' (' ,9 05:9,->'. E) 0(-)(' (,? (56,? 9' *+90- ( *+-

5*+-'-( (' ) '9,-+ 89750. H,- ) ,(=9' =9(++ 59') 9' :9(' *+-(

( ), *+0(,, ( ,7'-(,, ,( :,+' (' () 0(-)('. H/ (' 7? *(+( 0 (

56, 5*+-'0 (: ), ()(, 0,-, ('(+=-0, ( ,9 =('(+0>'.

F9('-( I'-(+'(-

FIGURA 2.03NOMENCLATURA DE ACETILENO

F9('-( '-(+'(-


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13

D,)('-(, 05 () -+0)+(-)('? () -(-+0)+(-'? *+90-, ( :,( 05

')-(+(, / '),-(+(, / )=9', 0+:00), ,( :-('(' *+-+ () 0(-)('. ,-(-5:' ,( 9-) (' (,*(0) (' ) @:+00>' () 0)+(-)(' 0)+9+ ( ')

*+ *)6,-0,? () (-') 0(-)(; / ( ), '(*+(', () 090; ,'--0.

FIGURA 2.04LAMPARA DE ACETILENO

F9('-( '-(+'(-

FIGURA 2.05SOLDADURA OXIACETILENICA

F9('-( '-(+'(-


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2.2.2 T+')) ( P-('0

L, -+')), ( *-('0? ))5, -5:' -+')), ( -+',5,>'? ,'

,*,-, 5(06'0, 89( 0'(+-(' 9' =+ (,*)5('- '=9)+ (' 9'

(,*)5('- +(0-)7'(? -+',5-(' @9(+ / *-('0 5(06'0? (+6',( (

(,-( )-5 -+')) ( *-('0

G('(+)5('-( -+:' 0' 9' +0( ()(? *+ ) 89( ) (@0('0? ()

(,=,-( / () 0)('-5('- ,' 0',(+0'(, 5*+-'-(, *+ ,9 ,(? (56,

( ), 0',(+0'(, ( +(,,-('0 5(06'0 ? '( ('-+ (' 9(= () (,- (

(,@9(+, ')90+, 05 +(,9)- () (,- ( 0+=, 0-9'-( (' ,9, *9'-,

0+7-0,.

E' ) 5/+7 ( ,9, *)00'(,? (,-, ()(5('-, ,( 9-)' *+

95('-+Q ), @9(+, *+(, ( -+,>'? ) 09) ,( ;0( 5('-( 9' +()0>' (

55('-? 5/+ ( ) 9'? (' ) 89( () @)(-( +(0++( 9' =+' ,-'0 )

)+= ( ) ;)0(? 5('-+, 89( () ()(5('- 5 ' 9' *(89( 0'-

) )+= () (( () -+')).

L, -+')), ( *-('0 ,( 9,' (' ,*,-, 05 *+(',, ( 5(,? =-,

5(06'0,? ;9,)), ((, ( '0( ( -+',? 5689', ;(++5('-, / ()(5('-,

()(+(,. F=9+, 2." / 2.#


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1!

2.2.3 T*, ( +,0, (,-6'+ *+ -+')), ( *-('0

E,-(' )=9', -*, ( +,0, '+5), *+ -+')), ( *-('0

09+? : -+*() +,0 ACME / 0 ('-( ( ,(++? ), 09)(, ,( 59(,-+'

(' ) @=9+.

L +,0 09+ (, ) 89( *,(( 5/+ +('5('-? 9'89( ,( *+(@(+(

FIGURA 2.06GATOS MECNICOS DE TORNILLOS

F9('-( '-(+'(-

FIGURA 2.0!PRENSA MANUAL DE TORNILLO

F9('-( '-(+'(-


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1"

05'5('-( ) +,0 ACME? 0' 9' 6'=9) ( @)'0, ( 2 *+ ,9 :9(' 9,-(

(56, -5' (' 0',(+0>' 89( ) +,0 09+ ' (,-6 '+5)5('-+, 89( ) ACME (, ( @60) 0',-+900>' 5('-( -, ), *+0(5('-,

(,-('-(,.

L, +:)(, ( ) @=9+ ,'

p P, ( ) +,0

d : D65(-+ 5/+ () -+'))

dm D65(-+ 5( () -+'))

dr : D65(-+ 5('+ ( +7 () -+'))

FIGURA 2.0"TIPOS DE ROSCAS NORMALI#ADAS

F9('-( '-(+'(-


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1#

D( 09(+ 0' B9/', / N,:(-- \2]? ' (, '-(', ) '(0(, ( 9'

(,-6'+ *+ ), +,0, ( -+')), ( *-('0. E' ) *+60-0? )=9', (0(, ,(0',-+9/(' +'-(, ( ,-,? *+ ((5*)? (0(, ) +,0 09+ ,( 0',-+9/(

0' 9' 6'=9) ('-+( @)'0, ( 1[? 0' () @' ( @0)-+ ,9 5'9@0-9+. L ('-

*+'0*) ( ) +,0 09+ (, ,9 5/+ (@0('0 05 ,( (+6 56, ()'-(.

D(: ,9 6'=9) ('-+( @)'0,? ) +,0 ACME -('( ) ('- ( -('(+ 5/+

@0) ( 5'9@0-9+ / ) *,:) ( 9,+ 9' -9(+0 *+- 89( *9( 9,+,(

*+ 05*(',+ () (,=,-( (' ), @)(-(,. L +,0 ACME (, 9' ()(00>' 05' \1].

L +,0 ( ('-( ( ,(++ *,(( 5/+ +(,,-('0 (' ) +7 () @)(-( / (,

(09 *+ -+',5-+ =+'(, @9(+, (' 9' ,) ,('- (' () 5,-+ (' )

@=9+ 2. %0

TABLA 2.01

PRINCIPALES DIMENSIONES DE LAS ROSCAS ACME AMERICANA


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2.2.4 P+'0* ( @9'0'5('- ( ), -+')), ( *-('0 ( *+ ( -+,>'

E) *+ ( -+,>' 89( ,( (:( *)0+ (*('( ( ) =(5(-+7 () -+'))? ( )

@+00>' ('-+( ), @)(-(, ( ,-( / ( ) -9(+0 /? *+ ,9*9(,-? () *(, ( ) 0+=.

C9' ) 0+= ,( (,-6 ()(' ,( -('( 89( (@(0-9+ 9' -+:? =9) ) -+:

*+ ()(+ () *(, 56, () -+: +(89(+ *+ ('0(+ ) @+00>' (' ), @)(-(,

-+: 89( ,( *(+( (' @+5 ( 0)+. C9' ) 0+= ,( ;0( (,0('(+? () *(,

(@(0- 9' -+: *,- ,:+( () =- () -+: +(89(+ *+ :+ ) 0+= (,

=9) ) '(0(,+ *+ ('0(+ ) @+00>' 5(', () -+: 89( (@(0- () *(, , (,-(

)-5 (, 5/+ 89( () +(89(+ *+ ('0(+ ) @+00>'? () -+')) (,0('(+7 ,>)

,' '(0(, ( *)0+ *+ ( -+,>'.

P+ ('-('(+ 5(+ (,-? 0',(+( ), 0,, 5,-+, (' ) @=9+ 2.? (' ),

09)(, 9' *(+,' ,9:( / : 9' 0+= ) )+= ( 9' ,9*(+@0( '0)' 0'

@+00>'. E' () 0, ) 05*'('-( () *(, ( ) 0+= (' ) +(00>' () *)'

'0)' / ) @9(+ ( @+00>' ,( *'(' ) 55('- *+ ) -'-? () -+: 89(

(@(0- ) *(+,' (, =9) ) ,95 () -+: *+ ,9:+ ) 0+= 56, () '(0(,+

F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I


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*+ ('0(+ ) @+00>'. E' () 0, :? ) 05*'('-( () *(, (' ) +(00>' ()

*)' 0- (' ) +(00>' () 55('- @0)-' ) -+( ( ;0(+ (,0('(+ )0+= () -+: 89( (:( (@(0-9+ ) *(+,' (, ) +(,- ('-+( () '(0(,+ *+

('0(+ ) @+00>' / () *+- *+ () *(,. E, *,:)( 89( ) 0+= (,0(' ,)

(,- 09++( , ) 05*'('-( () *(, (' ) +(00>' () 55('- (, 5/+ 89( )

@9(+ ( @+00>' 0(@0('-( ( @+00>' ,9@0('-(5('-( *(89( 6'=9) (

'0)'0>' ,9@0('-(5('-( =+'(.

E' () ,( ( 09)89(+ -+')) ( *-('0 *9(( ,(+ '(0(,+

0)09)+ () *+ ( -+,>' +(89(+ *+ ,9:+Q ) 0+=

T S

? / () *+ '(0(,+

*+ :+)Q T b . N 5*+- 89 *)00>' ,( , () -+')) (, ;+'-)

-('( -+ '0)'0>' () *+ *+ ,9:+Q ,(+6 () 89( ,( +(89(+( *+ 5(+ ()

FIGURA 2.0$EL TRABA%O EFECTUADO PARA ELE&AR UNA CARGA ES MA'OR QUE EL

REQUERIDO PARA HACERLA DESCENDER

F9('-( '-(+'(-


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2

-+')) (' +(00>' 0'-++ ) ( ) @9(+ (' () =- ( -+'))? ) @9(+

0- ;0 : 5('-+, 89( () 55('- (, ;0 ++: 9+'-( ) ()(0>'() *(,. E) *+ *+ :+ ,(+6 () +(89(+ 09' () 55('- -('( ) 5,5

+(00>' ( ) @9(+.

P+ 0)++ (,- 0',(+( ) *+(', ( 5(, ( ) @=9+ 2.#. C9' ,( (,-6

*+(',' 9' *(? ,- ((+0( 9' @9(+ 0'-++ ) 55('- () -+')) *+ )

-'-? () *+ ( -+,>' *)0+ ,(+6T S

. C9' ,( (,-6 (,*+(-' ) *(? ()

-+')) ,( 59(( (' ) +(00>' ( ) @9(+ *+ ) -'-? () *+ +(89(+ (, 5('+ /

,(+6 T b .

E' (,- ,(00>' ,( (-(+5'+6' (*+(,'(, *+ 0)09)+ ), *+(, ( =+

T S / T b . L @=9+ 2.11 59(,-+ 9' -+')) ( *-('0 0' ,9 -9(+0? 0'

65(-+ 5(? dm ? 65(-+ 5('+ dr ? / 65(-+ 5/+? *,? *? 6'=9)

( '0( λ ? / 6'=9) ( ;)0( ψ .

S( *+90( 9' =+ () -+')) 5('-( ) *)00>' () *+ T S T b ?

0' ) 09) () -+')) ,9:( : (@(0-96',( 9' -+: -)? 89( 0- ,:+( )

@9(+ F ? / 9' -+: ( *+, (: ) 00>' ( ), @9(+, ( @+00>' (' ),

@)'0, ( ), @)(-(, @=9+ 2.11 :.FIGURA 2.10

TORNILLO DE POTENCIA CON ROSCA CUADRADA


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21

L, @9(+, 89( 0-' (' () ,,-(5 ,( ,-+:9/(' ,:+( ), @)'0, ()

-+')) / ( ) -9(+0? ), 09)(, (,-6' '0)', 9' 6'=9) λ . S ('(+(6+5,Q

() @)'0 () @)(-( ( ) -9(+0 ( ) @=9+ 2.11 ? :-('+75, 9' ,9*(+@0( 09/

*(+@) 0++(,*'(+7 ), )7'(, '0)', ( ), -+6'=9), ( ) @=9+ 2.12? '(

F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I


22/64

22

N f (, () '5(+ ( @)(-(, (' 0'-0- / l (, () '0( () -+'))? 89( ('

) 5/+7 ( ), 0,, (, =9) ) *, 09' () -+')) (, ( 9' ,) ('-+.

P+ -+')), ( +, ('-+, () '0( (,-6 *+

l=número deentradas x paso

FIGURA 2.11LONGITUD DE UN TORNILLO DE POTENCIA PARA 1( 2( 3 PASOS

F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

FIGURA 2.12LONGITUD DE UN TORNILLO DE POTENCIA PARA 1( 2( 3 PASOS


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23

A')0(5, ), @9(+, ( ) @=9+ 2.12 . L @9(+ F (, ) @9(+ 89( 0-

,:+( () -+')) / (, (+-0) ) @9(+ Ps (, ) (: ) *+ ( -+,>' '>-(,( 89(

) *)0+ 9' *+ ) -+'))? ,( =('(+' @9(+, ) )+= () @)'0 () @)(-(? 09/

+(,9)-'-( (, =9) 0(+ *(+ ' () *+ ) ')+ () @)(-( ('(+(Q? ) ,95 (

(,, @9(+, (, Ps . E' () @)'0 *+(0(' , +(00'(,? ) @9(+ '+5) F N /

) @9(+ ( @+00>' μF N ? ) 09) ,( *'( ) 55('- ,( *'( ) @9(+

Ps . N>-(,( 89( ) ,95-+ ( @9(+, ( @+00>' (' ) -9(+0 ' ('(+( (,

=9) 0(+? 89(' 9' *+ +(,9)-'-( (: ) @+00>'.

F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

FIGURA 2.13ESTADO DE CARGAS


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24

S () ,,-(5 (,-6 (' (89):+? (, (0+ , ,( 59(( ()0 0',-'-( ,) 0()(+0>' (, (,*+(0:)(? ) ,95-+ ( @9(+, ;+'-)(, / ) ,95-+ (

@9(+, (+-0)(, ,' =9)(, 0(+

∑ F H =0 ;PS− μ∗ F N cos λ− F N sin λ=0

∑ F V =

0

; F N ∗cos

λ− F − μ∗ F N ∗sin

λ=0

F N ( μ∗cosλ+sinλ )= PS→ F N = PS

( μcos λ+sin λ)

PS

( μ∗cos λ+sin λ) [cos λ− μsin λ ]− F =0→ PS= F ∗( μ∗cos λ+sin λcos λ− μsin λ )

L 05*'('-( PS +(*+(,('- ) 0+= '(0(,+ *+ *+90+ ()

55('- ;0 ) 89(+? ' )9=+ 89( (,- -(' (,*)+,( ;0

++: 5( 89( PS ) 5*9), (' (, +(00>'.

A(56, ( ) =(5(-+7 ( ) @=9+ 2.12 '( ,( 59(,-+ () (,++)) () @)(-( (

) +,0 () -+')) 0' +(,*(0- ) 65(-+ *+5-? ,( :-('(

tan λ= l

¿dm

F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I


25/64

2!

L @9(+ PS (, (: ) *+ T S ? ('-'0(,

T S !1= PS∗dm

2=

F ∗dm2

∗( μ∗cosλ+sinλcos λ− μsin λ )

E' () 0, ( 9-)+ 0))+7' (' ) *)00>'? () 55('- -+,+ 95('- /

)9=+ 9' ,(=9' 05*'('-(

T S !2=dc∗ μc∗ F

2; μc E, () 0(@0('-( ( @+00>' ('-+( () 0))+7' / ) +,0

→T S=T S !1+T S ! 2= F ∗dm

2∗( μ∗cosλ+sinλcos λ− μ sin λ )+

dc¿ μc∗ F

2

2.2.! E@0('0 5(06'0

E) +('5('- 5(06'0 (, 9' -+5' -) *+ ()9+ () (09

@9'0'5('- ( ), -+')), ( *-('0. P+-( () -+: +() (' 9'

-+',5,>' ( -+')) ( *-('0 ,( ('-+(= ) ,,-(5 89( ,( (,-6 00''? *(+ )

-+ ,( *(+( (' @+5 ( 0)+? (: ) @+00>' (' ), @)'0,.

L (@0('0 5(06'0 ( 9' -+')) ( *-('0 ,( (@'( =9) 89( (' -+,

,,-(5,. E) -+: 89( ('-+ ) ,,-(5? (: ) *+ *)0? (, =9) ) -+: 89(

,)( () 89( +(0:( ) 5689' 00'? 56, () -+: ( *+, (: ) @9(+

( @+00>'


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2"

" entra=" sale+" p#rdidas

L (@0('0 ,( (@'( 05 $= " sale

" entra%1 . P+ ;0(+ ) (900>' ( 9'

(090>' *+* *+ ) (@0('0? 0)09)+(5, ), -+:, *+ 9' 9()- ()

-+')). E) -+: (@(0-9 *+ () *+ ( -+,>' (, =9) ,-( *+ () 6'=9) ( =+

*+90 9' 9()-? ('-'0(,

" entra

=2 ∗T S

E) -+: 89( ,)( (, () ( ) ()(0>' ( ) 0+=

" sale= F ∗l ; tan λ= l

∗dm

$= F ∗l2 ∗T S

= F ∗tan λ∗ ∗dm

2 ∗

[

F ∗dm2

∗

(

μ∗cosλ+sinλcos

λ− μsin

λ

)+

dc ¿ μc∗ F 2

]$=

tan λ∗dm

dm∗( μ∗cosλ+sinλcos λ− μsin λ )+dc¿ μc

FIGURA 2.14CUR&AS DE EFICIENCIA PARA DIFERENTES &ALORES DE ) EN FUNCIÓN

DEL NGULO *


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2#

2.2." S)0-0'(, ( 0+= (' ), -+')), ( *-('0

D(: ) 05*)( =(5-+0 / ) @+5 (' 89( ,( -+',5-('

), 0+=, (' ), -+')), ( *-('0? ,-, (,-6' (*9(,-, @(+('-(, -*,

( @))

< E) '0)( (,-6 ,5(- 9' 05:'0>' ( 0+= ) / -+,>'.< L, @)(-(, () -+')) / ( ) -9(+0 *9((' @))+ *+ 0+-'-( *+ @)(>'.< L, @)'0, ( ), @)(-(, (,-6' ,5(-, *),-5('-? () 09)

*9(( *+90+ (@+50>' *)6,-0.< L, @)'0, (,-6' ,9(-, @9(+, ( @+00>' 89( *9((' *+90+ (,=,-(

*+(5-9+.

2.2.# C+= ) / -+,>' (' () '0)(

E) '0)( () -+')) (,-6 ,5(- 9' 05:'0>' ( 0+= ) /

-+,>'? -) 05 ,( 59(,-+ (' ) @=9+ 2.1!

L @9(+ ) *9(( ,(+ ( -+00>' ( 05*+(,>' (*('(' ( )

F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I


28/64

2%

@+5 (' 89( *(+( () -+')) *+ ((5*)? ), -+')), ( ), =-, ( )

@=9+ 2." / : ,*+-' 05*+(,>' / -+00>' +(,*(0-5('-(. T(>+05('-(?/ ,' -('(+ (' 09('- ) 0'0('-+0>' ( (,@9(+, 09, *+ ) ;)0( ()

@)(-(? () (,@9(+ (: ) @9(+ )? ,( ,-+:9/( 9'@+5(5('-( / (,-6

*+

& compresi'= F

( r

= 4∗ F

∗d r2

P+ -+')), ,5(-, 05*+(,>'? ) (090>' (, 6) , ' ;/

*,:) ( *'(? (, (0+? , () -+')) ' (, (,:()-Q.

P+ () 06)09) () (,@9(+ 0+-'-( *+90 *+ () *+ ( -+,>'? ,(

,95( 89( () 6+( () '0)( (, =9) ) ( 9' 07+09) 0' 65(-+ =9) )

65(-+ '-(++ () -+')) dr () (,@9(+ 0+-'-( 565 09++( (' )

*(+@(+ ( ) ,(00>' / (,-6 *+

) =16∗T

∗dr3

2.2.% E,@9(+ ( @)(>' (' ), @)(-(,

C5 ,( :,(+ (' ) @=9+ 2.1! :? ), @)(-(, 0-' 05 =, ('


29/64

2

) ,*+-' 9' 0+= -+',(+,) ,-+:9. C',(09('-(5('-(? ,-,

*9((' @))+ *+ @)(>'. E) 565 (,@9(+ '+5) *+ @)(>'? *+ ()-+'))? *9(( 0)09)+,( 05

& f = 3∗ F ∗*

∗dm∗ N ∗b2

O -5:' 05

& f =32∗ +

∗dr3

D'( b (, () (,*(,+ ( ) +7 ( ) +,0.

2.2. E,@9(+ ( *),-5('-

L, @)'0, ( ), @)(-(, () -+')) / ( ) -9(+0 ,*+-' 9' 0+= (

*),-5('- 05*+(,>' ) )+= / '0; ( - ) ,9*(+@0( ( 0'-0-?

(: 89( ) @9(+ F (, -+',5- () -+')) ) -9(+0 -+, ( ), @)'0,

@=9+ 2.1! :. L 0+= *9(( *+90+ (@+50>' *)6,-0 , () (,@9(+ '+5)

( 05*+(,>' (0(( ) +(,,-('0 ( @)9('0 (' 05*+(,>'. S9*'(' 89( ()

(,@9(+ ,( ,-+:9/( 9'@+5(5('-( (' - ) ,9*(+@0(? ,-( *9(( 0)09)+,(

05


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3

& a= F

(aplastamiento=

F ∗ p ¿dm∗*∗nf

;n f = ,t

p

D'( ,t (, ) )'=-9 )-9+ ( ) -9(+0.

P+ () *),-5('-? (:( (+@0+,( 89( () (,@9(+ 89( (, =9) *+ ()

-+')) / *+ ) -9(+0 ' ,:+(*,( ), )+(, *(+5,:)(, ( ,( ( ),

5-(+)(, () -+')) / ( ) -9(+0

FIGURA 2.15SOLICITACIONES EN LOS TORNILLOS DE POTENCIA


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31

2.2.1 V)+ 0-9) '(- VAN

V(N =−Co+ C 1

(1+- )

+ C 2

(1+- )2+.+

Cn

(1+- )n=∑

t =0

nCt

(1+- )t

E, 9' 0'- 5'(-+? 89( +(@)( ) @(+('0 ('-+( () )+ 0-9) (

F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

FIGURA 2.16REA DE UN FILETE DE TORNILLO SOMETIDO A APLASTAMIENTO

F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I


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32

), 0:+, 5(', () )+ 0-9) ( ), *=, (, (0+? (, () )+ ( -,

), @)9, ( 0 (,*(+, +(@(+ 9' 5,5 55('- (' () -(5*. E'-+5', =('(+)(, ,( *9(( '-(+*+(-+ () VAN () 5 ,=9('-(

VAN ^ ^ K9( ) (5*+(, =('(+ :('(@0

VAN ^ N ;/ :('(@0, ' *+,? 9'89( ,( *(+( -(5*

VAN _ ^ H/ *+, (' ) (5*+(,? (56, ( *(+(+ -(5*

S( (:(+6 +(0;+ 09)89(+ '(+,>' 09/ VAN ,( '(=- / 89(

(,0*-) ) (5*+(,. E'-+( +, *+/(0-, ,( ()(=+6 89() 89( -('= () VAN

*,- ,( ,9*(++.

L -, ( (,09('- *)0 *9(( ,(+ 0',-'-( (' () -(5* +:)( /

(, @9'0>' () -* ( '-(+, () 5(+0? () +(,= () ,(0-+? ,7 05 () ()

'(=0.

E) -* ( '-(+, ( 5(+0

S( 0',(+ 9' 7'09) ('-+( *+(,('-( / () @9-9+? 0',--9/(' 9' :,(

( 05*+0>' @9'5('-). S 9-)' () -* ( '-(+, ( ;0(+ @+('-( )

0,-( ( ,9 @''00>' (, (0+? ) 0,-( () 0*-). L 0-9)0>' 9-) '

(, 56, 89( 9' 0'(' 0' () 89( ' -, ), '(+,+(, (,-6' ( 09(+. O-+


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33

@+5 ( 0)09)+ (,- *+-( () -* ( (,09('- *)0+ () 0,-( () 0*-)

,(+7 () -* ( 5(+0 ( 0-, ,(=9+, :' )(-+, () T(,+. E,-((*7=+@( *+ ) -'- '0+*+ () 0,-( ( *+-9'? / 89( ,(+7 ( '-(+,

@+(0 57'5 +(,=.

: F0-+ ( +(,=

U' 5'(+ *+60-0 ( '-(+*+(-+) (, 05 () ,=9('-( 0,. L,

,(0-+(, *(09+, ,( (' ,5(-, ,0)0'(, 070)0,? @+9- () 9(= ( )

@(+- / ) (5'? ,(' ,-'- () +(,= () ,(0-+ *+0' '-(',? @+('-( )

() ,(0-+ '. E' () 59' ='(+ ,( ,9()( (,090;+ 05 +(@)(

05*+' () +(,= () ,(0-+ *+0' @+('-( ) ' E' () *+0' -( ;0(,

+0 -( ++9', (' -'- 89( () ' '9'0 -( ;+6, +0? *(+ '9'0 ,)+6, (

) 5,(+Q E,-( 0; **9)+ '0 89( (, 5/+ ) '0(+-95:+( () ,(0-+

*+0' / (' 0',(09('0 ; ( ,(+ 5/+ () :('(@0 (=.

0 F0-+ ( +(,= () '(=0

E' 0 *+900>' *(09+ ,( ,95( 9' +(,= :)>=0 @+9- () @0-+

'5)? 56, 9' +(= *+90- 5*9-:)( ) 5'( () ,,-(5? (,( () *9'-

( ,- +(*+90-? ,'-+? '9-+0')? (-0. A,5,5? ,( 0),@0' ,(=' ,(

() +(,= 5*9-:)(

< A ) 5,5 *+900>' *(09+ S( ,95( +(,= ('-+ ( 9' 5,5

'(=0? 0, () -5: A? '-(=+ *+ 0, ( 89'- )0-'0 @+('-(


34/64

34

9' -5: B? 0' -(+'(+, *+(,.< A ,-'- *+900>' *(09+ E) +(,= (, @(+('-( ,(=' () ,,-(5

*+90- :(- ( '6),,. A,7 (, ,-'-? () +(,= () '(=0

(,-('-( ('-+( ) *+900>' :' (-(', 0 +(-'-? @+('-( )

;()070) '-(', A,*(+, 56,5. E, : 89( () ,(=9' ,,-(5

;/ 9' 5/+ (,0'05('- :)>=0? *-)>=0? -0'0? (-0. / ('

0',(09('0 () '(=0 ,95( 9' 5/+ +(,=.

2.2.11 L -, '-(+' ( +(-+' TIR

L -, ( +('5('- '-(+'? -, '-(+' ( +('-:) -, (

+(-+' +Q (, () -* ( 0-9)0>' 89( =9) () VAN. E' () 0, ( 89( ),

@)9, =('(+, *+ () *+* *+/(0- ,(' 0',-'-(,

sin→/!entoncesr=C

3

C 0

S' (5:+=? (' ) 5/+7 ( ), 0,, ), @)9, =('(+, ,' @(+('-(,

0 . S () *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, (' 9' *(+ 0+- ( -(5*? *+

((5*) ( , ,? -5:' ,(+7 ,('0)) +(,)(+ ) ,=9('-( =9)

V(N =−Co+ C 1

(1+r )+ C

2

(1+r )2=0→ Co= C

1

(1+r )+ C

2

(1+r )2

C 0=

C 1∗(1+r )+C 2

(1+r )2 → C

0∗(1+r )2−C 1∗(1+r )−C 2=0


35/64

3!

C' ) 89( @60)5('-( ,( *9(( 0)09)+ () )+ ( +Q. P(+ , () *+/(0-( '(+,>' ,( ))( 0: (' 9' *(+7 )+= ( -(5* () -(5* ( 06)09) (

) TIR ,( +() *+ '-(+*)0>'.

P+ ,:(+ , 9' *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, 0'('('-( '? ,( (:(+6

05*++ ) -, '-(+' ( +('5('- TIR () *+/(0- 0' () -* ( '-(+,

=('-( (' () 5(+0. S ) @(+('0 (, *,- ,( *9(( ))(+ 0: ()

*+/(0- ,(5*+( 89( ,( -('= (' 09('- () @0-+ ( +(,=. S ) @(+('0 (,

'(=- ,='@0 89( 0' ), @)9, =('(+, ' ,( *9(( ' ,( *9(( ;0(+

@+('-( ' ,89(+ ) 0,-( () 0*-) ) *= ( ), '-(+(,(, *+ () 9, ( 9' (

), +(09+,, @''0(+, 89( ,( ;' -5 *+(,-,.

E' 0, ( ()(=+ 9' *+/(0- ('-+( +, )-(+'-,? ,( (,0=(+6 89()

89( -('= ) 5/+ @(+('0 *,-.

2.2.12 I'-(+*+(-0>' () VAN / ) TIR

E) )+ 0-9) '(- ( 9' '(+,>' / ) -, '-(+' ( +('-:) ( 9'

'(=0 ,' )+(, 89( /9' -5+ (0,'(, ,:+( ) '( ' ( 9'

'(+,>' (' 09)89(+ ,(0-+? '-(+*+(-6',( () VAN / () TIR () ,=9('-( 5

S' '(+,5('-( *+*+0')(, () VAN / ) -, ( (,09('- 9-)?

(, (0+ 89( 5( 89( ,( '0+(5('- ) -, ( (,09('-? () VAN

,5'9/('? -) / 05 ,( :,(+ (' () =+6@0. N :,-'-( '-( ) (,-('0


36/64

3"

( , *+/(0-, )-(+'-, A / B 0 9' *+(,('- 9' ()90>' ,-'-

@+('-( ) '0+(5('- ( ) -, ( (,09('-.

A'-( 9' -, ( (,09('- () 4 () VAN () *+/(0- B (, ,9*(++ ) (

A? B^ VAN2^VAN1.

A 5( 89( ,( '0+(5('- ) -, ( (,09('-? ) ,-90>' () VAN ,(

'(+-(? ( 5 89( *+ )+(, ( ,9*(++(, ) " VAN1 ^ VAN2. S ('

5:, *+/(0-, ,( 05*+ ) TIR? +(,9)- 89( () *+/(0- A )0' 9' TIR

,9*(++ ,( *9(( *+ -'- 0'0)9+ 89( (' 89()), *+/(0-, ( V' *,-? )

TIR (, ,9*(++ ) -, ( (,09('- 9-) / () *+/(0- *+7 ,(+ :)(? ('

-'- 89( *+ )+(, () VAN '(=-,? ) -, '-(+' ( +('-:) (,

FIGURA 2.16RELACIÓN ENTRE EL &AN + LA TIR

F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I


37/64

3#

'@(++ ) -, ( (,09('- *+ ) 89( () *+/(0- ' ,( (:(+7 +()+

2.3 MARCO TEÓRICO

2.3.1 T+')) ( *-('0

U' -+')) ( *-('0 ,( 9, *+ 05:+ () 55('- '=9)+ ('

55('- )'() / -5:' *+ -+',5-+ (,@9(+,.

2.3.2 G,>=('

E, 9' ,*,- 89( 0',,-( (' 9' 065+ / 9' ;';)( '( ,(

(*,- () 0+:9+ / *,-(++5('-( () =9 *+ =('(++ () 0+:9+.

2.3.3 R(00>' REDO&

S( ('5' +(00>' ( +(900>' 0>' ( > +(900>'?

,5*)(5('-( +(00>' +(? - +(00>' 89750 (' ) 89( 9' 56, ()(0-+'(,

,( -+',@(+(' ('-+( ), +(0-,? *+0' 9' 05: (' (,-, ( 0>'.

P+ 89( (,- 9' +(00>' ( +(900>' 0>'? (' () ,,-(5 (:( ;:(+ 9'

()(5('- 89( 0( ()(0-+'(,? / -+ 89( ), 0(*-(

2.3.4 C+:9+ ( 0)0E, 9' ,9,-'0 ,>) ( 0)+ =+,60( 89( +(00' (-+505('-( 0'

() =9 *+ + 0) *= ;+> ( 0)0 / 0(-)('. E, ( 9, 59/

(-(' / (' (' -(', () +5 *+ 9-)+) (' ,)9+ 9->=('. S'


38/64

3%

(,- @') ,( ) '-+90( (' 9' =,>=('? 89( )( =+(=' =9 )('-5('-(?

/ )9(= ,( 5(0) () =, *+90 0' 7=(' *+ *+90+ 9' ))5 ()= /( )- -(5*(+-9+

2.3.! A0(-)('

E) 0(-)(' (-' (, () )89' 56, ,('0)). E, 9' =,? )-5('-(

'@)5:)(? 9' *0 56, )=(+ 89( () +( ( '0)+. P+90( 9' ))5 ( ;,-

3[C? 9' ( ), -(5*(+-9+, ( 05:9,->' 56, )-, 0'0,? ,9*(+5('-(

,)5('-( *+ ) () ;+>=(' ->50 34 4 [C? () 0'>=(' 4!2! [C /

) () 0'0(-)(' 4%# [C.

2.3." VAN

H0( +(@(+('0 ) )+ ( 0-9) '(-. E, 9' ( ), 5-, 56, 0(*-,

*+ ,:(+ , 9' *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, :)( '.

2.3.# TIR

H0( +(@(+('0 ) -, '-(+' ( +(-+'. E, 9' ( ), 5-, 56,

0(*-, *+ ,:(+ , 9' *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, :)( '.


39/64

3

3 &ARIABLE E HIPÓTESIS

3.1 VARIABLES DE INVESTIGACIÓN

3.1.1 V+:)(, I'(*('('-(,

P+(,>' () =, (, 5*+-'-( ,:(+ 096'- (, ) *+(,>' ( -+: ()

-'89(. $+( ( 0'-0- (, 5*+-'-( ,:(+ 096'- (, () 6+( 89(

95('-' (,- 95('-+ ) @9(+ *9(,-. P+*((, @7,0, () 5-(+) () 09) (,-6 ;(0; () -+')) (

*-('0. C(@0('-( ( @+00>' E, () 0(@0('-( 89( ,( ('-+( ) +,0 / ()

-+')). I'-(+, () 5(+0 (, () '-(+, 89( (,-:)( () SBS P+(0 ( ), 5-(+)(, E,-( *+(0 ) (,-:)(0( () 5(+0 ( 5-(+)(,?

( 09(+ ) @(+- / ) (5' ( ), 5,5,

3.1.2 V+:)(, (*('('-(,

E) ,,-(5 ( ,()) () =,>=(' (, 5*+-'-( -('(+ 9' ,,-(5 (

,()) (@0('-( *+ (-+ ), @9=,? (-' ,7 00('-( / *+,

(0'>50,. L +('-:) () '(=0 (,- (*('( () *+,-5 *(+ / ( ),

'-(+, 89( 0)0 () 5(+0 I'(+,>' E, () 5'- 89( (:(5, *+-+ *+ 89( () *+/(0- ('-+( ('

@9'0'5('-.


40/64

4

3.2 OPERACIONALIZACIÓN DE VARIABLES

3.2.1 S()(00>' () M-(+) () T+')) / ) -9(+0S()(00'+(5, () 5-(+) 89( (, 56, @60) ( ('0'-++ (' () 5(+0

ASTM A3".

A0(+ ) 0+:' 0' +(,,-('0 57'5 ) -+00>' `9)-5 3" PSI

A0(+ ) 0+:' 0' )75-( ( (,@9(+ ( @)9('0 `@)9('0 !% PSI

M>9) ( (),-0 () 5-(+) 21 =@552

3.2.2 M(, () -'89( ( =,>=('

P+(,>' ( -+:

P+(,>' '+5) 1 PSI 1!PSI? P+(,>' 0+7-0 1! PSI 3 PSI

P 3PSI _ ^ 3 ):=*9)=2

D65(-+ 5( () ;' H) D4 X *9)=

3.2.3 C',(+0'(, *+ () -+')) ( *-('0

C',(+' 0(@0('-(, ( @+00>' *+ 0'0'(, (

*(+0>' () -'89( ( =,>=('. D( ) -:) N[ % *+ A0(+, ,'

)9:+00>'

< C(@0('-( ( @+00>' ('-+( () -+')) / ) -9(+0 a .1! .2! ^ a

.1!< C(@0('-( ( @+00>' ('-+( () 0))+ / ) ,9*(+@0( ( */ a0 < L'=-9 ):+( () -+')) L_ 1 55< L'=-9 ( ) *)'0 R* ^ ! 55


41/64

41

3.2.4 C6)09) ( ) @9(+ (' () -+')) ( *-('0

F9(+ (' () '-(++ () ;' ;)

F = P 0 (→ d

2

4 xP=

¿4.752

4 x 30

lbf

p1l22→ F =354.41

lbf

2.2=241.64 -2f

∑ + 0=0→ Fxa+ Ft x2a=0→ Ft = F

2=

241.64

2=120.82 -2f

L @9(+ ,( +(90( (' 9' !

3.2.! C6)09) () 65(-+ () -+')) / ) -9(+0

E,@9(+ ( ,(

C',(+' 9' 2 ( (,@9(+ 9)-5 ) -+00>' (,*+(0' ()

FIGURA 3.01RELACIÓN ENTRE EL &AN ' LA TIR

F9('-( P+*


42/64

42

(,@9(+ ( 0+-( *+ -+,>' ,( -('(

& dise3o=& admisible=0.2

∗& admisible=0.2

∗36000

PS4 =7200

PS4

& admisible=5-2f /mm2

E,@9(+ ( 05*+(,>'

& compresi'n= f1er5aenel tornillo

6reaefecti7adeltornillo

& compresi'n= Ft

(r=

4∗ Ft

∗dr2


43/64

43

P+ ) T9(+0

D+ %.!55 D 12.! 55? H 2. 55D( ) -:) N[ 4 R,0 T+*(0) M(' DIN 13

P+ () T+')) ( 9' ('-+

+ %.! 55 5 1.! 55 12 55 ; 1.#! 55? * 3. 55 N 1 *, 55

P+ ) T9(+0

D+ .! 55? D 12.! 55? H1.! 55

D( ) -:) N[! R,0 T+*(0) F' DIN 3#%

P+ () T+')) ( 9' ('-+

D+ #.!55 5 55 1 55 ; 1.2! 55 * 2. 55 N 1 *,55

P+ ) T9(+0

D+ %.! 55 D 1. M5 H 1. 55

3.2." C)09) () T+89( ( A00'5('-


44/64

44

P+ R,0 T+*(0) G+9(, DIN 3#

A'=9) ( '0( ( ) +,0 b

T'b )cd5 Nd*cd5 1d4cd1 .12#3 e b #.2![

A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0 f

f1![ +,0 DIN

A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, '+5) ) @)(-( f'

tan (∅n)=tan∅∗cosλ=tan 15∗cos7.25=0.2658→∅n=14.88 9

T = F t ∗dm

2

∗

(cos∅n∗tan λ+ μ

cos∅n− μ tan λ )+

dc¿ μc∗ F

2

; μc=0

T =120.82∗10

2∗( cos14.88: ∗tan7.25 : +0.15cos14.88: −0.15∗tan7.25: )+

dc ¿ μc∗ F

2; μc=0

T =172.86 -2f −mm

T+89( '(0(,+ *+ ('0(+ () +5('- ( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0

F9(+ 57'5 5'9) ( ) *)'0 F5' TR* 1#2.%" =@ 55

!55 3.4! =@ . D'( R* (, ) )'=-9 ( ) *)'0


45/64

4!

P+ R,0 T+*(0) M(' DIN 3#%

A'=9) ( '0( ( ) +,0 b

T'b )cd5 Nd*cd5 1d3cd1.! . e b !.1"[

A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0 ∅

∅

1![ +,0 DIN

A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, '+5) ) @)(-( ∅ '

tan (ϕn)=tan (ϕ )∗cos ( λ )=tan (15 : )∗cos (5.196 : )=0.2668→ϕn=15.04 :

T = F ∗dm

2∗(cos∅n∗tan λ+ μcos∅n− μ tan λ )+

dc¿ μc∗ F

2; μc=0

T =120.82∗9

2∗( cos15.04 : ∗tan5.196 : +0.15cos15.04 : −0.15∗tan5.196: )

T =158.44 -2f −mm

F9(+ 57'5 5'9) ( ) *)'0 F5' TR* 1!%.44 =@ 55! 55

3.1" =@. D'( R* (, ) )'=-9 ( ) *)'0.


46/64

4"

P+ R,0 T+*(0) F' DIN 3#%

A'=9) ( '0( ( ) +,0 b

T'b )cd5 Nd*cd5 1d2cd .##e b 4.4"

A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0 ∅

∅ 1![ +,0 DIN

A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, '+5) ) @)(-(

∅

'

T' ∅ ' -' ∅ d0,b -' 1!d0,4.4" .2"#2 e ∅ ' 14.![

T = F ∗dm

2∗(cos∅n∗tan λ+ μcos∅n− μ tan λ )+

dc¿ μc∗ F

2; μc=0

T =120.82∗92

∗(cos14.95: ∗tan 4.04 : +0.15cos14.95 : −0.15 tan 4.04: )

T =124.17 -2f −mm


47/64

4#

F9(+ 57'5 5'9) ( ) *)'0 F5' TR* 124.1# =@


48/64

4%

;(++ @9' .4 _ & a _ .# e ' @)) *+ *),-5('-.

E,0=(' 9'&

a .4 =@552L'=-9 ( ) -9(+0

'

& compresi'n= F

(r=

4∗ F

∗7.52=

4∗120.82

∗7.52 =2.73-2f /mm2

E,@9(+ 0+-'-(

) =16∗T

∗dr3 =

16∗172.86

∗7.53 =2.08-2f /mm2

E,@9(+ (89)('-(P+ () M- () M65 (,@9(+ 0+-'-( TRESCA? ,( -('(

89( () (,@9(+ (89)('-( (,-6 *+

& e=1i7alente=√ & c2+4∗) 2=√ 2.73

2+4∗2.082=4.975 -2f mm

2'm6ximalon2it1dlibredel tornillo

diametro derai5 del tornillo >8 ; () -+')) ,( -+-+

05 0)95'. P+ dr=7.5mm > ,% 100mm;8

D(-(+5'0>' ( ) E,:()-( b


49/64

4

λ= ?,

@

D'( () @0-+ ( 0)95' *+ 0'0>' (' ), (-+(5, (5*-+

):+( (, h 2.1 T:) Ni#

@=√ 4 min ( =√

∗dr 4

64

∗dr2

4

=dr

4 =

7.5

4 =1.875mm

λ= ?,

@ =

2.1∗100

1.875

=112

D(-(+5'0>' ( ) 0',-'-( ( 0)95' C0

Cc=√2∗ 2∗ A& fl1encia

=√2∗ 2∗21000

25=128.76

e b _ C0 9,5, () 5- ( ) AISC *+ 0)95', '-(+5(,.E,@9(+ 565 ) 05*+(,>'

Sc=[1−12∗( ?,/ @Cc )]∗& fl1encia5

3+3

8 ( ?,/ @

Cc )−18 ( ?, / @

Cc )3 →Sc=

[1−12∗( 112128.76 )]∗255

3+3

8 ( 112128.76 )−18 ( 112128.76 )3

Sc=8.1336 -2f

mm2>& e=1i7alente=4.975 -2f /mm

2

3.2.1 C6)09) () @0- ( ,(=9+

E,@9(+ 565 ) 05*+(,>' S0 %.133" =@552

E,@9(+ (89)('-( `(89)('-( 4.#! =@552

E'-'0(, () @0- ( ,(=9+ (,


50/64

!

F BS B= Sc

& e=1i7alente=

8.1336

4.975=1.634

3.2.11 C,- ( @:+00>'

D( ), 06)09), '-(++(, (-(+5'5, 89( () 65(-+ () -+')) (

*-('0 (:( ,(+ 155? ) 09) (, (89)('-( 3% *9)= (' () ,,-(5 '=),. L

)'=-9 () -+')) (, ( 155? / ) 05*++ 9' :++ ( 12 *9)= *(5,

@:+0+ 4 -+')), ( *-('0. E, (0+ '(0(,-5, 3! :++, ( 12 *9)= ( )'=-9

/ 3% *9)= ( 65(-+ *+ @:+0+ ), 1 -+')), ( *-('0 89( ', *+*9,5,

@:+0+. D( 09(+ ) 0-6)= ( S*((/ 5(-),Q 0 :++ 09(,- ."! )+(,.

E'-'0(, () *+(0 '0) (, (

Costode material=25∗0.65=16.25d'lares

A;+ -5' (' 09('- 89( ) 5' ( :+ *+ 5(0'+ ), -+')), (

*-('0 (, ( 2 )+(,;+. S () -0'0 -+: % ;+, *+ ! ,. E'-'0(,

Costomano deobra=8∗5∗20=800d'lares

A;+? ))(=' 9' 09(+ 0' () -0'0? (,-( 0(*- 89( )( (*,-(5, ,9

,9() ) @') () 5(,? :5('-(? -5' (' 09('- ), '-(+(,(, () 5(+0.


51/64

!1

3.2.12 P+(0 ( ('-

C5 () :(- () *+/(0- (, :-('(+ =''0, ('-'0(, *+ 09(+ ()

=+9* (05, 89( () *+(0 ( ('- () *+ 0 -+')) ( *-('0

5'9@0-9+ (:(+7 ,(+ ( 2! >)+(,. L (5*+(, ) 09) )( 5, ('(+ ',

0'0'> 89( ', 05*++7 ) 5- ( ), -+')), ) @') () *+5(+ 5(,? / )

,(=9' 5- ) @') ( ,(=9' 5(,.

E'-'0(, 5(',9)5('-( +(0:+(5,

=25∗50=1250d'lares

3.2.13 I'-(+, (' () 5(+0

D( 09(+ ) *6=' (: () S9*(+'-('('0 ( B'0 / S(=9+? () '-(+,

'9) (' () 5(+0 (, ( 2.24 '9). P+ ) -'- () '-(+, 5(',9) (,

imens1al=2.24

12=0.1867 mens1al

3.2.14 C6)09) () VAN

C' ), -, '-(++(, *+0((+(5, 0)09)+ () VAN

Y1 12! I 12!I 1".2!

2 5(,(,1


52/64

!2

E'-'0(,? 0-9)' -, (,-, )+(, ) -, 5(',9) ( .1%"#

V(N =−16.25+( 1250−800(1+0.001867 )+ 1250(1+0.001867 )2 )=1678.25d'lares

P+ ) -'-? ( 09(+ ) VAN? () *+/(0- (, +('-:)(

3.2.1! C6)09) () TIR

U-)' ) 5,5 )7'( () -(5* '-(++ 5, 0)09)+ () TIR

−16.25+(1250−800(1+ i) + 1250(1+ i)2 )=0

C5 *(5, :,(++ ) (090>' +(,9)- ,(+ 9' (090>' ( ,(=9'

=+? ('-'0(, /96'', ( 9' *+=+5? :-('(5, ) ,=9('-( ,)90>'

i=2923.63 >0.1867

L 09) ,9*(+ *+ 590; () '-(+, 5(',9) () 5(+0. P+ ) -'- ,(=' ()

5- () TIR () *+/(0- (, +('-:)(

E1 %


53/64

!3

3.3 HIPÓTESIS GENERAL E HIPÓTESIS ESPECÍFICAS

3.3.1 H*>-(,, =('(+)

E, *,:)( ,:(+ , () *+/(0- ( '(,-=0>' (, :)( ' *+ () 5-

() VAN / () TIR *+ () ,9*9(,- 0, 89( ('5, 1 -+')), ( *-('0 (

(,-( -* @:+0, =+0, ) @''05('- () :'0 9' -, ( '-(+, @.

3.3.2 H*>-(,, (,*(07@0,

H+(5, ), 06)09), ( -+(, -+')) ( *-('0 : ), 0'0'(,

@7,0, ( 00>' / +(00>' (' () 0*)(? +(,*(-' ), *+65(-+, ( ,(

/ (+ ,9 @(+('0.

E) @0-+ ( ,(=9+ ,( (:( ( 0(+0+ ) )+ ( 2? / 89( (, )

+(05(':)( *+ +(0*('-(, *+(,>' ,(=' ) ,(00>' III () 0>= ASME.

4 METODOLOGÍA

4.1 TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

E) -* ( I'(,-=0>' (' () *+(,('-( -+: (, *)0. D('-+ ( (,-(?

9-)5, ), +(@(+('-(, -(>+0, ( -+')) ( *-('0Q (' +()0>' ) -* (

9,-( 89( *9(( @+(0(+ () ;'=(' *+ ,7 ,(=9++


54/64

!4

) ;(+5(-0 ( (,-(. T5:' 9-)+(5, ), 0'0(*-, ( I'=('(+7

E0'>50 / F''0(+ *+ () (,++)) ( ), 06)09),.

4.2 DISEÑO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

L '(,-=0>' 89( ,( 59(,-+ (, E*)0-'

89( -('(' ('-+( ()), 5,5, 5('-( @>+59),.

4.3 POBLACIÓN Y MUESTRA

P:)0>' -'89(, ( =,>=(' (', *+ ) (5*+(, E5*+- D,-+:9+(,

() P(+ S.A.Q? 89( ,+( *+ ) *+900>' ( =, 0(-)('.

M9(,-+ S( (,0=> 9' -'89( ( =,>=(' ( ) (5*+(, E5*+-

D,-+:9+(, () P(+ S.A.Q 0' ) 5+0 M() MG2Q / ), ,=9('-(,

(,*(0@00'(,

TABLA 4.01ESPECIFICACIONES T,CNICAS DEL TANQUE GASÓGENO

F9('-( '-(+'(-


55/64

!!

4.4 TCNICAS E INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS

O:,(+0>' ' (,-+90-9+

B (,-( 5- ,( *+0(> ()9+ () -'89( M() MG2Q *+ ,7 *(+

'-+ ,9, 0+0-(+7,-0,. Y *,-(++ ())? ,( ') () ;'


56/64

!"

5 CONCLUSIONES

• L, 0+0-(+7,-0, () -+')) ( *-('0 ' +7 590;? (, *+ ()) 89(

,( (,0=( 9'? 09/ 5-(+) ,( ( 5('+ 0,- / 5(+ 5'9@0-9+.• C' ), 06)09), ;(0;,? ,( (,0=( ) +,0 -+*(0) =+9(, DIN 3#?

(: 89( ,( *+5 ) +(89(+.• D( 09(+ ) 5- () VAN / () TIR? () *+/(0- ( ('(+ 1 -+')),

( *-('0 (, :,-'-( +('-:)( / -+( 0',= 9' =+' +('-:).

6 RECOMENDACIONESA0-9)5('-(? ' 590;, -))(+(, 09('-' 0' 9' -'89( ( =,>=('? / )

('- ( (,-, ,( +()' (' -+, *7,(,? *+ ())? ,( +(05(' 89( *+ ) -5

( -,? ,( (09(' ), +(89(+5('-, () *7, ( '(,-=0>'.


57/64

!#

E, 5*+-'-( (,-+ ) -'- () '-(+, () 5(+0? (,-( *+7 ++ ,' *+(

,? ,:+(- (' *0, ( '@)0>'.

! REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS

\1] NORTON? R:(+- L.. D,( ( M689',. M0 (-+) P+('-0('.

\4]A9-+ ABARCA PREZ? E,' P-+0

T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN EKUIPO DE ENSAYO DE

CONTROL DE LA ESTABILIDAD DIMENSIONAL POR FATIGA

MEDIANTE MARTILLEO CONSTANTE PARA ESPUMA DE

POLIURETANO ESPONJA BLANDA UTILIZADA EN TAPICERÍA Y

CONCHONESQL9=+ ( *9:)00>' R:5?

E09+. A ( *9:)00>' 211.

\!]A9-+ JAIME BAUTISTA? C+), A+5' OTERO MARÍN? J(+ M9+0


58/64

!%

T7-9)DISEÑO DE UN BANCO DE PRUEBAS PARA TORNILLOS

DE POTENCIAF(0; ( *9:)00>' 2% ( A=,- () 213

\"]A9-+ ARIAS GUALAVISÍ? E' I6'

OROZCO ROMERO? L9, F+')'T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UNA RECTIFICADORA Y

AFILADORA DE CUCHILLAS DE M$KUINAS PARA MADERA CON UN

SISTEMA DE AVANCE AUTOM$TICOQF(0; ( *9:)00>' M+ () 211L9=+ ( *9:)00>' K9-? E09+ D,( / A'6),, (,-+90-9+) ( +(0*('-(, *+(,>' S(00>' III C>=

ASME


59/64

!

" ANEXOS TABLA ".01ROSCA TRAPECIAL GRUESA( DIN 3!


60/64

"

F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', ITABLA ".02

ROSCA TRAPECIAL MEDIANA( DIN 103

F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I


61/64

"1

TABLA ".03ROSCA TRAPECIAL FINA( DIN 3!"

F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

TABLA ".04ESFUER#OS DE DISE-O POR APLASTAMIENTO DE TORNILLOS


62/64

"2

F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

TABLA ".05FACTOR DE COLUMNA EN TORNILLOS

F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

TABLA ".06COEFICIENTE DE FRICCIÓN


63/64

"3

F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

FIGURA ".01TANQUE GASÓGENO

F9('-( P+*

FIGURA ".02CÓDIGO DEL TANQUE GASÓGENO


64/64

F9('-( P+*

FIGURA ".03MANÓMETRO DEL PRESIÓN

F9('-( P+*

Trabajo Final Final Recontra Final

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