Toyota vs GM

Name of The Group Members

Md.Mahfuzur Rahman

Md.Fahad Anwar Sinha

2002-2-10-016

2002-2-10-112

A.Z.M Ashequllah 2002-2-10-113

Md. Ahsan-Al-Habib 2002-2-10- 068

Md. Nasimul Islam 2002-3-10-002

Md. Mahmud Hasan 2002-3-10-016

Ahmed Asif 2002-3-10-017

Farhana Akram 2002-3-10-036

Aineel Marzia Khan 2002-3-10-109

HistoryOf

Toyota & General Motors

History of General Motors:1897:Olds Motor Vehicle Company, Inc., the oldest unit of General Motors Corporation, is organized by Ransom E. Olds with capital of $50,000 and the first Oldsmobile is produced.

1909 – 1910: The curved-dash Oldsmobile becomes the first American car to be manufactured in quantity. Buick builds its first production four-cylinder car, a 1907 Model D. Cadillac is the first American manufacturer to offer closed bodies as standard equipment, revolutionizing motoring convenience by providing cleanliness and all-weather comfort.

1911 – 1929:General Motors Corporation is incorporated under Delaware law and acquires all stock of General Motors Company. Four-wheel brakes are introduced on 1924-model year Buicks. Adam Opel AGis acquired by GM and takes its place as a key member of the General Motors family.

1930 – 1950:The 1930 Cadillac "V-16" is the industry's first production car. A two-cycle diesel engine developed by GM in 1934. In 1940 GM celebrates production of its 25-millionth car.

1951 – 1980:super streamlined concept cars are introduced by GM in1951.GM introduces three new smaller cars in the U.S. in 1961.

1981 – 2000: In 1990 Gm debut a new electric car. In 1995 Gm sales 3 million at the first time. In 1996 With the introduction of the EV1, GM becomes the first automaker in modern times. Gm increase its equity in saab to 100% in 2000.

2000 – 2006:General Motors enters the collision repair business. General Motors launches the HUMMER H2 sport utility vehicle.

History of General Motors:

The official Toyota history is fairly bare-bones from the founding of the company until Toyota's international expansion, but an article by Konrad

Schreier, printed in the Complete Book of Toyota (a bit of a misnomer since the book doesn't go into much detail on manufacturing, technology,

and such), brings up a large number of missing pieces.

An era of rapid expansion: post-war Toyota:

After World War II, Toyota was kept busy making trucks, but by 1947 it began making the Model SA, called the Toyopet, a name to stay with

Toyota for decades, albeit attached to different cars.

History of Toyota :

Toyota started producing a civilian truck named the Land Cruiser. Styled like Jeeps, the original Land Cruisers were, according to Schreier, based heavily

on the legendary Dodge half-ton weapons carrier as well as the Bantam.  They used a bigger engine than the Jeep and a size and configuration more like the

Dodge weapons carrier, whose capacity it shares (one half ton).

History of Toyota :

The start of Toyota's international sales:

Toyota started selling cars in the United States in 1958, importing the Land Cruiser and Toyopet. In 1959, the company opened its first plant outside Japan - in Brazil. From that point on, Toyota maintained a philosophy of localizing both

production and design of its products (that is, adapting vehicles to the places they will be used, as well as building them there). This builds long-term relationships with local suppliers and local labor. Part of this also means that Toyota does not merely build vehicles overseas, but also designs them there, with a network of

both design and R&D facilities in North America and Europe.

Lexus luxury cars join the Toyota stable:

While Toyota built good near-luxury cars, sales of the Cressida and Crown were not especially strong, especially given the brisk trade in Corollas and Camrys. In the 1980s, when Toyota seriously looked at its lagging luxury sales . The LS400,

the first Lexus, appeared in 1989.

History of Toyota :

Modern times:

Toyota instituted a three year, 36,000 mile bumper to bumper warranty starting in 1988. Scion was begin in the early 2000s, starting with three cars based off the platform of the old Echo (but brought up to

date and refined), with two engines - a small one for the xA and xB, and a 2.4 with an added 50 or so horsepower for the sporty tC. Toyota

participates in community activities, sponsoring educational and cultural programs as well as research.

Today, Toyota is the world's third largest manufacturer of automobiles in both unit sales and in net sales. In the United States, Toyota has roughly double the sales of Honda, and is edging out Chrysler Group to be the #3

seller. It produces over 5.5 million vehicles per year, equivalent to one every six seconds. 

History of Toyota:

History of Toyota :

Toyota Motor Corporation today:

In April 2002, Toyota adopted the 2010 Global Vision, a vision for meeting mobility needs in a way that respects our earth and all people. It is made of

long-term policies centered on the basic theme of 'innovation into the future.' Four key themes based on trends seen as developing from 2020 to

around 2030 are:

Toward a recycle-oriented society

Toward the age of IT and ubiquitous networks

Toward a mature society (the decline of nationalism and war and the rise of respectful exchange of ideas)

Toward motorization on a global scale (societies with little private transport gaining more)

Target Market

Target Market

• This is the area or sector within which an organization operates - it may be a category of person who is the target customer as with a retailer, or it may be a geographical area as with local government or a library. Each market has a unique profile regarding size, services, clients, customers and competitors. The extent to which an organization is successful is dependent on how well it is able to align itself with its target market. Each organization should define what and where its marketplace or sphere of influence is and just as importantly, where and what it is not

Target Market

• This is the area or sector within which an organization operates - it may be a category of person who is the target customer as with a retailer, or it may be a geographical area as with local government or a library. Each market has a unique profile regarding size, services, clients, customers and competitors. The extent to which an organization is successful is dependent on how well it is able to align itself with its target market. Each organization should define what and where its marketplace or sphere of influence is and just as importantly, where and what it is not.

Target Market• Toyota understands that this is the fastest growing market

segment," says Steve Sturm, TMS vice president of marketing. "We are constantly striving to improve the consumer experience, so this tool offers us yet another way to help one of our target markets make purchasing decisions."

• The main reason why they have Segmentation is because they have so many types of customers.

• The reason why Segmentation has become important in teaching and learning about marketing is because these groups of different customers have:   1. Become more numerous, we have many more types of segments   2. The differences among groups have become more distinct   3. The groups have become large in number

Toyota mainly target middle class people with value pricing.

GM mainly target upper class people with their high price product.

Value GM & Toyota

The Value of General Motor Corporation:

The core value of General Motors is “safety”

Safety Before: Helping To Avoid Crash

Daytime Running Lamps (DRLs)

StabiliTrak Control System

Antilock brake system (ABS)

Traction control

All-wheel drive (AWD) -

The Value of General Motor Corporation:

Safety During : Helping to Protect the passenger &Driver:

Safety BeltsCrush Zones

Protective Safety Cage GM Offers A variety of Safety Bags

Frontal air bag sensing system

Side-Impact Air bags

Head-Curtain Air Bag

Dual-Depth Air Bag

The Value of General Motor Corporation:

Safety After: Help can be on the way when need it:

On Star

If air bag deploys, OnStar is designed to send a signal to a trained Advisor, who is there for 24 hours a day, 7 days a

week.

Advanced Automatic Crash Notification (AACN)

Enables an On Star Advisor to provide emergency personnel with crash severity information even if airbags do

not deploy

The Value of Toyota Motor Corporation:

Focused on Quality:

Toyota ascertains that every car and lift truck to come off the production line is built to meet Toyota's high quality

standards.

Focused on Safety / Reliability:

Using technology originally developed for Toyota's automotive safety systems, SAS is able to electronically

monitor and control lift truck operations, helping to reduce the risk of accidents.

Blue Ocean Strategy

Blue Ocean Strategy of General Motors:

One of the biggest reason why the demand of General Motor is decreasing day by day is not following value innovation.

General Motor mainly following value creation. That is they some times create

new things but charge high price for that.

Blue Ocean Strategy of Toyota Motors:

One of the biggest reason why Toyota corporation is success is because of their value innovation. Toyota all the time updated their car model, design,

shape and other brand element. Moreover they also innovate many

new things which are not more futuristic but give value to their

potential customers, that price is comparably less than other company.

Some Value Innovation of Toyota:

The Toyota Group has announced its plans for the performance to be

featured in the Toyota Group Pavilion at EXPO 2005 AICHI, JAPAN.

Researchers at Toyota Motor are exploring new concepts of free movement that challenges the

relationship between people and vehicles and their new mountable

walking robot 'i-foot' (L) and concept vehicle 'i-unit' will be starring in the

upcoming dance-inspired performance.

Some Value Innovation of Toyota:

Besides this, Toyota also innovate in their lift tracks. Toyota's broad line of lift trucks with advanced technology to improve productivity and safety,

help to meet the ever-growing demands of material handling

operation. Like:

Internal Combustion, Cushion Tire Lift Trucks

Reach Trucks & Order Picker Trucks Electric Motor Walkie Lift Trucks

Hand Pallet Trucks

Brand Sense

Brand Sense of GM &Toyota Motors:

According to Martin Lindstrom, to build brand equity, creating brand sense is very important.

There are five dimensional (5-D) Brand. These are:

Sight

Sound

Smell

Taste

Touch

Brand Sense of GM &Toyota Motors:

Sight:sight is the most important dimension among the all. Because

by seeing the brand, its color, model, shape, attributes we can know or estimate about its price, image, quality.

Sound:the sound of the brand should target both the hearer and the

listener, since each is important in influencing purchase behavior.

Smell:it is not that much strong factor like sight and sound, still one of

the most important factor.

Brand Sense of GM &Toyota Motors:

Touch:

Touch is a tool of connection for those who have the misfortune to be both blind and deaf. When all else fails, the skin can come to the rescue. It is important as it gives people

direct satisfaction.

Taste:

Taste is known as another chemical senses since its is able to sample the environment. Incase of the two company's’ car,

Toyota and General Motor, we can not taste it. That is this dimension is not suitable for this type of brand.

Brand Sense of GM &Toyota Motors:

Secondary Brand Association

This part consists of eight elements. Without that no brand will fill the full criteria. So every brand will

focus the criteria.

Company Toyota is a name which placed in every one’s heart &

mind. The name came from the Toyota Company. So it will carry a popular company name.

'Toyota Production System.' It became known as TPS in 1970

The World Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the world‘s leading automakers, offering a full range of

models, from minivehicles to large trucks

Company

Global sales of its Toyota and Lexus brands, combined with those of Daihatsu and Hino.

Besides its own 12 plants and 11 manufacturing subsidiaries and affiliates in Japan, Toyota has 51 manufacturing companies in 26 countries/locations, which produce Lexus- and Toyota-brand vehicles and components.

It markets vehicles in more than 140 countries.

Company Corporate Data:

Toyota Motor Corporation

Head Office

1 Toyota-Cho, Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture 471-8571, Japan

Tokyo Head Office

1-4-18 Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8701, Japan

Nagoya Office

1-23-22 Izumi, Higashi-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture 461-8711, Japan

Establishment

August 28, 1937

Country

Toyota mainly comes from Japan. It started its business from Japan. But now a day it runs its business in different sector in the world. Toyota launched its first small car (SA Model) in 1947. Production of vehicles outside Japan began in 1959 at a small plant in Brazil, and continued with a growing network of overseas plants.

Country

Toyota also has a global network of design and 'Research and Development' facilities, embracing the three major car markets of Japan, North America and Europe.

Channel of Distribution

It’s an unlimited count in every aspect means like they have to launch many channels in different parts in the world

Channel of Distribution

IN AMERICA Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Ecuador

French Guiana Panama Peru Dominica Dominican Republic Jamaica Mexico United States of America Hawaii, USA Uruguay Venezuela

Channel of Distribution

IN EUROPE

Austria Germany Great Britain Greece Finland France Spain

Canary Islands, Spain Sweden Switzerland

Channel of Distribution

ASIA & OCEANIA

India Indonesia Israel

Pakistan Philippines

Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan

Co-Branding

Co-branding also called brand building or brand alliances-occurs when two or more existing brands are combined into a joint product and/or marketed together in some fashion. So Toyota is a brand who cannot use this strategy but also give a name called LEXUS. They never merge their operations with others.

Characters

They don’t use any particular characters. They can use a character like a LOGO & NAME.

Spokespeople

Events

Toyota arrange different types of event all around the year for there customers, distributor and stakeholders. Most recent events:

Events

TMC held its annual information meetings in New York City, Frankfurt and London

Toyota unveiled the new RAV4 for the European market and exhibited other vehicles at the 61st Frankfurt International Motor Show

Third party source2005/10/12Toyota Provides Aid to Pakistan for Earthquake Relief2005/02/04Toyota's Contributions to Relief and Recovery Efforts for Victims of the Indian Ocean Tsunami.2005/01/21Toyota's Contributions to Relief and Recovery Efforts for Victims of the Indian Ocean Tsunami.2005/01/06Toyota's Contributions to Relief and Recovery Efforts for Victims of the Indian Ocean Tsunami.2004/12/27Toyota's contribution to relief and rescue efforts for casualties of Asia quake.

GENERAL MOTORS

Company

General Motors Corp. the world's largest automaker, has been the global industry sales leader since 1931.

Country

Developing partnerships around the world.GM is the majority shareholder in GM Daewoo Auto & Technology Co. of South Korea

Country

Asia-Pacific Operations

General Motors Asia Pacific has assembly facilities and sales operations in 15 countries in

the Asia Pacific region

Australia, China, Indonesia, India, Korea and Thailand

Country

GM Africa and Middle East Operations

GM’s Africa and Middle East is part of its LAAM (Latin America, Africa, and Middle East) business region

Channel of Distribution

Co-Branding

They have to launch different category of product. But they can’t follow this part.

Characters

They can’t focus any particular character but they have to use their name & logo.

Spokespeople

They can’t follow any particular endorser.

Events

They can arrange different type of events & shows.

Pricing:

Pricing is an important element of the marketing mix which has not received the attention it deserves. A survey of top marketing

executives rated pricing as the most critical aspect of their job. "Pricing is at the very centre of the market strategy ... It alone

provides more leverage on your sales and profits, both short and long-term, than any other single facet of your total business

decision-making process"'.

Pricing Strategies

• Pricing strategy is an integrated discipline. It requires understanding the design of the game, the market, the competition and many other factors. If all those factors are taken into account then the full value of the game can be realized. Maximizing the value games can change markets, create new market leaders, benefit game developers.

Pricing Strategies

• price can be a very powerful tool in marketing, and also in making more creative content possible. Technological change is making more creative pricing strategies possible, and the industry will benefit as they are adopted.

• Pricing strategy is one of the most powerful tools available to a publisher. Pricing is an equally powerful tool for developers if they think about it during the development process. If pricing strategy comes late in the development process opportunities to get the maximum benefit from good pricing strategy are lost to both publisher and developer.

Pricing strategy of TOYOTA

• Toyota follows value pricing strategy because they win loyal customers by charging a fairly low price for a high quality offering.

Toyota follows hybrid Technology

• A recent Toyota presentation at the Tokyo auto show on hybrid vehicles extolling the environmental and practical virtues of plug-in hybrids seems to provide the intellectual underpinnings of the decision. The presentation, obtained by Inside Fuels and Vehicles, concludes that based on five criteria: 1. well-to-wheels carbon dioxide emissions; 2. emissions of criteria pollutants; 3. refueling infrastructure; 4. driving range; and 5. fuel diversity. Under these criteria, plug-in hybrids would perform as well as or better than other motor vehicle technology.

Toyota follows hybrid Technology

• By developing plug-in hybrid technology Toyota, already challenging General Motors to be the world's largest automaker and the acknowledged leader in hybrid vehicle technology

GM Extends Employee Pricing 

• General Motors Corp. on Tuesday extended its

"Employee Discount for Everyone" consumer incentives program through Aug. 1, a move that is prompting Ford and Chrysler to mount similar programs to move excess inventories and keep GM from gobbling up market share.

• Under the program, which was launched last month, GM has been selling 2005 model cars and trucks at the same lower price a GM employee would pay. The marketing campaign drove GM's U.S. sales up 41 percent in June, the company's best sales month in 19 years

GM Build and Change an Industry with Price

• General Motors wanted to surpass Ford and become the number one car company. They did not believe “one price (and car) fits all” in fact it realized that Ford's strategy made Ford Motor Company vulnerable. To compete with Ford it developed a strategy eventually articulated as “A car for every purse and purpose.1”

• The management team at GM broke new ground in pricing strategy. They linked price, marketing, design and other factors in new ways. The developed a product for every market segment from Chevy to Cadillac, with a price aimed directly at the income level of the target

market.

Model and Prices of GM cars

Model and Prices of TOYOTA cars

Distribution Channel of TOYOTA and GM

• These brand name products may come from manufacturers or other external sources or from the store itself. Retailer can introduce their own brands by using their store name, creating new names or some combination of the two. Thus many distributors, especially in Europe, have actually introduced their own brands, which they sell in addition to or some times even instead of manufacturer brands.

• Thus TOYOTA distributes their product in different countries in the world in direct and indirect ways in cost effective way. For example if

• We consider about Bangladesh they send their product in customer hand by dealer. In Gulshan there is a one showroom.

• Andif we tell about GM in shatrasta more there are GMS showroom. So if you want to buy the product of TOYOTA and GM, in Bangladesh you can get it to contact the dealer in Bangladesh.

TOYOTA follows Hybrid Channel

IMC

Integrated Marketing Communication

IMC:(intregrated market Communication)

• As they are the two largest car manufacturer in the world. They do lots of advertising for there product. They mainly go for TV ad, Events, sponsorships, third party source. More or less they try or develop there IMC based on the ROI (relevance, importance, impact). They develop true sellable story to inform their position, their value innovation, and the personality of their brand through IMC . That will result or create awareness customer communication. In our diagram

IMC:(intregrated market Communication)

Television commercial:

• Advertisement: Any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or service by an identified sponsor. It has the advantage of combines sight, sound, and motion appealing to the sense also high attention and high reach.

• Creativity and Impact: • Coverage and cost

effectiveness • Captivity and attention • Selectivity and

flexibility• Public presentation• Pervasiveness• Amplified

expressiveness• Impersonality

Video clips for Toyota

Video clips for Toyota

Video clips for Toyota

Video clips for Toyota

Video clips of Honda

Video clips of Honda

Video clips of Audi

Video clips of Audi

Print media • Non public: It is non public because the message is normally

address to a specific person.

• Customized: The message can be prepared to appeal to the addressed individual

• Up to date: A message can be prepared very quickly.

• Interaction: The message can be changed depending on the person’s response.

Toyota and Gm do their advertisement in the magazine like Time, business Asia fortune and other well reputed magazine all over the world

Print media

Print media

Print Ad

Print Ad

Print Ad

Print Ad

Print Ad

Print Ad

Hands on the

wheel.

Eyes on the

road.

Print Ad

Print Ad

Experience prestige.

Print Ad

Living room.

Print Ad

A work of art.

Print Ad

Bring it on.

16 General Motors Corporation

HUMMER H3 Manufacturers are fi ghting for every point of market share they can get. Expanding the HUMMER lineup is

an important part of our drive to grow sales volume. The all-new H3 represents a signifi cant step in the HUMMER brand’s

rapid growth, and an important product for its dealer network. The H3 is authentic HUMMER style and off-road capability

in a smaller, more fuel-effi cient package.

General Motors Corporation

Print Ad

Drive more dreamsto reality.

GMAC is a strong contributor to GM’s bottom line and

a great partner in helping sell cars and trucks around

the globe. We’re proud of the number of people we’ve

helped with fi nancial services through this important

member of the GM family.

General Motors Corporation 33

Print Ad

Touching lives.

After the devastating tsunami struck Southeast Asia and Africa in

2004, GM responded with fi nancial aid and hands-on assistance.

Here, a Chevrolet Colorado, one of many vehicles donated to the

Asian Red Cross, delivers fresh water to people at a tsunami relief

center in southern Thailand.

Print Ad

Drive

more great

new cars

and trucks.

It’s the core of what we do. It’s our reason for being.

A global portfolio of great vehicles is key to our market

and business success. It’s our focus every day. And we’re

on the right track.

Print Ad

Drive

To a bright

new future.

We see a new world of possibilities ahead,

and we’re driving to get there.

Event Management

• Any marketing is not possible with out event. As product like car they always do the event when there is new product in the market it is beneficial for them. It makes all the distributors and other supports intermediaries’ under one roof.

Event Management

• The description of their events is given below

• GM Ten Rocks Hollywood with Celebrity Fashion Show:

• 4th Annual Event Draws A-List Stars, Raises $100,000 for Charity

Event of GM

Event Of ToyotaTOYOTA CLOSES UP

TOYOTA CLOSES UP

Competitive scenario

• There are many competitors in this arena of automobile manufacturing.

• The top 10 car manufacturer according to 12/6/05 are;

Top 10 Car Ranking by Package (12/6/2005)

Top 10 Car Ranking by Model (12/6/2005)

Positioning map for different brands cars

• This map is developed on the basis of the brand equity and price for different brands cars. Brand equity is placed in the vertical axis and price is placed in the horizontal axis. With the help of this map we can easily identify the competitors their pricing strategy, their position and where my brand is standing .it is very useful to develop the marketing strategy to keep the competitors in the mind

Based on the price

Top 10 Car Ranking by Model (12/6/2005)

Based on price

Positioning map for different brands cars Based on Brand

Equity

Position for residual Brands (consumer convenient)

Position for residual Brands (Luxury)

Forecasting

Toyota Sales by region in 2004

Sales forecast for Toyota For 2005-2008

1=1000 vehicles

Sales forecast for Toyota

Forecasted sales foe Toyota

1650

1700

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Year

Sale

s

Sale(Di)

=0.1

=0.2

=0.3

General Motors ForecastsFor 2005-2008

General Motors Forecasts

Forecasted sales for GM

4500000

4550000

4600000

4650000

4700000

4750000

4800000

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

year

sale

s

Sale(Di)

=0.1

=0.2

=0.3

Conclusion

• How GM Can Fix itself

• INVEST IN THE FUTURE

• CUT A NEW DEAL WITH WORKERS

• FIX THE RETIREMENT PROBLEM

• MAKE SOME HARD CHOICES ABOUT CAR MODELS

How Long Can G.M. Tread Water?

• March 10 - Since the Depression, General Motors has reigned as the world's largest automaker and a pillar of American economic might. But now the company is broadly struggling and facing the humbling possibility that it will be displaced by Toyota at the top of the auto industry within a few years.

The car company in front

• Toyota makes lots of money and is overtaking General Motors to lead the world's car industry. What is the secret of its success

• even the combination of its world-leading manufacturing, rapid product development and obsession devotion to customer satisfaction is enough to explain Toyota's enduring success.

Fiat Is In Deep, Deep Trouble"

• A WAY OUT 

One plausible scenario, say those close to Fiat, is that persuades Wagoner to inject cash into Fiat in exchange for canceling the put. That could pave the way for an Italian state-owned holding company to participate in a capital increase in 2005. "Fiat is in deep, deep trouble.

IMAGE PROBLEM 

• Their biggest problem is a bad image. This leads to a continuous price deterioration,

• To climb back, Fiat will have to pump as much as $1.5 billion more a year into new-model development than the turnaround plan envisions, experts

Does the world need General Motors ?

• According to John Casesa, automotive research, Merrill Lynch & Co., "General Motors has $20 billion of cash, pays a $2 annual dividend and believes that it can someday make $10/share under the right conditions

Recommendations

• Both the company developed their brand by using the tem guide line of David aaker but now the over all scenarios suggest that GM is in not very good situation.

• To remain in the market that should create Blue Ocean that means they have to innovate value and offer that value with low price.

Recommendations

• They have to reduce the range of their product and the factors that below the industry standard.

• They should eliminate the factors that industry takes for granted like enological terminology & distributions, aging qualities above the marketing.

Recommendations

• They should create the factors that industry should offered,. Easy for selection. Than a new value will create for them but they have to remember that it should not too futuristic, too technology driven and too much market pioneer it should be match with the culture as well as the religion of the consumers.

Recommendations

• If GM follow those recommendation or suggestion they can come back in the market ,beside that they have to devolve Holistic diagram (HSP) of brand sense of w.chan kim & Mauborgne

• which use the five sense of human being and combined it with culture and religion.

Recommendations

• They have to smash their brand in every set of small parts and reengineer those parts and add them to innovate new value for the customers.

• Since marketing is a perpetual activity it requires updating and up grading the entire marketing concept. They have to update the value of shifting their knowledge about customers, their buying pattern, their disposable income and their latent demand. All the time they have to innovate values once it is created it will be copied by the other competitors sooner or later. So they should keep innovating the values. Otherwise they will be gone form the market like IBM cpompany

Questions

Thank You All